湖北省疟疾高发区媒介按蚊对杀虫剂敏感性的监测

目的 了解采取不同灭蚊措施后,嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊对溴氰菊酯和ＤＤ物敏感性。方法 采用ＷＨＯ成蚊滤纸接触法,观察蚊虫死亡率。结果 省氰菊酯浸帐灭蚊１年、３年和ＤＤＴ滞喷酒灭蚊３年的地区,嗜人按蚊对溴氰菊酯区分剂量死亡率分别为８３．８％,８３．７％和６４．７％,为初步抗性群体,ＬＴ６０分别为８．６９,７．４８和９．８７ｍｉｎ,中华按蚊对溴氰菊酯区分剂量死亡率分别为７６．５％,５７．０％和７９．０％,为     

氟氯氰菊酯浸帐防制疟疾媒介按蚊的效果观察

目的观察氟氯氰菊酯浸帐防制疟疾媒介按蚊效果。方法在疟疾暴发流行点，以12．5％氟氯氰菊酯水乳剂按15mg／m^2帐面的剂量，对居民的蚊帐实施浸泡；定时、定点室内晨间帐内、室外人诱和猪舍内捕蚊观察按蚊密度；通过疟史调查了解疟疾发病情况。结果浸帐后连续2年居民帐内嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊密度分别较浸帐前下降了100．00％和99．93％。浸帐当年未浸泡居民帐内仍可捕到两种按蚊；室外人诱及猪舍内嗜人按蚊密度有所回升，但室外人诱该蚊占按蚊的比率显著下降。第2年后两种捕蚊方法未再捕到嗜人按蚊，而中华按蚊则维持较高密度，显示浸帐对降低中华按蚊种群数量的效果不佳。疟疾发病率从浸帐前(1999年)的21．01％下降至2001年的1．38％。结论 一次氟氯氰菊酯浸泡蚊帐，可明显降低嗜人按蚊密度，能有效控制疟疾的暴发流行。     

氟氯氰菊酯浸帐防制疟疾媒介按蚊的效果观察

目的　观察氟氯氰菊酯浸帐防制疟疾媒介按蚊效果。　方法　在疟疾暴发流行点 ,以 12 .5 %氟氯氰菊酯水乳剂按 15mg/m2 帐面的剂量 ,对居民的蚊帐实施浸泡 ;定时、定点室内晨间帐内、室外人诱和猪舍内捕蚊观察按蚊密度 ;通过疟史调查了解疟疾发病情况。　结果　浸帐后连续 2年居民帐内嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊密度分别较浸帐前下降了10 0 .0 0 %和 99.93 %。浸帐当年未浸泡居民帐内仍可捕到两种按蚊 ;室外人诱及猪舍内嗜人按蚊密度有所回升 ,但室外人诱该蚊占按蚊的比率显著下降。第 2年后两种捕蚊方法未再捕到嗜人按蚊 ,而中华按蚊则维持较高密度 ,显示浸帐对降低中华按蚊种群数量的效果不佳。疟疾发病率从浸帐前 (1999年 )的 2 1.0 1%下降至 2 0 0 1年的 1.3 8%。　结论　一次氟氯氰菊酯浸泡蚊帐 ,可明显降低嗜人按蚊密度 ,能有效控制疟疾的暴发流行。     

血吸虫病高度流行区不同化疗措施的成本-效果分析

目的　在血吸虫病高度流行区 ,寻找一种既节约经费又能获得较好防治效果的措施。　方法　干预实验的现场为血吸虫病高度流行区的两个行政村。各抽取 5 0 0人以上作为实验组和对照组研究人群 ,分别采取隔年群体化疗与每年群体化疗措施。以基线调查和效果考核资料进行两种干预措施的防治效果及成本效果分析。　结果　干预前后 ,实验组和对照组的人群感染率分别下降了 6 6 .2 6 %和 72 .79% ,各组干预前后的感染率差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,而干预后两组间感染率差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;实验组 (隔年化疗 )两年总的费用消耗为 70 4 2 .5 6元 ,感染率下降 1%的费用为10 6 .2 8元 ,每百人感染率下降 1%的费用为 15 .5 2元 ;对照组两年总的费用消耗为 13173.5元 ,感染率下降 1%的费用为180 .98元 ,每百人感染率下降 1%的费用为 2 6 .2 3元 ,是实验组的 1.5 9倍。　结论　在血吸虫病高度流行区 ,隔年群体化疗措施是一种有效的、成本 -效果好的措施     

