恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤的预后相关因素分析

目的 探讨影响恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤(MPNST)患者预后的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析2010年9月至2019年12月33例MPNST患者的临床病理资料,其中男性15例,女性18例;中位年龄42岁(范围:3～69岁).神经纤维瘤病1(NF-1)型11例,散发型22例;四肢部位20例,躯干部位13例;手术切缘阴性28例,手术...     

枕骨恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤1例报道

恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤（malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors,MPNST）又称为恶性神经鞘瘤、恶性施万细胞瘤（ma-lignant schwannoma）、神经纤维肉瘤（neurofibrosarcoma）或神经源性肉瘤（neurogenic sarcoma）,是一种较少见的来源于神经软组的织恶性肿瘤。恶性外周神经鞘瘤50％发生在躯干,30％发生在四肢,头颈部大约占20％,颅部发生率较低,多起源于三叉神经或听神经［1］。本文报告我科近期收治的1例发生在枕骨的恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤,现报道如下。     

恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤7例临床病理分析

目的 探讨恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤的临床病理特点.方法 对7例恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤经显微检查及免疫组化证实,观察其镜下形态改变.结果 恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤形态多样,免疫组化S-100,Leu7,MBP是敏感、可靠的标记物,其联合使用有助于明确诊断.结论 恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤组织镜下形态多变,差异很大,常易误诊其它肿瘤,免疫标记有助于该肿瘤的诊断.     

恶性外周神经鞘瘤预后影响因素的研究进展

恶性外周神经鞘瘤(MPNST)发生率低,确诊主要依赖病理组织学检查,治疗手段有限,因此不被大多数医师所重视.目前国内文献对MPNST少有大宗病例报道,多以个案报道为主.本文综述了几个较大的肿瘤临床研究中心关于MPNST预后影响因素的研究,以期国内同行重新认识并规范该疾病的诊疗.     

巢蛋白和Ki-67在恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤中的表达及其意义

 目的　探讨恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤（MPNST）中巢蛋白和细胞增殖核抗原Ki-67的表达情况及其意义。方法　采用免疫组织化学SP法检测42例MPNST中巢蛋白和Ki-67的蛋白表达。24例外周神经良性肿瘤作为对照。结果　MPNST中巢蛋白阳性表达率为95.2 %（40／42）,其中巢蛋白强阳性表达率为40.5 %（17／42）,明显高于外周神经良性肿瘤的4.2 %（1／24）,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝8.403,P＝0.004）;MPNST中Ki-67标记指数介于1 %～70 %之间,其中＞3 %的占64.3 %（27／42）,24例外周神经良性肿瘤中Ki-67标记指数均＜3 %,两者比较差异有统计学意义（χ2＝23.518,P＝0.000）。结论　联合检测巢蛋白和Ki-67免疫标志物有助于MPNST的诊断。     

颈椎上皮样恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤的诊断

目的:探讨上皮样恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤(epitheloid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor,EMPNST)的临床病理学特征。方法:对1例上皮样恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤进行大体、组织病理学和免疫组化染色观察,并复习相关文献。结果:患者女性,49岁,病变发生于颈椎。镜下肿瘤细胞密集区与细胞稀疏区交替排列。免疫组化Vimentin(+++),S-100(+++),CgA(++),CD34(++),CK(-),EMA(-),HMB45(-),Actin(-),Desmin(-),Ki-67约10%阳性。结论:上皮样恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤是一种罕见的恶性软组织肿瘤,结合临床病理学特征及免疫组化,可作出正确诊断。     

尺骨恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤1例

恶性外周神经鞘瘤(malignant peripheral nerve sheath tu-mot,MPNST)指任何起源于外周神经或者显示神经鞘分化的恶性肿瘤,约占软组织恶性肿瘤的5%.约2/3的病例发生在神经纤维瘤病的基础上,特别是1型神经纤维瘤病,约有4%NF1患者可发展为MPNST[1].原发MPNST多位于躯干以及四肢的周围神经干上,发生于尺骨的MPNST临床罕见,天津医科大学附属肿瘤医院收治1例,现报道如下.     

