一次性引流导管胸腔闭式引流与常规胸腔穿刺放液治疗结核性胸腔积液121例临床比较分析

目的探讨常规胸腔穿刺放液与一次性留置引流导管胸腔闭式引流在胸腔积液治疗中的应用对比。方法以121例结核性胸腔积液患者为研究对象,61例为患者应用一次性留置引流导管行胸腔闭式引流。60例为常规胸腔穿刺放液治疗。结果所有患者均一次置管成功,4例出现气胸经引流管抽气后治愈;10例导管阻塞用导丝或生理盐水冲管后复通;2例导管脱落重新置管。所有患者经4~14 d置管胸液引流彻底。结论一次性留置引流导管胸腔闭式引流与常规胸穿放液相比是一种安全、可靠损伤小的方法,且引流更为彻底,减少因胸水大量粘连需行手术治疗几率,具有可行性、安全性,值得临床推广应用。     

采用中心静脉导管行胸腔闭式引流治疗自发性气胸的体会

自发性气胸一般需立即采用胸腔穿刺抽气或胸腔闭式引流治疗,少数需手术治疗。传统胸腔闭式引流术需要手术治疗,创伤大,并发症多。我们对30例自发性气胸患者采用中心静脉导管行胸腔闭式引流术,疗效较好。现报道如下。     

一次性中心静脉导管胸腔置入引流治疗49例胸腔积液体会

目的观察中心静脉导管胸腔置入闭式引流术治疗胸腔积液疗效。方法对住院98例胸腔积液随机分为两组：治疗组（即一次性中心静脉导管胸腔置入闭式引流治疗胸腔积液组n=49例）,对照组（即常规胸腔穿刺抽液治疗胸腔积液n=49例）,对两组患者穿刺次数、胸水吸收时间、相关费用、不良反应、住院天数进行分析比较。结果治疗组与对照组相比穿刺次数少,胸水减少快,不良反应及并发症少,费用消耗少。结论一次性中心静脉导管胸腔置入闭式引流治疗胸腔积液安全效果好。     

中心静脉导管胸腔置入闭式引流治疗自发性气胸疗效观察

目的比较中心静脉导管与多次胸腔穿刺抽气治疗自发性气胸的疗效及并发症。方法41例自发性气胸患者行中心静脉导管闭式引流，43例行胸穿抽气，观察疗效及并发症。结果中心静脉导管与多次胸穿抽气治疗自发性气胸比较，疗效显著，差异有显著性。结论中心静脉导管行闭式引流治疗自发性气胸是安全、损伤小、疗效满意的方法。     

中心静脉导管胸腔闭式引流术在结核性胸腔积液治疗中的应用价值

目的探讨中心静脉导管观察在治疗结核性胸腔积液的应用价值。方法对住院患者78例结核性胸腔积液分为引流组(31例)和抽液组(47例),将2组病人的引流、抽液、胸水排净时间、排出胸水量和导致胸膜肥厚的程度进行对比。结果引流组与抽液组对比,穿刺次数减少,排液持续时间长,引流胸液量大,胸液排净时间短,并发症少,造成胸膜肥厚明显减少。结论中心静脉导管胸腔闭式引流术治疗结核性胸腔积液优于常规胸穿抽液术。     

不同排气方式对自发性气胸并发胸膜黏连的影响

目的 探讨自发性气胸的发生次数及不同排气方式对胸膜黏连发生率的影响.方法 对行开胸或电视胸腔镜手术治疗的特发性自发性气胸患者进行回顾性分析,根据手术前既往发生自发性气胸后所行治疗方法将患者分为未排气治疗组、胸腔穿刺抽气组和胸腔闭式引流组,观察各组患者气胸发生的次数及不同治疗方法与胸膜黏连发生率的关系.结果 3组共504例患者,未排气治疗组（91例）、胸腔穿刺抽气组（58例）和胸腔闭式引流组（355例）的胸膜黏连发生率分别为48.35％、65.52％和78.03％,胸膜黏连发生率依次升高（x^2=32.172,P＜0.05）.在未排气治疗组患者中,既往患自发性气胸1次（45例）、2次（26例）及≥3次（20例）者,胸膜黏连的发生率分别为37.78％、46.15％和75.00％,随气胸发生次数的增加而增加（x^2=7.752,P＜0.05）.胸腔穿刺抽气组患者既往行穿刺抽气治疗1次（42例）和2次（16例）者,胸膜黏连的发生率分别为59.52％、93.75％.胸腔闭式引流组患者既往行引流治疗1次（191例）、2次（108例）及≥3次（56例）者,胸膜黏连的发生率分别为71.20％、81.48％和94.64％,胸膜黏连的发生率随胸腔穿刺抽气及胸腔闭式引流次数的增加而增加,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 对于自发性气胸患者行胸腔穿刺抽气或胸腔闭式引流术,会显著增加胸膜黏连的发生,且随气胸发生次数、穿刺或闭式引流次数的增加,胸膜黏连的发生率显著增加,从而增加复发性气胸的治疗难度及出现各种并发症的风险.     

肺复张后肺水肿

多年来由于气胸或胸腔积液造成肺萎缩,经引流或大量抽气,抽液使肺复张。肺复张后偶可在患侧发生急性肺水肿,称之为肺复张后肺水肿。１肺复张后肺水肿的诊断及预后１．１临床症状及体征：气胸或胸腔积液的治疗无论采取胸腔穿刺抽胸水、抽气或胸腔闭式引流均是一种较安全、有效的措施。但有极少数病人在抽气、抽液或引流过程中,当肺复张后几分钟到２～３小时内可突然发生急性肺水肿。患者可表现为气喘加重、呼吸浅促、咳嗽频繁,重者咳大量的白色泡沫痰或粉红色泡沫痰,口唇紫绀,烦躁不安等症状。患侧肺部可闻及广泛的细小水泡音。１．２…     

改进浆膜腔穿刺术在老年人浆膜腔积液(气)中的应用

目前，在教科书和有关文献上仅介绍了简易胸穿针、三通活栓针，胸腔积液引流输液器。气胸排气阀（治疗气胸）。临床上应用均很不方便。主要原因是胸腔排液（气）或胸腔给药时需要反复多次进行浆膜腔穿刺，患者痛苦大、易出现气胸等并发症，而且排液（气）不彻底、胸水（气）吸收缓慢，甚至不吸收，病人生活不方便。剖胸闭式引流术和闭式引流术的改进，仍存在损伤大、易感染等不足。患者事实上不得不接受。为了克服传统胸腔穿刺术的上述缺点，作者改进了浆膜腔穿刺技术的方法，即应用“一次性浆膜腔留置排液（气）导管”和“一次性浆膜腔留置排液（气）包”进行浆膜腔疾病的诊断和治疗。     

套管针穿刺胸膜腔闭式引流术治疗大量胸腔积液的临床分析

目的探讨套管针穿刺水封瓶胸膜腔闭式引流术治疗大量胸腔积液的疗效。方法回顾性分析结核性胸膜炎致大量胸腔积液160例,全部病例在抗痨治疗基础上,应用套管针穿刺水封瓶胸膜腔闭式引流术治疗为治疗组,常规胸穿术抽液治疗为对照组。对两组病例进行疗效分析。结果本组病例160例,其中治疗组89例,治疗后患者呼吸困难等症状较对照组明显缓解,胸水消失时间6±3．5d,对照组胸水消失时间15±5．4d,治疗组疗效明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论套管针穿刺水封瓶胸膜腔闭式引流术治疗大量胸腔积液,全部患者均能顺利进行胸水引流,肺部压迫症状得到改善,缩短治疗时间,值得临床推广。     