5种抗生素治疗呼吸道感染的成本-效果分析

目的　探讨抗生素类药物对呼吸道感染所产生的经济效果。方法　选择2 76例院呼吸道外感染的患者,用药记录分成五组,运用药物经济学的成本 -效果分析方法进行评价。结果　青霉素钠是治疗院外获得性呼吸道感染的优化方法之一。     

3种治疗慢性乙型肝炎方案的成本-效果分析

由于慢性乙型肝炎病情复杂、病程较长、所需费用较高,因此选用合理的治疗方案至关重要。医师在选择治疗药物时不仅要考虑药物的安全性和有效性,同时也要考虑经济因素,使患者以最小的经济负担得到最佳的治疗效果。对于临床治疗方案的评价,也应平衡成本与效果,寻求一个最佳点,使医药卫生经费的使用更加合理。笔者试用药物经济学方法对刘天灯等报道的治疗慢性乙型肝炎的3种方案进行成本,效果分析,以期为临床合理用药提供参考。 1 原始资料 1.1 临床资料 全部病例来自安徽省淮北矿工总医院1998年9月-2000年9月的慢性乙型肝炎中度住院或门诊患者。全部病例均为HBsAg阳性、HBeAg阳性和(或)HBV DNA阳性,病程中均为ALT反复升高,符合1995年5月全国第五次传染病寄生虫病学术会议修订的病毒性肝炎诊断标准,治疗前所有病例血清总胆红素均正常,但ALT均升高。入选病例随机分为苦参素治疗组、苦参素与阿昔洛韦联合治疗组、干扰素治疗组。各组在性别、年龄、病程上差异无显著意义,     

两种苯磺酸氨氯地平片治疗原发性高血压的成本-效果分析

目的比较国产与进口苯磺酸氨氯地平片治疗原发性高血压的经济效果。方法将240例原发性高血压患者随机分为A组（120例）与B组（120例）,分别给予国产与进口苯磺酸氨氯地平片治疗12周,运用药物经济学原理进行成本-效果分析。结果A组与B组治疗原发性高血压的有效率分别为72.5%、75.8%（P〉0.05）,两组药物不良反应发生率分别为5.8%、4.2%（P〉0.05）,药品费用分别为118.8元、507.6元（P〈0.05）,成本-效果比分别为1.639、6.697（P〈0.05）。结论国产苯磺酸氨氯地平片治疗原发性高血压的疗效与进口苯磺酸氨氯地平片无明显差异,但经济效果优于进口苯磺酸氨氯地平片。     

肝衰竭患者应用血浆置换术治疗的成本-效果分析

我们从药物经济学的角度探讨血浆置换术(PE)对不同时期肝衰竭治疗的临床价值,以期为临床入选PE治疗肝衰竭提供参考.     

2型糖尿病患者口服降糖药的成本-效果分析

把235例2型糖尿病者分成7组，A组：马来酸罗格列酮（文迪雅）；B组：二甲双胍；C组：格列齐特（达美康）；D组：格列美脲；E组：格列喹酮（糖适平）；F组：拜糖平；G组：卡博平运用药物经济学成本-效果分析方法，进行评价；做了敏感性分析。结果：在2型糖尿病的治疗中，二甲双胍为疗效较好且最经济的方案。结论：应选用安全性最佳，疗效最好，费用最合理的药物治疗2型糖尿病。     

2型糖尿病患者口服降糖药的成本-效果分析

把235例2型糖尿病者分成7组，A组：马来酸罗格列酮（文迪雅）；B组：二甲双胍；C组：格列齐特（达美康）；D组：格列美脲；E组：格列喹酮（糖适平）；F组：拜糖平；G组：卡博平运用药物经济学成本-效果分析方法，进行评价；做了敏感性分析。结果：在2型糖尿病的治疗中，二甲双胍为疗效较好且最经济的方案。结论：应选用安全性最佳，疗效最好，费用最合理的药物治疗2型糖尿病。     

Promotion of insecticide-treated mosquito nets in Myanmar

A simple health promotion message administered by village midwives raised bednet usage to over 60% in trial hamlets in north Shan State, Myanmar. Treatment of the nets in the study villages produced a reduction in malaria cases. Most villagers were prepared to buy their nets at market prices and were willing to pay for the cost of re-treatment of nets, but very poor, members of the Wa ethnic group required a half-price subsidy for them to afford them. The use of insecticide treated bednets was felt to be appropriate for undeveloped and remote areas of the country where malaria control was difficult.     

植物源杀虫剂和驱避剂在蚊虫防制中的研究进展

随着人们环保意识的提高,使用化学杀虫剂面临的压力越来越大,开发高效、低毒或无毒、不易产生抗性的植物源杀虫剂和驱避剂已成为蚊虫化学防制的热点.该文综述了近5年植物源杀虫剂和驱避剂在蚊虫防制中的研究进展.     

