乳腺癌分子靶向治疗现状

近年来,乳腺癌的分子靶向治疗取得了长足的发展.曲妥珠单抗联合化疗已成为Her-2阳性乳腺癌患者的标准一线治疗.全文从抗Her-2治疗药物-PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路中的抑制剂,抗血管生成治疗药物,针对BR-CA1/2突变的PARP抑制剂,细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4和6(CDK4/6)抑制剂几个方面就当前乳腺癌分子靶向治疗现状作一综述.     

mTOR抑制剂依维莫司在乳腺癌治疗中的研究进展

正乳腺癌是威胁妇女健康的主要恶性肿瘤之一,随着肿瘤分子生物学研究的发展,分子靶向药物在乳腺癌治疗中取得了一定的疗效,单克隆抗体赫赛汀(Herceptin)是针对乳腺癌Her-2基因的第一个分子靶向药物,为乳腺癌临床治疗带来了突破,但是只有30%的Her-2阳性的乳腺癌患者能从单药中获益,而部分患者可能出现该药物的原发耐药和继发耐药,随着分子靶向药物研究的不断深入,选择     

Her-2基因与乳腺癌靶向治疗

近年来随着肿瘤分子生物学技术的发展,分子靶向药物治疗已成为众多学者关注的热点领域,对乳腺癌的治疗策略产生了重大影响.其中,人表皮生长因子受体-2(Her-2)已证实为一个有效的分子靶向治疗的靶标,针对乳腺癌Her-2的分子靶向治疗成为近来继化疗和内分泌治疗后又一重要的治疗手段.     

乳腺癌分子靶向治疗临床研究进展

乳腺癌是威胁妇女健康的主要恶性肿瘤，化疗和内分泌治疗是乳腺癌主要的全身治疗手段，在复发转移乳腺癌的解救治疗和早期乳腺癌的辅助治疗中取得明确疗效。分子肿瘤学研究成果，义使分子靶向药物在乳腺癌治疗中取得显著疗效。赫赛汀(Herceptin)是针对癌细胞Her-2基因靶点的第一个分子靶向药物，为乳腺癌临床治疗带来了新的突破。     

2011年ASCO会议乳腺癌研究进展

美国第47届临床肿瘤学会年会（ASCO）于2011年6月3~7日在美国芝加哥举行。全文对大会在乳腺癌的研究,如新辅助治疗中多种靶向药物联合,抗血管生成药物的探索、乳腺癌术后辅助治疗、晚期解救治疗中抗Her-2靶向治疗和抗血管生成药物的研究、新药研究等作一综述。     

P13K／AKT／mTOR信号通路在乳腺癌Her-2治疗耐药中的作用研究进展

Her-2靶向治疗是Her-2过表达乳腺癌治疗的重要组成部分,但Her-2靶向治疗的耐药严重影响了乳腺癌的治疗。研究证实乳腺癌Her-2靶向治疗出现耐药的过程中有P13K／AKT／mTOR信号通路的激活,因此对P13K／AKT／mTOR信号通路及以P13K／AKT／mTOR信号通路为靶点的药物研究对乳腺癌治疗具有重要意义。     

Her-2阳性乳腺癌临床诊疗专家共识

肿瘤分子靶向治疗,是将肿瘤细胞表达而正常细胞较少表达或不表达的特定基因或基因的表达产物作为治疗靶点,以最大程度杀死肿瘤细胞而对正常细胞伤害较小的治疗模式.人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidemal receptor 2,Her-2)是乳腺癌明确的预后指标和药物治疗效果的预测指标[1].作为第一个靶向Her-2的人源化单克隆抗体,曲妥珠单抗的问世改善了Her-2阳性乳腺癌患者的预后,影响了乳腺癌的诊治模式,是乳腺癌药物治疗的重要突破[2].2007年,拉帕替尼作为晚期乳腺癌二线治疗药物也在欧美批准上市.为了更好地推广规范的Her-2检测,准确评估乳腺癌患者预后,最大程度地发挥Her-2靶向药物治疗的疗效,减少治疗盲目性,使更多患者获益,中国抗癌协会乳腺癌专业委员会专家组成员,根据2010年发表的"Her-2阳性乳腺癌临床诊疗专家共识"[3],结合近两年国内外研究结果,专家讨论后更新如下.     

