13号染色体长臂拷贝数异常的产前遗传学分析及妊娠结局随访

目的:探索13号染色体长臂拷贝数异常胎儿的产前临床表型及遗传学分析。方法:回顾分析2017年7月1日至2021年7月1日在福建省泉州市妇幼保健院产前诊断中心行羊水/脐血染色体核型及单核苷酸多态性微阵列(SNP-array)检测的产前诊断病例,对遗传学诊断确认13号染色体长臂拷贝数异常的胎儿,进一步行遗传学分析、家系分析及随访妊娠结局。结果:共检出8例13号染色体长臂拷贝数异常胎儿,其中3例为致病性变异,均因亲代染色体结构异常导致;5例为临床意义不明变异(VOUS),其中3例遗传自父亲。除例5胎儿产前超声提示胎儿全身水肿、永存左上腔静脉伴多发超声软指标异常外,其余7例胎儿产前超声未见明显结构异常。结论:联合染色体核型分析及SNP-array检测技术可明确13号染色体长臂拷贝数异常的性质及范围,结合亲代验证情况及超声等辅助检查结果,有利于妊娠结局的选择。     

2例胎儿15号小额外标记染色体产前遗传学分析

目的:探讨染色体微阵列分析(CMA)诊断15q小额外标记染色体胎儿的临床价值。方法:获得2例高危孕妇的胎儿羊水或脐血细胞及其双亲外周血细胞,通过CMA和G显带染色体核型分析检测胎儿及其父母的染色体结构。结果:胎儿1:羊水细胞G显带核型分析结果为47,XX,+mar,CMA结果为arr15q11.2(22770421-23288350)×4,其父外周血细胞G显带核型分析结果为47,XY,+mar,母亲外周血染色体核型结果及CMA检测结果未见明显异常。胎儿2:脐血染色体G显带分析结果为47,XX,+mar,CMA结果为arr15q11.2q13.3(22770421-32439524)×4,其父母外周血染色体核型结果及CMA分析结果未见明显异常。结论:通过CMA检测和G显带核型分析结果显示,胎儿1存在15q11.2区域的四拷贝重复变异,经鉴定此携带小额外标记染色体为健康人群多态性。胎儿2存在15q11.2q13.3四拷贝重复小额外标记染色体,确诊为15q11.2q13.3微重复四倍体综合征,出生后可能引起较严重的异常表型。本文对两例15号染色体微重复胎儿进行了产前诊断,明确了胎儿基因型与表型的对应关系,为临床产前诊断和遗传咨询提供可靠的依据。     

胎儿心脏异常162例遗传学特征及预后分析

目的探讨胎儿心脏异常的表现类型及其与遗传学异常及预后的关系。方法收集2013年2月至2021年2月于北京大学第一医院进行产前检查发现胎儿心脏异常或因胎儿心脏异常转诊本院、行产前超声诊断为胎儿心脏异常, 并且行遗传学检查的孕妇162例。遗传学检查方法包括染色体核型分析、基于微阵列的比较基因组杂交(aCGH)及致病基因检测。采用胎儿心脏出生缺陷临床预后评分系统对孤立性心脏异常且无致命性遗传学异常胎儿进行评估, 并随访其预后。结果 (1)超声检查结果:162例心脏异常胎儿中, 孤立性心脏异常86例(53.1%, 86/162), 心脏异常伴心外异常76例(46.9%, 76/162);单发心脏异常84例(51.9%, 84/162), 多发心脏异常78例(48.1%, 78/162)。(2)遗传学检查结果:共检出致病性遗传学异常39例(24.1%, 39/162), 包括致病性染色体核型异常35例(21.6%, 35/162), 致病性拷贝数变异(CNV)3例(1.9%, 3/162), 致病基因变异1例(0.6%, 1/162)。孤立性心脏异常胎儿与心脏异常伴心外异常胎儿致病性遗传学异常的...     

胎儿右位主动弓合并迷走左锁骨下动脉的遗传学研究及临床价值

目的:研究胎儿右位主动脉弓合并迷走左锁骨下动脉(RAA-ALSA)遗传学异常情况,为临床决策提供帮助。方法:选取产前超声检查胎儿RAA-ALSA共99例,其中孤立性RAA-ALSA 51例、非孤立性RAA-ALSA 48例。采集胎儿羊水或脐血标本行传统核型分析及染色体微阵列(CMA)检测,分析染色体异常检出率的情况,并寻找基因组中拷贝数变异情况。结果:99例胎儿RAA-ALSA中,染色体核型分析检出异常10例(10.10%),CMA检出异常29例(29.29%)。孤立性RAA-ALSA中核型未检出异常,CMA检出异常4例(7.84%)。RAA-ALSA合并心内结构异常18例,核型检出异常4例(8.33%),CMA检出异常10例(20.83%);合并心外结构异常30例,核型检出异常6例(12.5%),CMA检出异常15例(31.25%)。胎儿RAA-ALSA中CMA染色体异常检出率高于核型分析,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),CMA在非孤立性RAA-ALSA中的染色体异常检出率高于孤立性RAA-ALSA,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:孤立性RAA-ALSA染色体异常风险存在;RAA-ALSA合并其他结构异常时,染色体异常风险明显增加;在拷贝数异常情况下CMA比核型具有更高的分辨率及敏感性。当产前超声检查为RAA-ALSA时,应建议行介入性产前诊断,除传统的染色体核型分析外,同时行CMA检测,为进一步的遗传咨询提供指导帮助。     