Acceptability, willing to purchase and use long lasting insecticide treated mosquito nets in Orissa State, India

Long lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) that require no re-treatment have been advocated as an effective tool against malaria transmission. However, success of this community based intervention measure largely depends on its acceptability and proper usage by the target population, besides assuring access to bed nets. To determine the acceptability of LLIN, its usage and people's willingness to buy the net, a study was conducted in two tribal districts viz., Malkangiri (with ongoing ITN programme) and Koraput (no ITN programme) of Orissa State, India. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used to collect information regarding the objective of the study. A total of 2457 LLINs (Olyset Nets) were distributed in the selected villages of these districts at free of cost. In the study villages of Malkangiri, 58% of the households had either ITNs (73%) or other types of mosquito nets aside from the LLINs and in the villages of Koraput, only 8% had other nets, as majority (96%) informed that buying nets from market was not affordable to them. Physical verification of the nets during the house visits revealed that 75.4% and 83% (in ITNs and non-ITNs villages, respectively) of the LLINs and 76% of the other nets (including ITNs) were used by the respondents, the night before the survey as nets were in a hanging position at the time of the visit. Majority of the respondents (76-98%) felt that reduction of mosquito bites as the main perceived benefit of using the LLINs. About 55% and 67% of the respondents from non-ITNs and ITNs areas, respectively, expressed their willingness to buy the LLINs. Among them, 76.8% and 94.7% offered to pay INR < 100 for a net and also ready to buy it by cash payment. Social marketing of LLINs at a subsidized price or free supply to the deserving sections of people (socially/economically poor and/or under-privileged) and ensuring the availability of nets during harvesting season could encourage people to buy and use LLINs.     

重庆市传疟媒介对菊酯类杀虫剂敏感性测定

拟菊酯类杀虫剂是20世纪70年代引进的高效杀虫剂,重庆市80年代用于疟疾传播媒介防制,对控制疟疾流行发挥了重要作用。但至90年代初进行的中华按蚊对该类杀虫剂的敏感性检测,显示出已具有初级抗性。为了解重庆市嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊对拟菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性变化,于2000年8月～2001年8月进行了嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊对溴氰菊酯和二氯苯醚菊酯的敏感性检测,现将结果报告如下。     

Case-control study of mosquito nets against malaria in the Amazon region of Colombia

The degree of effectiveness of mosquito nets against malaria in the Americas has remained uncertain. We carried out a case-control study of net use and mild malaria in the Amazonas state of Colombia. Two hundred ninety cases were enrolled via the Health Department services, and 977 community-based controls matched for age, sex, and place of residence. We found that a large proportion of the population (96% of controls) slept under nets. Nevertheless, we found a benefit of impregnated nets compared with no net use: adjusted odds ratio (OR) for mild malaria 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20-0.98. Nonimpregnated nets had a benefit that was only slightly smaller but not statistically significant (OR for mild malaria 0.54, 95% CI 0.25-1.18). Travel in the previous month had an odds ratio of 6.2 (95% CI 3.1-8.8) and a population attributable fraction of 13% compared with 11% for failure to use an impregnated net. We conclude that, in the Amazon region, promotion of mosquito net use and impregnation is justified, and that there is a need for measures to protect travelers from malaria.     

The prospects for the study of mosquito irritability to insecticides]

Mosquito irritability to insecticides was intensively studied abroad in the 40-ies and 60-ies. At present such studies are carried out mainly in the E. I. Martsynovski? Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine. The article sums up the history of such studies and reviews the main results. A hypothesis of the mechanism of mosquito irritability to insecticides is outlined. It is emphasized that besides traditional monitoring in the population of carriers it is necessary to study thoroughly the physiology and genetics of irritability.     

Malaria control using deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets/ insecticide treated bed nets: experience in armed forces

The study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of deltamethrin-impregnated mosquito nets on malaria incidence, mosquito density, any adverse side effect among users. A field trial was carried out over a period of three years in two adjacent military stations at Allahabad (UP), keeping one as a trial and other as a control station. During first year, baseline data were collected and during next two years residual spray was replaced with use of deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets in trial station. The use of deltamethrin-impregnated mosquito nets/insecticide treated bed nets resulted in a significant decline in malaria incidence and Annual Parasite Index (API). The average mosquito density of Anopheline mosquitoes decreased by 67.8% and Culex by 49.7%. The insecticide was found safe for use amongst troops. Use of deltamethrin-impregnated mosquito nets has beneficial impact on integrated control of malaria.