胸部巨大恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤1例

患者男,55岁.主因"发现左胸部隆起10天"于2010年12月入本院.查体:神清,左胸部锁骨处隆起,余查体大致正常.胸部CT示:左上胸腔巨大肿物,侵及肺、胸壁及锁骨下动静脉.胸部肿物穿刺病理考虑平滑肌肉瘤.入院诊断:左胸部平滑肌肉瘤.入院后完善相关检查,查无其他脏器受累,患者心肺功能尚可,各项化验检查未见手术禁忌证.遂全麻下行左胸巨大肿物切除术+胸壁切除术.手术过程顺利.术后予抗炎、补液、左上肢固定等治疗.术后病理:梭形细胞肉瘤,考虑恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤.     

下颌骨恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤1例报告及文献复习

恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤(malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor,MPNST),是一种较少见的恶性肿瘤.大约半数的恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤由神经纤维瘤恶变而来,另外的则主要发生于躯体或四肢的周围神经干上,而发生于颌骨区的恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤临床罕见.     

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of proximal third tibia

A 16-year-old man had aswelling over the anterior aspect of the proximal third of the tibia for 1 year, which was peanut size initially and progressively increased to its present size of 10 cm × 8 cm. He underwent fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) twice during this period and reported aspindle cell sarcoma. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a malignancy of the connective tissue surrounding the nerves. Previously, MPNST was also known as neurofibrosarcoma, malignant schwannoma, andneurogenic sarcoma. We are reporting this case for its rarity and peculiar mode of presentation. FNAC/core biopsy can be used as an effective tool to achievethe correct pathological diagnosis.     

The cytopathology of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

BACKGROUND:

Among sarcomas, a diagnosis of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is often one of exclusion due to the absence of unequivocally characteristic histopathology, a conclusive immunohistochemical profile, or even a unique chromosomal anomaly. Because of this, the fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytopathology of MPNST is extremely challenging. In the current study, the authors review their FNA experience with this neoplasm.

METHODS:

The authors searched their combined departmental cytology files for all lesions signed out as MPNST or suspicious for MPNST, as well as their own surgical pathology files for any cases of MPNST that had corresponding cytology. FNA was performed using standard techniques.

RESULTS:

A total of 55 cases of MPNST, all with tissue confirmation, and 1 misdiagnosed example of melanoma were retrieved from 52 patients (M:F ratio of 1.5:1; average age, 46 years), 26 of whom had a history of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF‐1). Aspirates were from primary (27 cases), locally recurrent (14 cases), or metastatic (10 cases) MPNST; 4 primary tumor aspirates were of ex vivo specimens. Sites included the extremities (22 cases), trunk/pelvis (22 cases), head and neck (6 cases), and deep‐seated masses (6 cases). FNA diagnoses were MPNST (24 patients); consistent with MPNST (5 patients); sarcoma, not otherwise specified (10 patients); atypical (3 patients); spindle cell neoplasm (6 patients); malignant neoplasm (1 patient); and nondiagnostic (3 patients). A definitive diagnosis of either MPNST or consistent with MPNST was issued in 30%, 93%, and 70%, respectively, of primary, locally recurrent, and metastatic lesions.

CONCLUSIONS:

FNA cytopathology is limited as a diagnostic instrument for the initial diagnosis of MPNST, but is exceedingly accurate and valuable in the recognition of metastatic and locally recurrent MPNST. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.     

Expression and significance of EGFR in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is an aggressive sarcoma. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) may play a putative role in its pathogenesis, and be targeted for therapeutic purposes. The study was aimed at investigating the expression and prognostic influence of EGFR in MPNST. Primary and metastatic MPNSTs were immunostained with antibodies to EGFR. The total EGFR expression (membranous and cytoplasmic) was analyzed by morphometry, grade of positivity and the intensity (score 0–3). An EGFR composite score (range 0–300) was calculated by multiplying the intensity by the grade. A composite score >10 was considered as EGFR overexpression. Score was correlated with clinical behavior. Forty-three percentage of 46 patients with MPNST overexpressed EGFR in the primary tumor, and had a higher prevalence of advanced-stage tumors (≥IIc, 46% vs. 80%, P = 0.011). Patients without overexpression had a higher prevalence of tumors with a low mitotic rate (31% vs. 0%, P = 0.049). Neurofibromatosis was more prevalent in patients with EGFR overexpression (75% vs. 42%, P = 0.007). Five year disease free survival (mean 30.1 vs. 17.4 months, P = 0.048), time to progression (mean 9.2 vs. 5.2 months, P = 0.005) and 5 year survival (52% vs. 25%, P = 0.041, mean 54 vs. 43 months) were significantly higher among patients without overexpression. EGFR appeared to play a role in MPNST progression. EGFR overexpression was correlated with worse prognostic variables and course. Clinical trials of targeting EGFR in MPNST are warranted. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Intrathoracic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: imaging features and implications for management

