The role of primary tumour resection in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer

OBJECTIVE: The management of stage IV colorectal cancer is controversial. Resection of the primary tumour to prevent obstruction, bleeding or perforation is the traditional approach, although survival benefit is undetermined. Management consisting of diverting ostomy, enteric bypass, laser recanalization or endoscopic stenting is an alternative to radical resection. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of resection of the primary tumour in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer, with specific attention paid to survival benefit and safety. METHOD: This was a retrospective review of all stage IV colon and rectal cancer patients in our tumour registry between 1991 and 2002. Data collected included patient demographics, presenting symptoms, detail from the hospital course including diagnostic data and operative management, complications and survival time (days). Survival analysis was performed to assess the effect of primary tumour resection on long-term survival. RESULTS: 109 patients were studied. Sixty-two (57%) patients (group I) underwent resection of the primary tumour, whereas 47 (43%) patients (group II) were managed without resection. Median survival times for groups I and II were 375 (IQR: 179-759) and 138 (IQR: 35-262) days respectively (P < 0.0001). After controlling for age, sex, tumour location and level of liver involvement as well as liver function, patients who underwent resection still survived longer (HR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.21-0.55). CONCLUSION: Palliative resection of the primary tumour plays an essential role in the management of stage IV colorectal cancer. Resection can offer increased survival and is indicated in certain patients with incurable disease. Limited metastatic tumour burden of the liver was associated with better survival in such patients.     

Ⅳ期胃癌转化治疗的研究进展

胃癌是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,临床收治的胃癌患者以进展期为主。近年来,随着药物治疗的进步,对于无法手术的Ⅳ期胃癌采取以药物治疗为主的综合治疗后,可以使部分病例肿瘤降期,从而获得根治手术的机会,部分接受手术治疗的患者从而获得了长期生存的机会。REGATTA研究结果证实,姑息手术+化疗不能改善Ⅳ期胃癌患者的远期生存。新辅...     

Predicting the survival benefit of local surgery in patients aged 70 years or older with stage IV breast cancer: A population-based analysis

PurposeThe aim of this study was to establish individualized nomograms to predict survival outcomes in older female patients with stage IV breast cancer who did or did not undergo local surgery, and to determine which patients could benefit from surgery.MethodsA total of 3,129 female patients with stage IV breast cancer aged ≥70 years between 2010 and 2015 were included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS). Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meier plot and log-rank test. Nomograms and risk stratification models were constructed.ResultsPatients who underwent surgery had better OS (HR = 0.751, 95% CI [0.668–0.843], P < 0.001) and BCSS (HR = 0.713, 95% CI [0.627–0.810], P < 0.001) than patients who did not undergo surgery. Patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive, lung or liver metastases may not benefit from surgery. In the stratification model, low-risk patients benefited from surgery (OS, HR = 0.688, 95% CI [0.568–0.833], P < 0.001; BCSS, HR = 0.632, 95% CI [0.509–0.784], P < 0.001), while patients in the high-risk group had similar outcomes (OS, HR = 0.920, 95% CI [0.709–1.193], P = 0.509; BCSS, HR = 0.953, 95% CI [0.713–1.275], P = 0.737).ConclusionOlder female patients with stage IV breast cancer who underwent surgery had better OS and BCSS than those who did not in each specific subgroup. Patients in low- or intermediate-risk group benefit from surgery while those in the high-risk group do not.     