微阵列比较基因组杂交技术在产前诊断中的应用研究进展

出生缺陷约占新生儿总数的3％,出生缺陷的原因有遗传学因素、环境因素或者是两者共同作用.在高风险胎儿中,常规染色体核型分析异常检出率为2％～3％.而在产前超声检查提示结构发育异常的胎儿中,常规染色体核型分析异常检出率高达35％[1-3]].传统的G显带染色体核型分析技术通过对羊水、绒毛及脐血细胞进行分析,能够检出所有的非整倍体异常和较大的染色体结构异常,但不能检出较小的(＜10 Mb)染色体结构异常[4].     

超数Y染色体49,XYYYY核型胎儿的产前诊断并文献复习

目的探讨对核型为49,XYYYY非嵌合体的超数Y染色体胎儿的产前诊断遗传咨询。方法患者孕18周,因血清学产前筛查为唐氏综合征高风险于2020年6月1日在云南省第一人民医院医学遗传科进行遗传咨询,知情同意后抽取胎儿羊水,应用G显带染色体核型分析技术和低覆盖度高通量测序技术对未经培养的羊水样本做拷贝数变异测序,进行遗传学分析和产前诊断。结果胎儿羊水细胞染色体核型为49,XYYYY,未经培养的胎儿羊水样本拷贝数变异测序结果为:seq[GRCh37](1-22)×2,(X)×1,(Y)×4,两种遗传学分析技术的检测结果均提示此胎儿为非嵌合体的4个Y染色体,即超数Y染色体。查询文献,全球共有6例49,XYYYY核型非嵌合体报道,其中5例为出生后患者,均有智力及语言发育障碍等较严重的临床表型。经产前诊断遗传咨询后,本例孕妇和家属自愿选择终止妊娠。结论超数Y染色体的49,XYYYY在胎儿期无超声可见的异常,但非嵌合体患者出生后可能出现智力和语言发育迟缓、特殊面容及骨骼发育异常等表型,可导致智力损害的严重出生缺陷,需在产前诊断遗传咨询中加以重视。     

3例超声肾脏异常胎儿临床及遗传学分析

目的:明确3例肾脏异常胎儿的遗传学病因.方法:采集胎儿羊水及其父母外周血行染色体核型分析及单核苷酸多态性微阵列(SNP-array)检测.结果:3个家系胎儿产前超声均提示胎儿肾脏异常,SNP-array检测结果提示3个家系胎儿在17号染色体17 q12区段存在1.4-1.5 Mb片段缺失.家系1及家系2父母芯片验证结果...     

胎儿脐血染色体检测结果142例分析

目的 探讨胎儿脐血染色体检测在产前诊断中的价值,及其染色体异常与超声异常改变的关表.方法 2006年10月至2007年12月,沈阳市妇耍医院对142例孕妇行胎儿脐带血穿刺术进行染色体核型分析.其中超声异常改变127例.结果 培养成功140例(98.59%),发现染色体核型异常11例(7.86%),染色体核型异常中心脏结构异常9例,单纯或合并鼻骨异常3例.结论 超声异常改变是产酋遗传学诊断的重要指征,其中心脏结构异常和鼻骨异常是产前诊断的重要指标.     

全外显子组测序技术在超声指标异常胎儿遗传病中应用价值分析

目的:探讨全外显子组测序(WES)技术在超声指标异常,但染色体核型分析及染色体微阵列(CMA)检测结果阴性胎儿中的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2018年6月至2021年4月在长沙市妇幼保健院产前超声检查中发现超声指标异常胎儿1080例,对胎儿羊水或脐血进行CMA检测和染色体核型分析,并对部分染色体核型分析及CMA结果阴性胎儿进行WES检测,所有变异等级根据美国医学遗传学和基因组学学会遗传变异分类标准与指南进行分类。结果:1080例胎儿全部经过CMA检测,其中947例同时进行了染色体核型分析,CMA检测到136例拷贝数变异(CNV),检出率12.6%(136/1080),其中85例致病性CNV、51例致病意义未明。染色体核型分析共检出91例阳性,检出率9.6%(91/947),其中非整倍体变异54例,结构变异9例,染色体正常变异28例。另外对18例染色体核型分析和CMA检测阴性样本进行WES检测,结果显示5例(27.8%)致病性基因变异,5例可能致病性基因变异,3例意义未明变异,5例未发现异常。结论:在染色体核型分析和CMA检测未能明确超声指标异常胎儿遗传学病因的情况下,WES有助于提...     