两种不同引流术对肺癌合并胸腔积液患者的疗效对比研究

目的比较研究胸腔置管闭式引流与穿刺置管引流术对肺癌合并胸腔积液患者的疗效。方法选取2016年7月—2018年6月湖北省孝感市中心医院收治的肺癌合并胸腔积液患者120例,随机分为对照组(n=60,行胸腔穿刺引流术)和观察组(n=60,行胸腔置管闭式引流);观察比较两组胸腔积液疗效、生活质量变化及并发症情况。结果观察组总有效率为86.67%,明显高于对照组的65.00%(P0.05)。与对照组比较,观察组总引流量明显较大(P0.05),积液吸收时间及住院时间明显缩短(P0.05)。治疗后,观察组生活质量明显优于对照组(P0.05)。观察组胸膜反应、气胸及总并发症发生率分别为1.67%、5.00%、13.33%,均明显低于对照组的11.67%、16.67%、48.33%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论胸腔置管闭式引流治疗肺癌合并胸腔积液,可提高治疗有效率,改善生活质量,减少并发症,是较胸腔穿刺引流术更安全有效的引流术式。     

Recurrence of catamenial pneumothorax after surgical treatment]

We reported a case of catamenial pneumothorax that was recurrent after surgical treatment. A 43-year-old woman had sudden chest pain and dyspnea during menstruation. Right pneumothorax and pleural effusion were pointed out on chest X-ray films. When the patient was 31 years old, she received a diagnosis of catamenial pneumothorax and underwent thoracotomy for resection of diaphragmatic endometriosis. However, after surgery she experienced recurrence of right pneumothorax, and was accordingly treated with danazol. The patient decided to terminate medication by herself because her symptoms had disappeared. Several years after the cessation of medication, she experienced chest pain frequently during menstruation, but did not seek a medical check-up. She visited our department because of persistent chest pain in 1997. After the patient was hospitalized, pneumothorax was diagnosed and continuous drainage was performed. Although pneumothorax was alleviated by drainage, it recurred during the patient's next menstrual period. Open lung surgery was performed. Diaphragmatic endometriosis with a small hole and inflammatory thickened lesions on the visceral pleura of the lower lobe (S 6) were found and excised. Microscopic examination of the excised specimens showed endometriosis. Visceral pleural endometriosis has been histologically demonstrated in very few cases. After surgery, hormonal therapy was started. The patient has been well for 12 months without recurrence of pneumothorax. Both surgical and hormonal treatment were considered necessary for the treatment of catamenial pneumothorax in this case.     

超声引导穿刺抽液并注入尿激酶治疗老年胸腔积液

目的研究胸腔内注射尿激酶对胸膜增厚程度不同的多房性、包裹性胸膜炎的治疗效果.方法将收治的76例老年包裹性、多房性胸腔积液患者作为研究对象,将患者随机分为治疗组和对照组.治疗组40例分为A,B两组,给予胸腔穿刺抽液引流并胸腔内注射尿激酶治疗,其中胸膜增厚＞5 mm 14例为B组;对照组36例分为C,D两组,给予反复胸腔穿刺抽水治疗,其中胸膜增厚＞5 mm 13例为D组;治疗组和对照组患者其他临床资料无差别,具有可比性;注药24h后抽液,B超定点测定首次注药前后的抽液量、胸膜厚度、纤维素分隔积分,差值结果作单因素卡方检验.结果治疗组与对照组相比,用药后抽液量增多,胸膜厚度变薄,纤维素分隔减轻(P＜0.001).C组、D组与B组的3项观测指标相比差异无显著性.结论胸腔引流并胸腔内注射尿激酶能促进胸水引流、减轻胸膜肥厚、粘连,疗效肯定;对胸膜增厚＞5 mm的病例无效.     