Background

The aim of the study was to analyze the clinical and imaging characteristics of primary intrathoracic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs).

Patients and methods.

In this institutional review board (IRB)-approved retrospective study, clinical and imaging features of 15 patients (eight men; mean age 50 years [range 18–83)] with pathologically proven malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors seen from January 1999 to December 2011 were analyzed. Imaging features (CT in 15, MRI in 5 and PET/CT in 4) of primary tumors were evaluated by three radiologists and correlated with clinical management.

Results

Of the 15 tumors, six were located in the mediastinum (two each in anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum), four in chest wall, two were paraspinal, and three in the lung. Four patients had neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1); four tumors had heterologous rhabdomyoblastic differentiation (malignant triton tumor). Masses typically were elongated along the direction of nerves, with mean size of 11 cm. The masses were hypo- or isodense to muscles on CT, isointense on T1-weighted images, hyperintense on T2-weighted images and intensely fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avid (mean standardized uptake value [SUV]_max of 10.5 [range 4.4–23.6]). Necrosis and calcification was seen in four tumors each. Finding of invasion of adjacent structures on imaging led to change in management in seven patients; patients with invasion received chemoradiation.

Conclusions

Intrathoracic MPNSTs appear as large elongated masses involving mediastinum, lung or chest wall. Radiological identification of invasion of adjacent structures is crucial and alters therapy, with patients with invasion receiving neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemoradiation.     

The pan erbB inhibitor PD168393 enhances lysosomal dysfunction-induced apoptotic death in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cells

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are rapidly progressive Schwann cell neoplasms. The erbB family of membrane tyrosine kinases has been implicated in MPNST mitogenesis and invasion and, thus, is a potential therapeutic target. However, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) used alone have limited tumoricidal activity. Manipulating the autophagy lysosomal pathway in cells treated with cytostatic agents can promote apoptotic cell death in some cases. The goal of this study was to establish a mechanistic basis for formulating drug combinations to effectively trigger death in MPNST cells. We assessed the effects of the pan erbB inhibitor PD168393 on MPNST cell survival, caspase activation, and autophagy. PD168393 induced a cytostatic but not a cytotoxic response in MPNST cells that was accompanied by suppression of Akt and mTOR activation and increased autophagic activity. The effects of autophagy modulation on MPNST survival were then assessed following the induction of chloroquine (CQ)-induced lysosomal stress. In CQ-treated cells, suppression of autophagy was accompanied by increased caspase activation. In contrast, increased autophagy induction by inhibition of mTOR did not trigger cytotoxicity, possibly because of Akt activation. We thus hypothesized that dual targeting of mTOR and Akt by PD168393 would significantly increase cytotoxicity in cells exposed to lysosomal stress. We found that PD168393 and CQ in combination significantly increased cytotoxicity. We conclude that combinatorial therapies with erbB inhibitors and agents inducing lysosomal dysfunction may be an effective means of treating MPNSTs.     

Antitumor effects of 4‐methylumbelliferone,a hyaluronan synthesis inhibitor,on malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