Surgery for stage IV gastric cancer

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment for stage IV gastric cancer is controversial. METHODS: We analyzed the surgical experience with advanced gastric carcinoma in a tertiary referral center in Mexico City from 1995 through 2000. We analyzed surgical morbidity, mortality, and factors associated with prognosis. Survival was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method, and the curves were compared with the log-rank test. Significance was assigned at P <0.05. RESULTS: Seventy-six cases were identified. Mean patient age was 56 +/- 14.5 years. Thirty-nine patients (51.3%) were women. Patients were grouped according to surgical procedure: group 1 underwent resection (40 patients), group 2 underwent bypass procedures (10 patients), and group 3 underwent either celiotomy and biopsy alone or jejunostomy placement (26 patients). Twenty patients (26%) developed operative complications, but most were minor. There was no difference in morbidity between surgical groups and no difference according to patient's age. Operative mortality was 2.6%. Good palliation of symptoms was significantly more common in group 1 patients (82%) than in group 2 patients (60%) (P = 0.0001). Median survival was 8 months (95% confidence interval 4 to 12) for the entire cohort and 13, 5, and 3 months for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P = 0.00001 for group 1 vs groups 2 and 3). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resection for stage IV gastric cancer can be done with low operative mortality and acceptable morbidity rates, and it provides patients with good symptomatic relief. Advanced patient age is not a contraindication for surgical treatment.     

Primary tumor resection in de novo stage IV breast cancer patients

Breast and axillary surgery in Stage IV disease is outside current national guidelines but has been a topic of ongoing debate. A single institution retrospective study identified women with de novo stage IV BC from 2011‐2016 to evaluate the rate and goals of primary site surgery. Only 10.2% (n = 27/265patients) had primary site surgery. The goal of surgery was most often treatment intent (n = 23, 85.1%) not palliation (n = 4, 14.8%). There was no 30‐day mortality and low (n = 1, 3.7%) 30‐day morbidity. Multi‐disciplinary patient care pathways based on modern evidence may help identify patients potentially suitable for primary site surgery.     

Rectal cancer surgery in the elderly: analysis of consecutive 158 patients with stage III rectal cancer

Background It is difficult to establish a clear-cut indication for rectal surgery in elderly patients because of greater risk. We tried to clarify the factors associated with the short-term and long-term outcomes between elderly and younger patients. Materials and methods We clarified the potential predictors of the cancer-related and disease-free survivals after surgery, the factors associated with the elderly, preoperative comorbid conditions, and postoperative complications in 158 patients with stage III rectal cancer who underwent surgery, including 33 elderly patients (≥75 years) and 125 younger patients (<75 years). Results An old age and macroscopic types 3 and 4 were independent poor prognostic factors of cancer-related survival, whereas the disease-free survival of the younger patients was not longer than for the elderly patients. Interestingly, the survival rate in the elderly patients with recurrence was shorter than that in the younger patients. Histopathological type except well differentiated and without chemotherapy were significant tumor characteristics associated with the elderly patients. On preoperative comorbid conditions, elderly patients have more cardiovascular diseases than younger patients, whereas there were no significant differences in the postoperative complications. Conclusion Strength of the adjuvant and intensive therapies after recurrence may contribute to gain long-term survival in the elderly rectal cancer patients.     

Primary tumor resection in patients with stage IV breast cancer: 10-year experience

The role of surgery in the management of stage IV breast cancer is controversial. Existing studies in Stage IV breast cancer have not closely evaluated the role of patient response to induction systemic therapy (IST) in its relationship to survival outcomes. We identified all patients with a diagnosis of de novo stage IV breast cancer who underwent surgery of their primary tumor from January 2008 to December 2018. Patients were grouped according to their response in the primary disease site into progression (progressive primary disease) or no progression (nonprogressive primary; comprising complete, partial and stable response). We identified a total of 45 stage IV breast cancer patients who underwent operative intervention of their primary breast tumor. Prior to surgical intervention, progression in the primary site during IST was identified in 13/42 patients (31%), of whom four patients also had progression in the distant disease. The 5-year survival was higher in the nonprogressive primary (74%) than the progressive primary disease group (52%) which did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.08). Age, pathologic tumor size, clinical nodal status, number of positive lymph nodes, and distant disease response to systemic therapy were significantly associated with survival. In this single institution experience, select patients with stage IV breast cancer at initial diagnosis who underwent resection of the primary tumor following systemic therapy achieved favorable overall and distant progression-free survival. Surgery is reasonable to consider for local palliation or in selected patients who have excellent response to systemic therapy and good performance status.     