人表皮生长因子受体2过表达乳腺癌耐药后的治疗策略

人表皮生长因子受体2（human epidermal growth factor receptor-2,Her-2）过表达是乳腺癌患者的一个独立预后因子。曲妥珠单抗单药治疗Her-2阳性转移性乳腺癌具有一定疗效。但由于一些生长因子（如EGFR、IGF1-R）转导作用增强,以及曲妥珠单抗与Her-2的亲和力下降,一些患者会对曲妥珠单抗的抗Her-2治疗产生原发性耐药或获得性耐药。研究显示,HER-2阳性乳腺癌患者即使在曲妥珠单抗治疗进展后,继续使用曲妥珠单抗,并与化疗药物联合或更换靶向药物或采用双靶向治疗,仍可以进一步改善预后。     

关爱乳腺癌患者，关注Her-2指标检测--尽早检测及时治疗提高获益

乳腺癌如今已成为威胁女性健康的主要恶性肿瘤，全世界每年有100多万女性罹患乳腺癌，40多万女性死于乳腺癌。分子靶向药物治疗是乳腺癌个体化治疗的又一新的突破，目前的研究进展主要集中在针对Her-2基因（人类表皮生长因子-2），它是由原癌基因编码的Her-2受体，Her-2在调控正常细胞的生长发育和分化中起重要作用。在欧美国家，所有乳腺癌患者确诊后都会常规行Her-2指标的检测，在我国，只有2／3的患者进行了该指标的检测。     

分子靶向药物在乳腺癌中研究进展

摘 要：分子靶向药物治疗是乳腺癌重要的治疗手段。研究表明,在Her-2阳性乳腺癌患者中,使用靶向药物曲妥珠单抗能明显改善预后,无病生存期可提高20%~30%。手术、放化疗与靶向治疗的联合应用,具有治疗靶点明确、临床获益确切、副反应少等优点,寻找多靶点共同抑制乳腺癌侵袭与转移是未来研究的重要方向。     

Ringworm in animals in a farm in Assiut

Bericht über das Auftreten von Hautmykosen bei Tieren auf der Farm der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Assiut. Von 70 Kälbern waren 42 pilzkrank, davon 22 durch T. mentagrophytes, 20 durch T. verrucosum. Von 180 Kühen waren 8 pilzbefalien, sämtlich durch T. mentagrophytes. Von 2 kranken Bullen wurde T. verrucosum isoliert. Auch die 3 Pferde und 2 Maultiere der Farm waren pilzinfiziert; Erreger war in diesen Fällen T. equinum. Auch ein Kalb war von T. equinum befallen. Die gleiche Pilzart wurde ferner von 3 Tierpflegern isoliert, die Pilzherde am Hals und an den Armen aufwiesen.     

Statistical challenges in preprocessing in microarray experiments in cancer

Many clinical studies incorporate genomic experiments to investigate the potential associations between high-dimensional molecular data and clinical outcome. A critical first step in the statistical analyses of these experiments is that the molecular data are preprocessed. This article provides an overview of preprocessing methods, including summary algorithms and quality control metrics for microarrays. Some of the ramifications and effects that preprocessing methods have on the statistical results are illustrated. The discussions are centered around a microarray experiment based on lung cancer tumor samples with survival as the clinical outcome of interest. The procedures that are presented focus on the array platform used in this study. However, many of these issues are more general and are applicable to other instruments for genome-wide investigation. The discussions here will provide insight into the statistical challenges in preprocessing microarrays used in clinical studies of cancer. These challenges should not be viewed as inconsequential nuisances but rather as important issues that need to be addressed so that informed conclusions can be drawn.     

