热休克蛋白70的抗肿瘤免疫效应研究

目的 :研究HSP70诱导的抗肿瘤免疫效应 ,为应用其治疗人类恶性肿瘤提供实验依据。方法 :应用细胞培养、液相色谱法、电泳技术、Western blot法等获得高纯度肿瘤中的HSP70 ,将其应用于同源的 61 5系小鼠 ,观察其抗肿瘤免疫效应。结果 :HSP70免疫后的小鼠能够抵抗同种肿瘤细胞的攻击 ,其中 1 0 μg免疫后的小鼠 1 0 0 %获长期生存 (>90d) ,无一死于肿瘤 ,5μg免疫后的小鼠肿瘤进展受到抑制 (平均生存 2 8 2± 4 8d) ,但无一小鼠获长期生存 ,上述两组与对照组 (平均生存 1 8 3± 3 6d)相比差异均具有显著性 (P <0 0 1 )。HSP70对荷瘤小鼠的治疗研究证明 ,5μgHSP70有一定的治疗作用 ,荷瘤小鼠平均生存 31 3± 2 9d ,而 1 0 μgHSP70治疗组的小鼠生存期 >58 8± 33 7d ,其中 40 %的小鼠所接种肿瘤完全消退 ,获长期生存(>90d) ,与其他组相比 ,差异具有显著性 (P <0 0 1 )。结论 :HSP70可诱发强大的抗肿瘤免疫效应 ,并且有良好的治疗作用 ,对于研究利用HSP70治疗人类的恶性肿瘤有重要的参考意义。     

HSP70-肿瘤肽的纯化及其抗肿瘤免疫效应

目的：探讨热休克蛋白70（HSP70）－肿瘤肽分离、纯化方法，并观察其抗肿瘤免疫保护效应。方法：采用低渗均浆、超速离心、ConA-Sepharose亲和层析，ADP－Agarose亲和层析和DEAE离子交换的亲和层析，从热处理的小鼠肝癌（HCaF)细胞中分离、纯化HSP70－肿瘤肽，并通过主动免疫保护试验观察其抗肿瘤免疫效应。结果：蛋白得率为每g湿重瘤细胞可纯化50－100μg HSP70－肿瘤肽；经SDS－PAGE和Western blot检测，纯化的HSP70－肿瘤肽具有很高的纯度和特异性；HSP70－肿瘤肽主动免疫的小鼠可抵抗HCaF细胞的攻击，存活率达75％，结论：采用低压亲和层析可获得高纯度的HSP70－肿瘤肽，且可诱导明显的抗肿瘤免疫保护效应。     

热休克蛋白70诱导抗肿瘤免疫的机制研究

目的　研究肿瘤热休克蛋白 70 (HSP70 )诱导的抗肿瘤免疫产生的机制。方法　用液相色谱法提纯小鼠肿瘤细胞株中的HSP70。通过动物实验观察HSP70的抗肿瘤作用 ,并用流式细胞技术测定HSP70免疫后小鼠外周血中T细胞亚群的变化。用ELISA法测定HSP70免疫后小鼠体内细胞因子的水平。结果　用HSP70免疫后 ,小鼠外周血中CD8+T细胞及几种主要Th1型细胞因子 (IL 2、TNF α、TNF β和IFN γ)均升高 ,与对照组相比较 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　HSP70免疫后 ,小鼠外周血中CD8+ T细胞及Th1型细胞因子均有明显升高。此作用可能是其诱导特异性抗肿瘤免疫的重要机制     