Endoscopic transanal resection provides palliation equivalent to transabdominal resection in patients with metastatic rectal cancer

Patients with metastatic rectal cancer precluding curative low anterior resection (LAR) or abdominoperineal resection (APR) can require palliation for impending obstruction. LAR or APR is frequently not optimal because of the associated operative morbidity. Lesser procedures such as diverting colostomy require patients to live with a permanent stoma. Endoscopic transanal resection (ETAR) has been used for excision of rectal lesions. To determine whether ETAR provides palliation equivalent to LAR or APR, we reviewed the outcomes of 49 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma and unresectable liver metastases who required palliative intervention between January 1989 and July 1996. Of these 49 patients, 24 underwent ETAR; the intraluminal tumor was resected using the urologic resectoscope to achieve a hemostatic, patent lumen. The outcomes of these patients were compared to those of the other 25 patients who had palliative LAR, APR, or a Hartmann procedure during the same period. The median distance of the tumors from the anal verge was similar (5 cm; range 1 to 15 cm). ETAR patients had a higher percentage of poorly differentiated tumors (35% vs. 6%, P = 0.034) and higher preoperative alkaline phosphatase values (478 ±75 mg/dl vs. 231 ±24 mg/dl; P<0.015), suggesting more aggressive disease and greater hepatic tumor burden, respectively. Despite these differences, overall survival and time spent outside the hospital were similar in the two groups. The median number of debulking procedures required in the 24 ETAR patients was two (range 1 to 17). Resections in the 25 LAR/APR patients included LAR in 20, APR in two, and Hartmann procedures in three. There was a trend toward more stomas in the LAR/APR group (28% vs. 17%). More important, morbidity was significantly higher in the LAR/APR patients (24% vs. 4%; P = 0.049). In conclusion, ETAR is a safe alternative for the palliation of incurable rectal tumors. Compared to transabdominal resection, ETAR provides equivalent palliation as measured by survival and proportion of the patient’s life spent outside the hospital, with a lower stoma rate and significantly less morbidity. Therefore, in select patients with metastatic rectal cancer, ETAR is an important palliative option. Presented at the Forty-First Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, San Diego, Calif., May 2l–24, 2000.     

Effect of primary tumor resection on overall survival in patients with stage IV breast cancer

We aimed to evaluate the effect of primary tumor resection on overall survival in stage IV breast cancer patients. In total, 284 breast cancer patients presenting with breast cancer at stage IV at initial diagnosis, between 2001 and 2014, were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into two groups based on surgical resection of the primary tumor. Overall survival (OS) between the two groups was analyzed. Patients in the surgery group (n = 92) had smaller tumors than those in the no‐surgery group (n = 192, T0‐1:17.7% vs 34.8%, P < 0.001). The surgery group more often had negative nodal status (5.7% vs 33.7%, P < 0.001). Multiple metastatic organ sites were more common in the no‐surgery group than in the surgery group (55.7% vs 15.2%, P < 0.001). The surgery group showed a better OS than the no‐surgery group (P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that surgical resection of primary tumors tended to be associated with improved OS (HR = 0.67, P = 0.055). T stage, ER, HER2 and metastatic organ sites were independent prognostic factors for OS in multivariate analysis. Surgical resection of the primary tumor may be a treatment option for patients with stage IV disease and may not have a negative effect on overall survival.     

Palliative resection of the primary tumour in stage IV rectal cancer

Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the use of resection in a cohort of palliatively treated patients with stage IV rectal cancer. To avoid selection bias, particular attention was paid to correction for comorbidity and extent of disease. Method Patients with stage IV rectal cancer in two hospitals in Groningen were consecutively included over a 5‐year period. Comorbidity was defined as major (dementia, cardiac failure or left ventricle ejection fraction < 30%, or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), minor (diabetes, hypertension, mild renal disease or mild pulmonary disease) or none. The effect of patient and disease characteristics on survival was assessed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses. Results Of 88 patients, 11 (13%) underwent elective surgical resection without chemotherapy, 15 (17%) received both elective resection and chemotherapy, 21 (24%) underwent palliative chemotherapy only and 41 (47%) had supportive care only. The extent of disease (P < 0.01), hospital (P = 0.02) and comorbidity (P = 0.04) were correlated with worse survival. Patients treated surgically survived for longer than patients treated nonsurgically, when the data were corrected for age, comorbidity, extent of disease and hospital [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.4 (95% CI = 0.2–0.7)]. Perioperative morbidity was seen in 38% of the patients, and 30‐day mortality was 0%. Conclusion In this retrospective cohort, resection was associated with longer survival independently of the extent of distant metastases, age and comorbidity.     

Modified Glasgow prognostic score in patients with incurable stage IV colorectal cancer

Background

The modified Glasgow prognostic score is an inflammation-based prognostic score. This study examined whether this score, measured before surgical procedures, could predict postoperative cancer-specific survival.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 79 colorectal cancer patients who underwent a surgical procedure for incurable stage IV disease. The modified Glasgow prognostic score (0 to 2) comprises C-reactive protein (≤10 vs >10 mg/L) and albumin (<35 vs ≥35 g/L) measurements.

Results

In terms of overall survival, univariate analysis revealed significant differences in the status of lung metastasis, peritoneal dissemination, distant metastasis, hemoglobin, C-reactive protein, albumin, tumor resection, adjuvant chemotherapy, and modified Glasgow prognostic score. Multivariate analysis revealed that hemoglobin (P = .019), adjuvant chemotherapy (P = .002), and modified Glasgow prognostic score (0 and 1, low; 2, high) (P = .0001) were significant predictive factors for postoperative mortality.

Conclusions

The modified Glasgow prognostic score is simple to obtain and useful in predicting survival in incurable stage IV colorectal cancer patients undergoing surgery.     

直肠癌术后局部复发的外科治疗进展

直肠癌术后局部复发（LRRC）是直肠癌患者死亡的重要原因。虽然影像学技术、新辅助治疗和全直肠系膜切除手术已取得一定的进展,但直肠癌术后仍有高达10％的局部复发率。对于LRRC的患者,非手术治疗包括放疗、化疗只能延长约1年的生存时间。随着手术技术的不断提高,盆腔重建和手术并发症的处理不断完善,LRRC再次手术的治愈率也得到提高。以手术为主的综合治疗是LRRC的治疗关键。本文将对LRRC的手术治疗进展进行综述以飨同道。     

Simultaneous resection for rectal cancer with synchronous liver metastasis is a safe procedure

Background

One quarter of colorectal cancer patients will present with liver metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Recent studies have shown that simultaneous resections are safe and feasible for stage IV colon cancer. Limited data are available for simultaneous surgery in stage IV rectal cancer patients.

Methods

One hundred ninety-eight patients underwent surgical treatment for stage IV rectal cancer. In 145 (73%) patients, a simultaneous procedure was performed. Fifty-three (27%) patients underwent staged liver resection. A subpopulation of 69 (35%) patients underwent major liver resection (3 segments or more) and 30 (44%) patients with simultaneous surgery.

Results

The demographics of the 2 groups were similar. Complication rates were comparable for simultaneous or staged resections, even in the group subjected to major liver resection. Total hospital stay was significantly shorter for the simultaneously resected patients (P < .01).

Conclusions

Simultaneous resection of rectal primaries and liver metastases is a safe procedure in carefully selected patients at high-volume institutions, even if major liver resections are required.     

无切口腹腔镜下直肠癌切除术

目的 探讨无切口腹腔镜下直肠癌切除术的临床应用价值.方法 回顾分析2012年1月至2013年5月在我科接受无切口腹腔镜下直肠癌切除术治疗的37例患者的临床资料,观察手术时间、术中出血、术后恢复情况及随访情况.结果 37例手术均成功,平均手术时间120 min,平均术中出血70 mL,术后平均胃肠蠕动恢复时间为38 h,平均住院时间为7d,无明显并发症.结论 无切口腹腔镜下直肠癌切除术安全可行,无腹部切口手术损伤小、恢复快,值得推广应用.     