An analysis of and new risk factors for reexpansion pulmonary edema following spontaneous pneumothorax

Background

The major risk factor for reexpansion pulmonary edema (RPE) following the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax is thought to be chronic lung collapse. However, a long-term collapsed lung does not always cause RPE. The purpose of this study was to define other risk factors for RPE among patients undergoing drainage for the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all the patients with spontaneous pneumothorax who had been treated at our hospital during a 5-year period. The duration of symptoms, location and size of the pneumothorax, size of the chest tube, and pleural effusion, which can occur coincidentally with pneumothorax, were compared in patients who did and did not experience RPE.

Results

Forty patients were underwent drainage for the treatment of a spontaneous pneumothorax between January 2007 and December 2012. RPE developed in 13 of the 40 (32.5%) patients. In the multivariate analysis, the presence of pleural effusion coincident with pneumothorax contributed to the risk for RPE [odds ratios (OR), 1.557; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.290-1.880]. The duration of symptoms, location and size of the pneumothorax and size of the chest tube were similar between the groups. Symptomatic RPE was associated with a larger pneumothorax size.

Conclusions

The rate of RPE following spontaneous pneumothorax is higher than was previously reported. Our findings suggest the presence of pleural effusion coincidentally with pneumothorax may therefore be a new risk factor for RPE.     

Intractable pneumothorax successfully treated by talc slurry pleurodesis and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]

Pneumothorax associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is intractable and often fatal because the patients are usually under a long-term steroid therapy, and are associated with severely impaired lung function. Further, pneumothorax itself recurs frequently, and acute exacerbation of IPF may develop after a surgical intervention. Here, we describe a case of intractable pneumothorax developed in a patient with IPF who was successfully treated with repeated talc pleurodesis combined with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery under local anesthesia. A 67-year-old male with IPF who was under a long-term treatment with steroid, developed right-sided pneumothorax. A chest drainage tube was placed in the right pleural cavity, and repeated pleurodesis with minocycline or fibrinogen was challenged, but the outcome turned out to be unsuccessful. Then, talc slurry was applied repeatedly, resulting in a high-grade fever associated with reactive accumulation of pleural effusion. However, air leakage did not cease completely despite the eight-times pleurodesis with talc using 16 g in total. Finally, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery under local anesthesia was undertaken and the pulmonary fistula was successfully closed.     

Mesothelioma presenting with pneumothorax and interlobar tumour

A patient presented with a pneumothorax, a parahilar mass and a pleural effusion on the left side. Histology proved that this was caused by a malignant mesothelioma, epithelial type. The pneumothorax persisted, even after chest drainage and pleurodesis with talc powder and tetracycline.     

Anaerobic bacillus pyothorax with the production of gas and severe mediastinal shift]

A 62-year-old man was admitted with the complaints of chronic sputum, dyspnea, and general weakness. Chest X-ray and computed tomographic films disclosed severe mediastinal shift and left lung collapse due to the accumulation of fluid and gas in the left pleural space. A puncture of the thoracic cavity yielded a milk-coffee-like purulent pleural effusion with stool odor, suggesting pyothorax with pneumothorax or broncho-pleural fistula. Chest tube drainage was performed. The elimination of gas was transient; subsequently, no air leaks were observed during deep breathing, suggesting the absence of pneumothorax and broncho-pleural fistula. An anaerobic culture of pleural effusion was prepared and a Bacteroides species was isolated. These clinical findings indicated that the intrathoracic gas could have been produced by anaerobic bacilli. Systemic antibiotic chemotherapy with chest tube drainage achieved recovery. The production of gas in focal lesions is one noted symptom of anaerobic bacillus infection. However, to our knowledge, cases of anaerobic bacillus pyothorax generating large volumes of intrathoracic gas are rare.     

A case of pulmonary sarcoidosis with pneumothorax and pleural effusion after improvement of pulmonary impairment]

A 23-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for a complete medical evaluation of abnormal pulmonary shadows found on a chest radiograph during his annual check-up. Chest radiography and chest CT showed a diffuse spread of micronodules in both lung fields and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. A transbronchial lung biopsy demonstrated evidence of noncaseating epithelioid cell granuloma with multinucleated giant cells, and a diagnosis of sarcoidosis was made. The pulmonary shadows improved without therapy. Twenty months later, the patient was readmitted to the hospital because of chest pain and dyspnea. Pneumothorax appeared on the right in a chest radiograph, but subsided after drainage therapy, and two weeks later, a right side pleural effusion was seen. We determined that the pleura was involved in the sarcoidosis, and the patient was treated with oral prednisolone 20 mg daily. The pleural effusion gradually subsided. This is the first reported case in Japan of pulmonary sarcoidosis with pneumothorax and pleural effusion after improvement of pulmonary impairment.     

A case of malignant mesothelioma presenting with recurrent pneumothorax]

A 71-year-old man was found to have right hydropneumothorax by chest X-ray film on a regular checkup. Thoracic drainage and bullectomy by thoracoscopy did not improve the pneumothorax, so pleurodesis with OK-432 was done. Pneumothorax recurred twice, requiring thoracic drainage and pleurodesis. Although pneumothorax was treated successfully, increased pleural effusion, pleural thickening and subcutaneal tumor at the thoracic drainage suture site developed. The concentration of hyaluronic acid in the pleural fluid was very high. The histological examination of the biopsied subcutaneous tumor showed mixed type malignant pleural mesothelioma. Chemotherapy with gemcitabine and vinorelbine could not control the progression.     

Bi-directional hepatic hydrothorax

A 59-year-old male with alcoholic cirrhosis presented to our hospital with an acutely painful umbilical hernia,and 4 mo of exertional dyspnea.He was noted to be tachypneic and hypoxic.He had a massive right sided pleural effusion with leftward mediastinal shift and gross ascites,with a tense,fluid-filled,umbilical hernia.Emergent paracentesis with drain placement and a large volume thoracentesis were performed.Despite improvement in dyspnea and drainage of 15 L of ascitic fluid,the massive transudative pleural effusion remained largely unchanged.He underwent a repeat large volume thoracentesis on hospital day 4.The patient subsequently developed a tension pneumothorax,which resulted in a dramatic reduction in the effusion.A chest tube was placed and serial radiographs demonstrated resolution of the pneumothorax but recurrence of the effusion.The radiographs illustrate the movement of fluid between the peritoneal and pleural cavities.In this case,the mechanism of pleural effusion was confirmed to be a hepatic hydrothorax via an unintended tension pneumothorax.Methods to elucidate a hepatic hydrothorax include Tc99m or indocyanine green injection into the ascitic fluid followed by its demonstration above the diaphragm.The unintended tension pneumothorax in this case additionally demonstrates bi-directional flow across the diaphragm.     

The value of chest roentgenography in the diagnosis of pneumothorax after thoracentesis.

PURPOSE: We sought to assess the yield of chest roentgenography for the detection of pneumothorax among hospitalized patients with pleural effusion who have undergone diagnostic or therapeutic thoracentesis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective study of 506 thoracentesis procedures in 370 patients. After the procedure, each operator filled out a note recording patient data and the characteristics of the thoracentesis. A chest radiograph was performed within 12 hours after the procedure in all patients. RESULTS: Eighteen (4%) pneumothoraces occurred in 17 patients, 9 (2%) of which required chest tube drainage. Of the 488 patients without symptoms, only 5 (1%) developed a pneumothorax, only 1 of which required chest tube drainage. By contrast, of the 18 patients with symptoms, 13 developed a pneumothorax, 8 of which required chest tubes. There were two independent predictors of pneumothorax: presence of symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 250; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 65 to 980) and male gender (OR = 5.4; 95% CI: 1.9 to 69). CONCLUSIONS: Among the symptom-free patients in our sample, the risk of developing pneumothorax with clinical consequences was so low that the practice of routine chest roentgenography may not be justified.