67例妊娠晚期胎儿生长受限的遗传学因素探讨

目的探讨单核苷酸多态性微阵列芯片技术(single nucleotide polymorphism array,SNP-array)在胎儿生长受限的遗传学病因的应用价值。方法回顾性分析67例妊娠晚期因胎儿生长受限行介入性产前诊断取脐带血标本染色体核型分析与染色体微阵列芯片检测情况。采用Illumina Human Cyto SNP12微阵列芯片进行全基因组拷贝数变异(copy number variations, CNVs)检测,结合查询国际病理性CNVs数据库、正常人基因组变异数据库(database of genomic variants, DGV)及PubMed文献数据库等对检出的CNVs的致病性进行分析。结果67例胎儿脐带血染色体核型异常6例,检出率8.96%(6/67),其中1例21-三体综合征,2例18-三体综合征,1例染色体缺失,1例衍生染色体,1例染色体倒位;SNP-array检出11例异常,检出率16.42%(11/67)。11例芯片异常中有7例致病性,1例疑似致病性,其余3例为临床意义不明。结论妊娠晚期胎儿生长受限胎儿行SNP-array检测有助于发现染色体核型分析无法检出的染色体亚显微结构异常,提高其遗传病因的诊断。     

Management of the critically ill cardiac patient

The decline in rheumatic fever has made heart disease in pregnancy an uncommon problem in the developed world but it remains an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Pregnancy is particularly dangerous in the presence of cyanotic congenital heart disease, Eisenmenger's syndrome, primary pulmonary hypertension, Marfan's syndrome, dilated cardiomyopathy and significant mitral stenosis. Severe stenosis is often complicated by pulmonary hypertension and atrial fibrillation.Maternal disease status should be determined using echocardiography to define cardiac anatomy, assess ventricular function and estimate intracardiac pressure gradients. Patients in the New York Heart Association functional classes 1 and 2 generally have a favourable outcome. Closed mitral commissurotomy is safe and effective in relieving stenosis across the mitral valve in selected patients. More recently the technique of percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy has successfully been used in the treatment of mitral stenosis.Termination of pregnancy is advised in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension, including Eisenmenger's syndrome.     

Structural cardiac anomalies

Although it is unrealistic to expect that all major structural cardiac anomalies will be detected at the time of routine prenatal ultrasound, an increase in prenatal diagnosis is anticipated as accreditation of ultrasound practices takes place nationwide. Following the diagnosis of congenital heart disease, evaluation for extracardiac anomalies and chromosomal abnormalities is important because these are found in up to 62% and 38% of prenatally identified cases, respectively. Although the literature is limited, counseling parents based on the prenatal experience gives them realistic information about frequency, diagnosis, associated findings, and prognosis of the heart defect found in their fetus. A multidisciplinary team of perinatologists, pediatric cardiologists, geneticists, pediatric cardiac surgeons, and neonatologists should be assembled to assist patients in making informed decisions about their pregnancies and to establish a reasonable management plan for ongoing pregnancies with congenital heart disease.     

Sudden cardiac death

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is defined as an unexpected death that occurs within 1 hour of onset of symptoms. In the general population, SCD occurs about once every minute and thus represents a serious health issue. The majority of SCDs are associated in some way with coronary artery disease (CAD), and the conditions share similar risk factors. Long-term prevention of sudden death thus centers on primary prevention and treatment of CAD. Effective intervention by the primary care physician involves both risk reduction techniques for CAD and attempts to identify patients at high risk for SCD.     

Fetal cardiac interventions

Fetal cardiac interventions are being performed with growing success by a minimally invasive percutaneous and transthoracic approach. The primary aim of these interventions is to minimise postnatal morbidity and mortality, rarely also to achieve intrauterine survival. Valvuloplasty in utero for severe aortic stenosis is performed in order to achieve sufficient growth of the left ventricle and to make a later biventricular repair possible. In rare cases with hydrops secondary to massive left ventricular dilatation and mitral insufficiency it is used as a salvage therapy. Premature obstruction of the foramen ovale can be treated by balloon atrioseptoplasty or stenting of the atrial septum with the aim to attain a decompression of the left atrium and consequently of the pulmonary veins. This might reduce the extent of pulmonary hypertension and the resulting vascular and parenchymal changes in affected infants. Intrauterine valvuloplasty of a highly stenotic pulmonary valve or a pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum in order to prevent hypoplasia of the right ventricle and to enable postnatal biventricular repair is only rarely justified. Currently these intrauterine cardiac interventions are limited to a small group of fetuses with cardiac defects. However, with enhanced imaging modalities and equipment and with growing experience, fetal cardiac interventions are likely to increase in the next years.