Factors associated with improved outcome after surgery in metastatic breast cancer patients

Background

Recent studies suggest local surgical therapy improves survival in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). We evaluate the difference in outcome in patients with MBC after mastectomy versus breast conservation (BCT) and factors that influence outcome.

Methods

In a retrospective review of our prospective database, we identified patients who presented with MBC (1990 to 2007). Patient surgery type and clinicopathologic factors were reviewed. We compared OS between pts dependent on surgery and clinicopathologic factors.

Results

Of the 566 patients with MBC, 154 (27%) underwent removal of the primary tumor. Surgery was associated with an improved OS (33%) versus no surgery (20%) (P = 0.0015). Of those undergoing local therapy; mastectomy was associated with a 37% OS vs BCT with a 20% OS (P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Our study confirms that removal of the primary tumor in MBC is associated with improved overall survival. It appears that mastectomy is associated with a significantly improved overall survival.     

腹腔镜辅助直肠癌根治术对盆腔自主神经保护的操作要点

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助保留盆腔自主神经直肠癌根治术的临床疗效.方法 2011年3月至2013年3月经病理确诊的149例病人进行保留自主神经的直肠癌根治术,其中腹腔镜组84例,开腹组65例.术后1年内通过门诊和问卷方式观察两组病人术后排尿功能与性功能状况.结果 术后排尿功能障碍发生率,腹腔镜组和开腹组分别为18.57％、21.82％,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.术后勃起功能障碍发生率,腹腔镜组和开腹组分别为47.14％、43.64％,射精功能障碍发生率分别为34.29％ 、32.13％,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 腹腔镜辅助保留盆腔自主神经的直肠癌根治术是安全、有效的.     

环周切缘对中低位直肠癌局部复发的影响

目的:研究环周切缘对中、低位直肠癌局部复发的影响。方法:收集我院普外科2009年10月至2010年6月可手术切除的中、低位直肠癌病人73例,检查标本的环周切缘,并随访2年。结果:73例病人环周切缘阳性11例(15.1%),局部复发8例(11.0%)。环周切缘阳性组和阴性组各有4例病人局部复发,复发率为36.4%和6.5%(P=0.015)。结论:环周切缘阳性是导致局部复发及预后不良的重要因素。     

低位直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏的临床特点分析

目的：回顾性分析低位直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏发生的影响因素、临床特点、治疗方法和相关愈后。方法：回顾性分析本院674例低位直肠癌前切除术病人，根据不同性别、肿瘤大小、位置、Dukes分期、手术时机和方法对术后吻合口漏的发生进行了分析，并总结主要临床症状和处理方法。结果：674例低位直肠癌前切除术中共发生吻合口漏39例（5．8％），95％可信限区间（CI）为4．02％-7．54％，其中肿瘤下缘距肛缘〈6cm者吻合口漏发生率为6．2％，≥6cm者吻合口漏发生率5．5％。肿瘤直径≥3cm者吻合口漏发生率5．9％，〈3cm者吻合口漏发生率5．5％。Dukes B、C和D期肿瘤术后吻合口漏的发生率分别为2.4％、7．9％和7_4％。择期和急症手术吻合口漏的发生率为5．3％和26．7％。吻合口漏发生于术后7d或7d内为71．1％，发生于术后7d后为28．9％。经引流管局部冲洗引流及全胃肠外营养（TPN）治愈率为63．2％，横结肠失功性造瘘治愈率为36．8％。结论：低位直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏的发生与肿瘤大小（P=0．962）和距肛门距离（P=0．798）无关，急症手术与择期手术吻合口漏发生率有显著差异（p=0．003），不同Dukes分期吻合口漏的发生率有显著差异（P=0．018）。间歇性或持续性发热、麻痹性肠梗阻、引流管中有粪质样液体是吻合口漏的主要表现，经引流管局部冲洗引流辅以TPN和横结肠失功性造漏是治疗吻合口漏的主要方法。