阿尔茨海默氏病与血管性痴呆临床特点的对照研究

目的比较阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）与血管性痴呆（VD）的临床特点。方法对39例AD和38例VD患者的精神行为症状特点、伴随的躯体疾病、头颅CT检查以及脑电图检查进行比较。结果AD组与VD组在幻觉、妄想等精神病性症状方面无明显差异,在抑郁、焦虑等情绪障碍以及行为脱抑制方面有显著差异;AD组伴随的躯体疾病无明显特异性,VD组多伴发高血压、冠心病;AD组头颅CT多表现为脑萎缩,VD组多表现为脑梗塞;脑电图检查AD组无明显特异性,VD组界限脑电图居多。结论AD与VD患者的BPSD及所伴随的躯体疾病可有不同特点,CT和脑电图的检查等对痴呆的诊断与鉴别诊断均具有重要价值。     

麻痹性痴呆

神经梅毒（NS）是梅毒螺旋体（TP）侵犯脑膜和（或）脑实质引起的一种慢性中枢神经系统感染性疾病,而麻痹性痴呆（GPI or PD）则是神经梅毒最常见的类型。1882年,Bayle首先报告麻痹性痴呆,1913年,Noguehi和Moore从神经梅毒患者的脑组织中分离获得梅毒螺旋体,得以明确其病因。在西方国家,麻痹性痴呆较少见,我国曾在20世纪50年代相对常见,至60年代后基本销声匿迹。     

帕金森病痴呆的发病机制与治疗

帕金森病(PD)为老年期常见的神经系统变性疾病,≥65岁人群中的发病率约2%[1].特征性运动性症状表现为静止性震颤、肌强直、动作迟缓和姿势平衡障碍等.     

麻痹性痴呆

神经梅毒(NS)是梅毒螺旋体(TP)侵犯脑膜和(或)脑实质引起的一种慢性中枢神经系统感染性疾病,而麻痹性痴呆(GPI or PD)则是神经梅毒最常见的类型.1882年,Bayle首先报告麻痹性痴呆[1],1913年,Noguchi和Moore[2]从神经梅毒患者的脑组织中分离获得梅毒螺旋体,得以明确其病因.     

痴呆恐惧的研究进展

本文目的是对痴呆恐惧的研究进展进行综述,以期为临床治疗与护理提供参考。痴呆恐惧广泛地存在于成年人中,痴呆恐惧水平过高易造成人群焦虑抑郁程度加重、健康促进行为减少、回避就医、产生自杀意念等不良后果。目前,国内外的研究主要集中在对痴呆恐惧的现状和影响因素的调查。本文通过对痴呆恐惧的概念、发生率、影响、相关因素、评定工具和干预措施进行阐述,以期为后续研究提供参考。     

帕金森病痴呆相关临床研究进展

帕金森病是临床常见的神经变性病,以运动症状和非运动症状为主要临床特征。帕金森病痴呆是其中常见的非运动症状,发生率和病残率较高,治疗效果不理想。近年国际上关于帕金森病痴呆的基础与临床研究取得新进展。本文拟从临床视角对帕金森病痴呆的流行病学特征、神经心理学特征、预测因素、诊断及药物治疗进展进行综述,以期有助于推动国内帕金森病痴呆的研究。     

血管性痴呆与脑白质疏松的相关研究

目的探讨血管性痴呆(VaD)与脑白质疏松症(LA)的相关性.方法对104例LA患者应用分级法将LA分为4级LA1-LA4;应用MMSE和Hachinski量表诊断VaD.结果与LA1组比较,LA3LA4组VaD发生率有明显上升(P＜0.01),MMSE评分有明显下降(P＜0.01).结论LA的损伤程度与VaD发生率呈正相关,LA分级愈高,痴呆的程度愈重.     

非阿尔茨海默型额叶痴呆和Pick病——附6例报告

额叶萎缩伴进行性痴呆是Pick于1892年首先描述的,随后已有300余例报道。阿尔茨海默最早阐述了此病的显微镜下特征,描述了典型的Pick细胞和Pick小体,以及受累脑叶皮质的特征性组织病理学改变。     

老年性血管性痴呆与脑白质疏松的相关研究

目的　探讨老年性血管性痴呆 (VD)与脑白质疏松症 (LA)的相关性。方法　对 5 4例 6 0岁以上LA患者的临床及CT和 /或MRI进行 3年跟踪观察 ,应用分级法观察LA的损伤程度 ;应用MMSE和Hachinski量表诊断VD。结果　 5 4例LA患者损伤程度Ⅰ～Ⅲ级变化分别为第 1年 34、14、6例 ,第 2年 17、19、18例 ,第 3年 8、17、2 9例。患老年性VD者第 1年 6例 ,第 2年 13例 ,第 3年 33例 ,平均年增长率为 32 %。结论　LA是老年性VD发生的早期危险信号 ,LA的损伤程度与老年性VD的发生呈正相关 (r=0 .82 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,应当积极预防和治疗。     

帕金森病痴呆与路易体痴呆

帕金森病(PD)是一种常见的神经系统变性疾病。其主要病理特征是黑质多巴胺能神经元的变性死亡和残存神经元内路易体(LB)形成。部分PD患者在疾病进展中并发痴呆表现,称帕金森病痴呆(PDD)和路易体痴呆(DLB)都具synuclein蛋白此特征性病理改变,两者在认知、精神症状和锥体外系症状上很相似,在病理学、临床表现上有很大重叠。本文就PDD与DLB、阿尔茨海默病(AD)、PD的鉴别及联系的最新研究作一综述。     

Reducing post-lumbar puncture headaches with small bore atraumatic needles

Lumbar puncture for testing of Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology for diagnostic confirmation is likely to become more common in the coming years. Minimizing adverse effects from this testing will be essential for clinical practice. Small bore, atraumatic needles reduce the occurrence of post-lumbar puncture headache (PLPH). Our goal was to extend this recommendation specifically to a well-characterized aging population. We assessed PLPH in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort and found that PLPH occurrence was reduced only when using a 24 gauge atraumatic needle. We recommend that lumbar punctures for clinical and research purposes in Alzheimer’s disease be conducted with 24 gauge atraumatic needles.     

Error-monitoring in an everyday task in people with Alzheimer-type dementia: Observations over five years of performance decline

Research suggests that, although everyday action errors increase significantly with dementia progression, accomplishment of the task remains high, even in severe dementia. We used archive observational data charting progressive decline in everyday task performance to explore error-monitoring over a 5-year period in four people with dementia. None of the participants showed effective error-monitoring during their execution of their established tea-making routine: Over 5 years and into more severe stages of dementia, errors increased, but there was no reactive increase from our participants in error-monitoring. Training to error-monitor routine tasks may be an appropriate target for further study.     

The effect of schooling on reported age of onset of cognitive decline: A collaborative study

Higher education has been reported to be a protective factor against dementia. We suggest that the strength of a risk factor may be measured by the length of time by which it delays disease onset; therefore, we examined whether people with lower education develop cognitive decline at an earlier age than people with more schooling. The study population was based on patients referred to our Memory Clinics from 1994 to 2004. Analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the effect of schooling on the reported age of memory decline, in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and in patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The mean reported age of onset of cognitive decline was unexpectedly lower in patients with higher education than in patients with fewer schooling years, with a relatively small effect size (beta = −0.6), and the effect was more marked in the MCI group. Every year of schooling advanced the reported age of onset by 6 months among patients with MCI (t = −6.18, p < .001) and by 3 months among patients with AD (t = −2.4, p = 0.017). Education may affect the reported age of onset of cognitive decline, but its magnitude is small. It is possible that increased awareness in more educated people leads them to consult earlier; this could explain the paradoxical finding of earlier reported age of onset of cognitive decline in patients with higher education.     

2013年痴呆临床研究进展

本文重点对2013年阿尔茨海默病及痴呆相关疾病的临床研究热点进行介绍,包括流行病学、危险因素、生物学标志、治疗等内容。     

Alzheimer’s disease,Huntington’s disease and cancer

Neurodegenerative disorders and cancer are two of the most common groups of conditions in our world. Some studies have proposed that neurodegenerative disorders may be protective of the development of cancer.We tested this hypothesis using two neurodegenerative disorders with different molecular pathophysiology – Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Huntington’s disease (HD) – to see if the inverse relationship between cancer and neurodegeneration was generalizable. Five-year cancer incidence was determined in two large datasets: AD using the C-Path Online Date Repository (CODR) database (n = 6383) and HD using the ENROLL-HD database (n = 2608). Cancer incidence was determined in the populations and compared to normal population data for Australia, United Kingdom and the United States of America. Age-sex standardized rates of cancer were determined and expressed as 95% confidence intervals. We describe an age-sex standardized cancer rate of 1179.6/per 100,000 population to 1253.7/per 100,000 population in normal populations.The rate in AD was 815.2/per 100,000 population (95% CI 813.32–817.5/per 100,000 population) and for HD 1296.6/per 100,000 population (95% CI 1288–1308.2/per 100,000 population).We conclude that patients with AD have a reduced age-sex standardized rate of developing cancer not shared with HD, a finding that hints at different molecular mechanisms.     

Association between aluminum in drinking water and incident Alzheimer’s disease in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging cohort

Epidemiological evidence linking aluminum in drinking water and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been inconsistent, with previous studies often limited by small sample sizes. The present study addresses this issue using data from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA), a prospective cohort of 10,263 subjects followed-up from 1991-1992 through 2001–2002. Participants’ residential histories were linked to municipal drinking water sources in 35 Canadian municipalities to obtain ecologic pH, aluminum, fluoride, iron and silica concentrations in drinking water. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine associations between aluminum and incident AD [Hazard Ratios (HRs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs)], adjusting for age, gender, history of stroke, education, and high blood pressure.A total of 240 incident AD cases were identified during follow-up of 3, 638 subjects derived from the CSHA cohort with complete data on all covariates. With categorical aluminum measurements, there was an increasing, but not statistically significant, exposure-response relationship (HR = 1.34, 95% CI 0.88−2.04, in the highest aluminum exposure category; p = 0.13 for linear trend). Similar results were observed using continuous aluminum measurements (HR=1.21, 95% CI 0.97−1.52, at the interquartile range of 333.8 μg/L; p = 0.09 for linear trend). In a subsample genotyped for ApoE-ε4, there was some evidence of an association between aluminum and AD (p = 0.03 for linear trend).Although a clear association between aluminum in drinking water and AD was not found, the linear trend observed in ApoE-ε4 subsample warrants further examination.     

Impact of 18F-florbetapir PET imaging of β-amyloid neuritic plaque density on clinical decision-making

¹⁸F-florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the brain is now approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for estimation of β-amyloid neuritic plaque density when evaluating patients with cognitive impairment. However, its impact on clinical decision-making is not known. We present 11 cases (age range 67–84) of cognitively impaired subjects in whom clinician surveys were done before and after PET scanning to document the theoretical impact of amyloid imaging on the diagnosis and treatment plan of cognitively impaired subjects. Subjects have been clinically followed for about 5 months after the PET scan. Negative scans occurred in five cases, leading to a change in diagnosis for four patients and a change in treatment plan for two of these cases. Positive scans occurred in six cases, leading to a change in diagnosis for four patients and a change in treatment plan for three of these cases. Following the scan, only one case had indeterminate diagnosis. Our series suggests that both positive and negative florbetapir PET scans may enhance diagnostic certainty and impact clinical decision-making. Controlled longitudinal studies are needed to confirm our data and determine best practices.