Cytoprotective effects of Cyperus rotundus against ethanol induced gastric ulceration in rats

The rhizome of Cyperus rotundus was assessed for its cytoprotective effects against ethanol induced gastric damage. Decoctions of Rhizoma Cyperi were given orally (1.25, 2.5, 4.0 g crude drug/kg) to rats 30 min before ethanol (40% v/v, 10 mL/kg) was administered. The decoction showed an ulcer inhibitory effect in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, the activity was also observed when the decoction was given subcutaneously (0.3–0.6 g/kg), suggesting that the herb possessed systemic effects on protecting the stomach. Compared with controls, gastric motility of the ethanol-treated rats was delayed significantly by either oral (2.5–4.0 g/kg) or subcutaneous (0.3 g/kg) administration of the decoction. Pretreatment of rats with indomethacin (5 mg/kg) significantly reduced the gastric protective action of C. rotundus. Mucus content in the stomach was not affected by administration of the docoction. The findings in this study suggest that the protective action of C. rotundus is related to its inhibition of gastric motility and endogeneous prostaglandins may play an important role. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大蒜油固体脂质纳米粒中二硫化物和三硫化物在大鼠体内的组织分布

目的：考察大蒜油固体脂质纳米粒(GO-SLN)中二硫化物(DADS)和三硫化物(DATS)在大鼠体内的组织分布。方法：建立了测定大鼠体内大蒜油中二硫化物(DADS)和三硫化物(DATS)的气相-电子捕获法，色谱条件：恒温110 ℃，检测器300 ℃，汽化室180 ℃，载气N2(纯度>99.999％)，流速 1.0 mL·min-1，分流比1∶10；尾吹60 mL·min-1；进样量1 μL。并测定大鼠颈静脉注射GO-SLN和GO注射液后组织中的药物浓度。结果：此色谱条件下各组织的标准曲线、精密度等实验结果表明，该方法适于分析大鼠体内大蒜油中DADS和DATS含量。与GO注射液相比，GO-SLN在大鼠体内的分布特性有不同程度的改变，GO-SLN在各组织中分布均相对较高。结论：SLN能一定程度上提高药物的被动靶向性并延长药物在各组织中的作用时间。     

静脉注射用大蒜油亚微乳的制备

 目的制备静脉注射用大蒜油亚微乳。方法采用高压匀质法制备大蒜油亚微乳。以离心稳定性参数、外观、药物含量作为评价指标,通过正交设计实验对处方进行了优化。在最佳处方的基础上,考察了工艺因素对乳剂的影响。结果在优化处方及工艺条件下,所制备的大蒜油亚微乳稳定性良好,平均粒径为(150.4±14.6)nm。结论该处方及工艺可行,制得的大蒜油亚微乳可达到静脉注射使用的目的。     

野甘草乙醇提取物治疗大鼠胃溃疡作用的研究

目的研究野甘草乙醇提取物对胃溃疡的治疗作用。方法通过醋酸烧灼法制成大鼠胃溃疡模型,按照同窝同性、体质量配对分为2组,实验组每只以野甘草乙醇提取物1 g/(kg.d)喂养,共喂30 d;对照组不喂药。30 d后剖腹取胃,测定溃疡体积。结果实验组大鼠胃溃疡体积小于对照组(P<0.05)。结论野甘草乙醇提取物对大鼠胃溃疡有治疗作用,应对其药理作用进行更深入的研究。     

Effect of Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard against experimentally-induced gastric ulcers

Effects of the flavonoid rich fraction of the stem bark of Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard, have been studied on ethanol, ethanol-indomethacin and pylorus ligated gastric ulcers in experimental animals. Oral administration of the ethyl acetate extract (extract A3) inhibited the formation of gastric lesions induced by ethanol in a dose dependent manner. The protective effect of extract A3 against ethanol induced gastric lesions was not abolished by pretreatment with indomethacin (10 mg kg(-1)). Further, extract A3 inhibited increase in vascular permeability due to ethanol administration. Extent of lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced in animals treated with extract. Extract A3 also inhibited the formation of gastric ulcers induced by pylorus ligation, when administered both orally and intraperitoneally. Moreover, pretreatment with extract A3 increased mucus production and glycoprotein content, which was evident from the rise in mucin activity and TC: PR ratio.     

加味黄芪建中汤对大鼠乙酸胃溃疡胃黏膜的保护作用

目的探讨加味黄芪建中汤对胃黏膜的保护作用机制。方法将60只W istar大鼠随机分成,正常对照组、模型组、加味黄芪建中汤大剂量组(20 g/kg)、加味黄芪建中汤中剂量组(10 g/kg)、加味黄芪建中汤小剂量组(5 g/kg)和果胶铋组各10只,采用100%乙酸诱导的慢性胃溃疡模型,给予相应治疗16 d后,观察胃黏膜的病理、血液中前列腺素(6-K-PGF1α)、胃液中表皮生长因子(EGF)、胃组织中一氧化氮(NO)及血液中超氧化歧化酶(SOD)变化。结果加味黄芪建中汤促进了胃溃疡黏膜修复、显著提高了血浆6-k-PGF1α、胃液中EGF、胃组织中NO及血浆SOD水平。结论加味黄芪建中汤对大鼠乙酸胃溃疡胃黏膜有明显的保护作用。     

Effect of Brazilian green propolis on experimental gastric ulcers in rats

Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from plants. The propolis produced in Southeastern of Brazil is known as green propolis because of its color. Modern herbalists recommend its use because it displays antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-ulcer properties. The anti-ulcer activity of green propolis hydroalcoholic crude extract was evaluated by using models of acute gastric lesions induced by ethanol, indomethacin and stress in rats. Moreover, the effects of extract on gastric content volume, pH and total acidity, using pylorus ligated model were evaluated. Animals pretreated with propolis hydroalcoholic crude extract (50, 250 and 500 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction in lesion index, total affected area and percentage of lesion in comparison with control group (p < 0.05) in the ethanol-induced ulcer model. Green propolis extract, at a higher dose (500 mg/kg), displayed a significant protection by reducing (p < 0.05) the evaluated parameters in the gastric ulceration induced by indomethacin. In the stress-induced ulcer model it was observed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in those parameters in animals treated with green propolis extract (250 and 500 mg/kg). Regarding the pylorus ligated model it was observed that green propolis extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) displayed an anti-secretory activity, which lead to a reduction in the gastric juice volume, total acidity and pH. These findings indicate that Brazilian green propolis displays good anti-ulcer activity, corroborating the folk use of propolis preparations, and contributing for its pharmacological validation.     

Effects of acute and subacute garlic supplement administration on serum total antioxidant capacity and lipid parameters in healthy volunteers

Garlic has long been used for medicinal purposes. It has been shown that different forms of garlic have significant antioxidant effects. The strong flavor, odor and unwanted gastrointestinal side effects of fresh garlic has rendered the use of commercial garlic supplements as a preferable option. To investigate the effects of garlic supplementation on serum total antioxidant capacity and lipid parameters, 17 healthy volunteers were administered four standardized commercial garlic tablets every day for 30 days. Blood samples were taken at day 1 (before the first administration of tablets [control] and at 3 h after the administration of tablets), 15 and 30 days, respectively. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) and triglyceride (TG) were measured in sera. Serum TAC was increased significantly at 30 days compared with 15 days, 3 h and control. There was also a significant increase in serum TAC at 15 days compared with 3 h and control. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and TG were not found to be significantly different between control, 3 h, 15 and 30 days. These data suggest that garlic, used as a dietary supplementation, may be beneficial in increasing the antioxidant capacity of the body. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

苍术对大鼠离体胃平滑肌条运动的影响

苍术水煎剂可增高大鼠胃底和胃体平滑肌条的张力,并呈一定的剂量效应关系。阿托品、六烃季胺和异搏定可不同程度地阻断苍术对胃平滑肌条的兴奋作用     

Effects of Nigella sativa oil on gastric secretion and ethanol induced ulcer in rats

The present work was done to investigate the possible effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) on gastric secretion and ethanol-induced ulcer in rats. Thirty two adult male rats were used in this study (four groups) and several parameters were determined to assess any degree of protection. It was found that the administration of NSO in rats produced a significant increase in mucin content and glutathione level and a significant decrease in mucosal histamine content. Ethanol administration produced a 100% ulcer induction with an ulcer score of 12.62+/-1.35 (mean+/-S.E., n=8). It caused a significant reduction in free acidity and glutathione level while it produced a significant increase in mucosal histamine content. When animals were pretreated with NSO before induction of ulcer, there was a significant increase in glutathione level, mucin content and free acidity and a significant decrease in gastric mucosal histamine content with a protection ratio of 53.56% as compared to the ethanol group. It can be concluded that NSO imparted a protective action against ethanol induced ulcer in rats.     

Effect of garlic and garlic preparations on physiological and psychological stress in mice

The effect of several kinds of garlic preparations such as raw garlic juice (RGJ), heated garlic juice (HGJ), processed garlic powder (PGP) and aged garlic extract (AGE) on both physiological and psychological stress were investigated using four stress models in mice: forced swimming test, mechanical treadmill running, immobilization stress test, and a cooling rewarming test. RGJ was shown to be effective only at a low dose in the forced swimming test, whereas the effect was reduced at a high dosage. HGJ and PGP demonstrated no antistress effects. In contrast, AGE was shown to be effective in all of the stress tests. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Therapeutic role of Cuminum cyminum on ethanol and thermally oxidized sunflower oil induced toxicity

Ethanol is one of the most widely used and abused drugs, increasing lipid levels in humans and experimental animals. Heating of oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) produces various lipid peroxidative end products that can aggravate the pathological changes produced by ethanol. In the present communication, the effect of Cuminum cyminum was investigated on alcohol and thermally oxidized oil induced hyperlipidaemia. The results showed increased activity of aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and increased levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in the plasma of rats given alcohol, thermally oxidized oil and alcohol+thermally oxidized oil when compared with the normal control group. The levels of tissue (liver and kidney) cholesterol and triglycerides were increased significantly in rats groups given alcohol, thermally oxidized oil and alcohol+thermally oxidized oil when compared with the normal control rats. The levels were decreased when cumin was given along with alcohol and thermally oxidized oil. The level of phospholipids decreased significantly in the liver and kidney of groups given alcohol, thermally oxidized oil and alcohol+thermally oridized oil when compared with the normal control rats. The level increased when cumin was administered along with alcohol and thermally oxidized oil. The activity of phospholipase A and C increased significantly in the liver of groups given alcohol, thermally oxidized oil and alcohol+thermally oxidized oil when compared with the normal control rats, whereas the activity was decreased with the cumin treatment. The results obtained indicate that cumin can decrease the lipid levels in alcohol and thermally oxidized oil induced hepatotoxicity.     

Antiulcerogenic activity of the essential oil of Baccharis dracunculifolia on different experimental models in rats

Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae), a native plant from Brazil, commonly known as ‘Alecrimdo‐campo’ is widely used in folk medicine to treat inflammation, hepatic disorders and stomach ulcers, and it is the most important botanical source of Southeastern Brazilian propolis, known as green propolis. Its essential oil is composed of non‐oxygenated and oxygenated terpenes. In this work, the effects of the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of B. dracunculifolia on gastric ulcers were evaluated. The antiulcer assays were undertaken using the following protocols in rats: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)‐induced ulcer, ethanol‐induced ulcer, stress‐induced ulcer, and determination of gastric secretion using ligated pylorus. The treatment in the doses of 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg of B. dracunculifolia essential oil significantly diminished the lesion index, the total lesion area and the percentage of lesions in comparison with both positive and negative control groups. With regard to the model of gastric secretion a reduction of gastric juice volume and total acidity was observed, as well as an increase in the gastric pH. No sign of toxicity was observed in the acute toxicity study. Considering the results, it is suggested that the essential oil of B. dracunculifolia could probably be a good therapeutic agent for the development of new phytotherapeutic medicine for the treatment of gastric ulcer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of garlic oil on postmenopausal osteoporosis using ovariectomized rats: comparison with the effects of lovastatin and 17beta-estradiol

The purpose of this study was to examine the antiosteoporosis effects of garlic oil in an ovariectomized (Ovx) rat model of osteoporosis and to compare its efficacy with lovastatin (a synthetic hypocholesterolemic drug) and 17beta-estradiol (a potent antiosteoporotic agent). Animals were divided into five groups: sham-operated control, ovariectomized, ovariectomized supplemented with lovastatin, ovariectomized supplemented with garlic oil and ovariectomized supplemented with 17beta-estradiol. In our study, the development of a high rate of bone turnover and osteoporosis in the ovariectomized animals were confirmed by significant alterations of serum alkaline phosphatase activity, serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity, urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate, hydroxyproline and urinary calcium to creatinine ratio, when compared with the sham-operated control group. Supplementation of these animals with either garlic oil or lovastatin or 17beta-estradiol, in addition to their hypocholesterolemic effect, could counterbalance all these changes. The results revealed that all three compounds significantly protected the hypogonadal bone loss as reflected by higher bone densities and higher bone mineral contents than the ovariectomized group of animals. The results emphasize that, like 17beta-estradiol, the hypocholesterolemic compounds garlic oil and lovastatin are also effective in suppressing bone loss owing to estrogen deficiency and their efficacy in the order of lower to higher is garlic < lovastatin < 17beta-estradiol.     

Prevention of bone loss by oil extract of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis

The effects of oil extract of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) on different primary and secondary osteoporotic marker changes were tested in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. Experiments were performed on three different rat models: sham-operated control, ovariectomized and ovariectomized supplemented with garlic oil. In ovariectomized group, there has been a significant increase in different relative organ weights compared to sham-operated control, while the uterine weight was found to be decreased. Supplementation with oil extract of garlic could effectively reverse these changes. Also low bone densities that developed in the ovariectomized group were significantly recovered in the garlic oil supplemented group. In our study, the development of high rate of bone turnover and osteoporosis in the ovariectomized animals were confirmed by significant alteration of serum alkaline phosphatase activity, serum tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity, urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate, hydroxyproline and urinary calcium to creatinine ratio, when compared with the sham-operated control group. Garlic oil extract supplementation, apart from its unique influence in lowering blood cholesterol, could also prevent ovariectomy-induced rise in all the above-mentioned marker changes. The results of this study emphasize that oil extract of garlic possibly has a positive role in suppressing ovariectomy-induced bone resorption.     

Aqueous garlic extract attenuates hepatitis and oxidative stress induced by galactosamine/lipoploysaccharide in rats

Injection of D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide (DGaIN/LPS) is useful as an experimental model of acute hepatic damage. Juvenile rats were used for investigation. The hepatoprotective activity of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract (AGE) at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight for 14 days, intraperitoneal (i.p.) prior to the induction of DGalN/LPS, was investigated against DGalN/LPS-induced hepatitis in rats. DGalN/LPS (300 mg/kg body weight/30 microg/kg body weight, i.p.), induced hepatic damage that was manifested by a significant increase in the activities of marker enzymes [alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and gamma glutamyl transferase (gamma GT)], bilirubin, lipid peroxides (LPO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity level in serum. Also, the lipid profile in serum and liver homogenate including total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids were significantly deteriorated. The antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; reduced glutathione, GSH; catalase, CAT and glutathione peroxidase, GPX) in liver homogenate were significantly decreased in the DGalN/LPS. Pretreatment of rats with AGE reversed these altered parameters near to normal control values. Results of this study revealed that AGE could afford a significant protection in the alleviation of DGalN/LPS-induced hepatic damage.     

甘草酸铋抗实验性胃溃疡作用及机制研究

目的：研究甘草酸铋抗实验性胃溃疡的作用及其作用机制。方法：以SD大鼠和昆明种小鼠为研究对象,复制3种实验性胃溃疡动物模型(大鼠幽门结扎致胃溃疡模型、大鼠乙醇致胃溃疡模型和小鼠束缚水浸应激致胃溃疡模型)。将大鼠分成甘草酸铋700,350,175 mg·kg^-1剂量组、甲氰咪胍(200 mg·kg^-1)阳性对照组和0.1%EDTA空白对照组；小鼠分成甘草酸铋980,490,250 mg·kg^-1剂量组。测定胃黏膜损伤指数、胃液分泌量,胃液酸度,血清中一氧化氮(NO)含量,胃组织前列腺素(PGE₂)相对含量；结果：与模型对照组比较,甘草酸铋能使胃液量、胃酸浓度 、胃黏膜损伤指数减少(或降低)；血清NO含量和胃组织前列腺素含量增加。结论：甘草酸铋对实验性胃溃疡具有一定疗效,其作用机制可能与抑制胃酸分泌、改善胃黏膜微循环有关。     

Effect and mechanism of ethanol extracts of muxiang(Radix Aucklandiae) on gastric ulcers in rats

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of ethanol extracts of Muxiang(Radix Aucklandiae)(RA) on gastric ulcers in rats and explore the potential mechanisms.METHODS: A model was established by ethanol(0.75 m L/kg). According to body weight, rats were pretreated with RA extracts(2.5 or 5 g/kg). The rats were administered 95% ethanol orally after 1 h. The effects of ethanol were evaluated by measuring the gastric secretion volume, p H, pepsin activity, and ulcer area. Histological analysis and immunohistochemistry were also conducted. Furthermore, the effect of the ethanol extract of RA on transiting activity of the gastrointestinal tract was observed in mice.RESULTS: Intragastric administration of RA extracts protected the gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced gastric ulcers, while reducing submucosal edema and preventing hemorrhagic damage.Moreover, the extracts increased the production of gastric mucus, upregulated Bcl-2, and downregulated Bax expression. Importantly, pretreated rats exhibited no significant change in the gastric secretion volume, gastric juice acidity, or pepsin. Furthermore, pretreatment prominently(P 0.05) enhanced propulsive movement of the gastrointestinal tract in normal mice and mice with gastrointestinal motility disorders.CONCLUSION: Ethanol extracts of RA ameliorated gastric lesions in the gastric ulcer rat model. The mechanisms of action were related to improvement of gastrointestinal dynamics, maintenance of mucus integrity, and inhibition of apoptosis by downregulating proapoptotic Bax protein and upregulating anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein.     

Protective effect of a plant formula on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats

A plant formula and its five components were evaluated independently for their gastric protective effect against ethanol-induced stomach lesions in rats. Aqueous extracts of the plant formula (0.25-2g crude drug/kg orally) and its individual components (at the same dose) all showed significant stomach protective effects dose dependently. However, when these extracts were given to rats at a dose of 0.25 g/kg, the five single-herb preparations did not show any activity, but the formula-extract still exhibited a strong protective effect. These findings suggest the presence of a synergistic effect among the plant components. Chemical examination of the extracts indicated that the major ingredients of the five plants were essential oils, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides and saccharides and these may contribute to the stomach protective activity observed.     

两个不同产地大蒜挥发油成分的比较研究

目的 利用色谱联用技术(GC—MS)对陕西兴平基地大蒜和湖南普通食用大蒜中的挥发油成分进行测定，比较挥发油成分的异同。方法 采用质谱相关色谱理论，比较了这两个不同地区大蒜挥发油成分；同时基于直观推导式演进特征投影法(HELP)对产生的二维气相色谱／质谱数据进行解析，根据得到的色谱保留时间和纯质谱在质谱库中进行相似性检索，实现对组份的鉴定。结果 鉴定并用总体积积分法定量计算了19个挥发油成分。质谱相关色谱理论和HELP方法得到了相同的定性信息。结论 采用化学计量学的方法，成功地实现了两个地区大蒜挥发油成分的比较研究，得到了两者整体组份信息的异同，为药理药效的比较研究奠定了基础。