Trends in zygomycosis in children

Zygomycosis, or mucormycosis, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Studies in adults have shown an increase in the incidence of zygomycosis, particularly among haemtopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and patients with haematologic malignancies. There is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of zygomycosis in children. We performed a retrospective analysis to describe trends in zygomycosis between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2010. We used the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database to identify paediatric patients who were diagnosed with zygomycosis during the study period. Administrative data on diagnoses, demographics, underlying conditions and clinical experiences were collected. Summary statistics were calculated and tests for trend were conducted. We identified 156 unique patients with zygomycosis. The prevalence of zygomycosis did not significantly increase over time (P=0.284). The most common underlying condition was malignancy (58%) and over half received intensive care. Voriconazole utilisation among all hospitalised children significantly increased during the period (P=0.010). Our study demonstrates that the incidence of zygomycosis is not significantly increasing. During the time period there was a significant increase in the use of voriconazole among children.     

Hemoglobin in lymphogranulomatosis in children

The peculiarities of hemoglobin content and properties in lymphogranulomatosis were studied in children by different methods. In most patients the content of fetal hemoglobin and methhemoglobin was found to increase and the rate of ferricyanide oxidation of hemoglobin also increases. Simultaneously, the rate of non-homogenicity of basic hemoglobin fractions was observed to increase on account of immunologically different components.     

Dermatomycosis in Goats in India

Summary: In an extensive survey involving 2176 goats 1.56% of goats manifested clinical lesions of ringworm infection. Animals below the age of 6 months were affected most (4.20%). The incidence of infection was higher during the winter months. T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum were isolated from the skin scrapings of 12, 4, and 2 goats respectively. It is suggested that the infected animals could be a source of disease to human population in which the zoophilic dermatophyte invasion is characterized by severe inflammatory lesions of the skin. The zoonotic importance of different dermatophytes is stressed.
Zusammenfassung: In einer ausgedehnten Untersuchung an 2176 Ziegen wurden bei 1,56% klinische Zeichen einer Hautmykose festgestellt. Tiere, die jühger als 6 Monate alt waren, zeigten mit 4,20% am häfigsten Krankheitssymptome. In den Wintermonaten war die Erkrankungshäufigkeit am gröBten. T. vermcosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum wurden jeweils von 12,4 bzw. 2 Ziegen isoliert. Die inflzierten Tiere köinnen eine Infektionsquelle für die menschliche Bevölkerung darstellen und dort Mykosen mit stark entzündlichen Veränderungen auslösen. Die Bedeutung verschiedener Dermatophyten als Erreger von Zoonosen wird hervorgehoben.     

Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain

Plasma concentrations of certain hormones linked to breast cancer risk were measured in age-pooled samples from 3,250 rural Chinese women in 65 counties, and 300 British women, all aged 35-64. In age-groups 35-44, 45-54 and 55-64 respectively, mean oestradiol concentrations were 36% (P = 0.043), 90% (P less than 0.001) and 171% (P = 0.001) higher in the British than in the Chinese women, and mean testosterone concentrations were 48% (P less than 0.001), 68% (P less than 0.001) and 53% (P = 0.001) higher in the British than in the Chinese women. The difference in testosterone concentrations between the two countries appeared to be due largely to the lower average body weight in the Chinese women. Sex hormone binding globulin did not differ significantly between the two countries in age groups 35-44 and 45-54, but was 15% (P = 0.002) lower in the British than in the Chinese women at ages 55-64. Prolactin concentrations did not differ significantly between the two countries in any age group.     

Temozolomide treatment in glioma--experiences in two university hospitals in Finland

Thirty-two patients with relapsing glioma were treated with temozolomide in two university hospitals in Finland. One patient (3%) had complete response and 9 (28%) partial response, with 8 patients (25%) showing stable disease. Median progression-free survival for these 18 patients (56%) was 7 months (range 2-11+). The remaining either had progressive disease (25%) or only clinical evaluation (19%). Karnofsky score improved in 34% of patients and decreased in 3%. Symptoms were alleviated in 44% and deteriorated in 9%. Grade 3-4 toxicity was detected in 9% of the patients. Only 4% of the days in treatment were spent in hospital. An average 1.8 neuroradiological investigations, 6.9 laboratory visits, and 5.3 visits to the oncologist were made. This study confirms that temozolomide has positive effects on the outcome of often heavily pretreated glioma patients. High drug costs are compensated by prolonged home care and even the possibility to maintain working capacity.