热休克蛋白gp96-肽复合物诱导的抗肿瘤免疫

目的: 用不同种类肿瘤提取的热休克蛋白 (HSP)gp96 肽复合物纯化后免疫动物,观察其诱导抗肿瘤免疫的效应,并初步探讨其机制。方法: 从肿瘤细胞中制备HSPgp96 肽复合物, 观察其免疫诱导作用。用不同剂量及不同来源的gp96 肽复合物免疫 6组小鼠后, 用H22癌细胞攻击, 观察各组小鼠的肿瘤发生率、瘤重及瘤组织的形态学变化并与对照组相比较。观察gp96 肽复合物对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞分泌一氧化氮 (NO)和杀瘤活性的影响。结果: 获得的纯化HSPgp96 肽复合物的Mr为 96 000。gp96 肽复合物的免疫效果与其剂量有关, 以 18μg/只的效果最明显。交叉免疫实验证明, 免疫小鼠能抵抗同种肿瘤细胞的攻击, 而对异种肿瘤细胞的则无免疫保护作用。gp96 肽复合物可刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞分泌NO同时杀瘤活性增高。结论: 从肿瘤细胞中分离纯化的HSPgp96 肽复合物免疫小鼠后, 可获得特异性的抗肿瘤作用; 其对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用与gp96 肽复合物能增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞分泌NO增多有关。     

可溶性PD-1协同HSP70-肽复合物抑制荷瘤小鼠肝癌的研究

目的 :研究基因转染和表达的可溶性PD 1(solubleprogrammeddeath 1,sPD 1)对HSP70 肽疫苗抗肿瘤效果的影响及协同机制。方法 :以HSP70 肽疫苗免疫BALB/c小鼠后 ,用半定量RT PCR技术检测和分析HSP70 肽疫苗对小鼠脾细胞上PD 1及其配体基因表达的影响。体内转染表达sPD 1,用MTT比色法检测HSP70 肽疫苗免疫小鼠对肿瘤生长的抑制作用以及脾淋巴细胞的细胞毒活性。结果 :单独的sPD 1就有抗肿瘤效应。HSP70 肽疫苗不仅能预先在动物体内诱导肿瘤特异性的CTL ,而且可使脾细胞上抑制性共刺激受体PD 1及其配体的表达显著升高。用sPD 1与HSP70 肽疫苗联合治疗荷瘤小鼠 ,能提高脾CTL的杀伤效率并延长HSP70 肽疫苗的免疫效果。结论 :sPD 1可通过阻断PD 1与其配体的结合作用 ,及减弱PD 1的负反馈抑制作用 ,而增强HSP70 肽疫苗的抗肿瘤效应     

热休克蛋白70对荷瘤鼠的治疗作用

目的研究肿瘤来源的热休克蛋白70(heat shock protein 70,HSP70)对荷瘤小鼠的治疗作用,为其应用提供参考依据.方法细胞培养、蛋白质提纯技术、western-blot法、毛细管电泳技术和动物实验等.结果应用5μgHSP70能延长小鼠的生存期限,平均生存(28.7±4.5)d,与对照组(18.5±3.9)d相比差异显著(P＜0.05);而10μg治疗组的小鼠生存期为＞(62.3±29.1)d,40%获长期生存(＞90d),所接种肿瘤完全消退.与其他组相比,差异具显著性(P＜0.01).结论肿瘤来源的HSP70具有明确的治疗作用,本研究对于研究应用肿瘤来源的热休克蛋白70治疗人类恶性肿瘤具有较重要的参考意义.     

肿瘤热休克蛋白70联合IL-2对荷瘤小鼠的治疗作用

目的:研究肿瘤热休克蛋白70(HSP70)与IL-2联合应用对荷瘤小鼠的治疗作用。方法:用液相色谱法纯化小鼠肿瘤细胞 株中的HSP70。对纯化产物用SDS-PAGE及Western blot进行定性分析,再用毛细管电泳鉴定其纯度。通过动物实验,观察HSP70与IL-2单独应用及联合应用的抗肿瘤作用。结果:HSP70与IL-2联合应用较单独应用的治疗效果更明显,但治疗作用仍以HSP70为主。单独应用IL-2只能延长小鼠的生存期限[平均为(36.6±13.0)d],而HSP70 10μg组可使40％荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤最终全部消退,生存期最长者>90[平均生存期(>59.2±29.6)d],与对照组相比较差异显著(P<0.01)。HSP70与IL-2联合应用组可使60％荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤完全消退,平均生存期(>70.8±26.5)d,与对照组相比差异十分显著(P<0.01)。结论:合适剂量的HSP70与IL-2联合应用,对荷瘤小鼠有明显的治疗作用,可明显抑制肿瘤进展,提高生存率。以上结果对研究人类恶性肿瘤的免疫治疗具有较大的参考价值。     

人乳腺癌疫苗HSP65-HER2联用CpG684的抗肿瘤作用

目的:检测人乳腺癌融合蛋白疫苗HSP65-HER2联用CpG684的抗肿瘤效果。方法:C57BL/6小鼠分别皮下注射PBS,CpG684,HSP65-HER2和CpG684混合物,一周一次,共三次,随后给小鼠腹腔接种7.5×104个转染了pcDNA3-GFP-HER2质粒的B16肿瘤细胞(HER2+B16),监测各组小鼠的生存期至接种肿瘤后70天。结果:免疫了HSP65-HER2和CpG684的小鼠在接种肿瘤后70天时,仍有80%存活,而GpG684组的小鼠仅有10%存活,PBS组小鼠在接种肿瘤后36天后全部死亡。与PBS和CpG684对照组相比,免疫了HSP65-HER2和CpG684的小鼠的生存期显著延长(P<0.01)。结论:HSP65-HER2联用CpG684在体内发挥了强大的抗肿瘤活性,为进一步的临床研究和应用奠定了基础。     

HSP70多肽复合物修饰树突细胞抗胰腺癌研究

目的：研究肿瘤热休克蛋白70（HSP70）多肽复合物修饰树突状细胞激活淋巴细胞治疗胰腺癌的策略和方法。方法：采用低渗裂解，ConA—Sepharose亲和层析柱及ADP—Agarose亲和层析柱，从小鼠胰腺癌（MPC83）瘤块中纯化HSP70多肽复合物；纯化出的70KD蛋白修饰小鼠骨髓来源诱导树突细胞（DC）并制备树突细胞HSP70多肽肿瘤疫苗，MTT法检测修饰后DC增殖活性；用修饰后DC激活小鼠脾淋巴细胞，MTT法检测激活淋巴细胞在不同效靶比下对MPC83的体外杀伤活性。结果：获得较高纯度分子量为70kD左右的蛋白质；50～100ng HSP70多肽复合物可修饰10^4树突细胞，每克瘤块能获取HSP70多肽复合物约100μg；来自MPC83细胞瘤块HSP70多肽复合物激活的淋巴细胞能特异性杀伤MPC83细胞。结论：采用低压亲和层析柱可从胰腺癌瘤块中获得较高纯度HSP70多肽复合物，HSP多肽复合物DC疫苗用于胰腺癌细胞免疫治疗能获得体外杀伤效果，为临床胰腺癌生物免疫治疗奠定基础。     

活性DNA诱导小鼠SLE样综合征的量效关系及其特点

目的：研究活性DNA的剂量与其诱导小鼠SLE样综合征的关系，并对其特点进行全面研究。方法：从ConA活化的小鼠脾淋巴细胞中提取DNA，以不同剂量的活性DNA免疫同系小鼠，用ELISA方法测定IgG类抗dsDNA、抗组蛋白抗体的动态变化以及产生抗体的亚型，用免疫荧光检测抗核抗体核型和肾脏免疫复合物沉积。结果：10μg活性DNA能100％诱导抗dsDNA、抗组蛋白抗体生成，诱导的抗体以IgGI类为主，且小鼠肾脏存在大量免疫复合物沉积。5μg活性DNA诱导小鼠ANA阳性率为25％。结论：10μg活性DNA即可诱导小鼠SLE样综合征，主要诱导自身体液免疫应答。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.