Hyaluronan (HA) has been shown to play important roles in the growth, invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors. Our previous study showing that high HA expression in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) is predictive of poor patient prognosis, prompted us to speculate that inhibition of HA synthesis in MPNST might suppress the tumorigenicity. The aim of our study was to investigate the antitumor effects of 4‐methylumbelliferone (MU), an HA synthesis inhibitor, on human MPNST cells and tissues. The effects of MU on HA accumulation and tumorigenicity in MPNST cells were analyzed in the presence or absence of MU in an in vitro as well as in vivo xenograft model using human MPNST cell lines, sNF96.2 (primary recurrent) and sNF02.2 (metastatic). MU significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in both MPNST cell lines. HA binding protein (HABP) staining, particle exclusion assay and quantification of HA revealed that MU significantly decreased HA accumulation in the cytoplasms and pericellular matrices in both MPNST cell lines. The expression levels of HA synthase2 (HAS2) and HA synthase3 (HAS3) mRNA were downregulated after treatment with MU. MU induced apoptosis of sNF96.2 cells, but not sNF02.2 cells. MU administration significantly inhibited the tumor growth of sNF96.2 cells in the mouse xenograft model. To the best of our knowledge, our study demonstrates for the first time the antitumor effects of MU on human MPNST mediated by inhibition of HA synthesis. Our results suggest that MU may be a promising agent with novel antitumor mechanisms for MPNST.     

Histopathology and clinical outcome of NF1-associated vs. sporadic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors

The differences in the clinical course and histopathology of sporadic and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) were investigated retrospectively. The collective comprised 38 NF1 patients and 14 sporadic patients. NF1 patients were significantly younger at diagnosis (p < 0.001) and had a significantly shorter survival time than sporadic patients (median survival 17 months vs. 42 months, Breslow p < 0.05). The time interval to local recurrence and metastatic spread was also significantly shorter in NF1 patients (9.4 months vs. 30.0 months, p < 0.01; 9.1 months vs. 33.2 months, p < 0.001, respectively). In patients with the original histopathological data available (22 NF1 patients, 14 sporadic cases), NF1-associated MPNST showed a significantly higher cellularity compared to sporadic tumors (p < 0.001) whereas sporadic MPNST featured a significantly higher pleomorphism (p< 0.01). Most importantly, while histopathological variables correlated with French Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer grading in sporadic MPNST, this was not the case for NF1-associated tumors. The differences between NF1-associated and sporadic MPNST in regard to the clinical course and histopathology may reflect some fundamental differences in biology and pathomechanism of the two tumor groups. Our findings indicate the necessity for a separate grading scheme which takes into account the genetic background in NF1 patients.     

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in childhood

Summary Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is an uncommon sarcoma in the pediatric population; however, its presence should be considered in a child with an enlarging or painful soft-tissue mass. Diagnosis of this neoplasm depends on either the demonstration of its origin within a peripheral nerve or the association with a contiguous neurofibroma. We have identified 16 cases of MPNST involving children 16 years of age or less, which represent 12.8% of the total cases seen at the Mayo Clinic. Most of the lesions arose in children with von Recklinghausen's disease and were associated with a contiguous neurofibromatous component. The mean survival of patients who were known to have died of tumor was only 1.8 years. This sarcoma requires prompt aggressive therapy utilizing wide surgical excision. Because of the association of MPNST with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis, a careful workup and family history should be obtained for the potential prognostic value and for the purpose of genetic counseling.     

Phase II clinical trial of pazopanib for patients with unresectable or metastatic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) often does not respond well to chemotherapy and develops against a background of NF1. The purpose of our study was to examine the efficacy of pazopanib against MPNST. Our study was designed as a physician‐initiated phase II clinical trial in patients with advanced MPNST. Patients were registered from 11 large hospitals. The primary endpoint was set to clarify the clinical benefit rate (CBR) at 12 weeks according to response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST). Progression‐free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and the CBR based on modified Choi evaluation at week 12 were set as secondary endpoints along with treatment‐related safety. The study enrolled 12 patients. Median age was 49 years. Seven had Grade 2 and five Grade 3 according to the FNCLCC evaluation. Median follow‐up period was 10.6 months. CBR at 12 weeks was both 50.0% (RECIST and Choi). The median PFS was 5.4 months for both RECIST and Choi, and the median OS was 10.6 months. Of special interest, the median PFS was 2.9 months for patients with FNCLCC Grade 2 and 10.2 months for Grade 3 (both RECIST and Choi). Grade 4 adverse events of neutropenia and lipase elevation were noted in one patient each. The results of this pazopanib therapy were generally better than those of any of the other single molecular targeted therapies reported previously. Although accumulation of more cases remains necessary, we conclude pazopanib treatment for MPNST to be a safe and promising treatment after doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy.