微创经皮肾穿刺钬激光碎石、取石治疗孤立肾结石（附15例报告）

目的探讨微创经皮肾穿刺输尿管镜下钬激光碎石、取石术治疗孤立肾结石的临床效果。方法2008年2月～2009年1月,对15例孤立肾结石均采取在C形臂X线机定位下,患肾输尿管内置入输尿管导管逆行造影显示患肾集合系统后微创经皮肾穿刺造瘘建立F16～F18皮肾通道,在输尿管镜下用钬激光一期或多期碎石、取石。结果12例一期取石成功,2例因结石大行二期取石,1例因患者高龄,结石大、散在三期取石。术中无一例肾盂穿孔及肾皮质撕脱。术后5～10d复查肾功能,血肌酐从118～569μmol/L降至68～126μmol/L。13例随访6～8个月,2例结石复发,〈0.4cm,给予排石、观察治疗结石排出。结论微创经皮肾穿刺输尿管镜下钬激光碎石、取石术治疗孤立肾结石具有创伤小、安全、疗效好等优点,尤其对年龄大、不能耐受开放手术的孤立肾结石患者优势明显。     

微创经皮肾取石术治疗独立肾结石

目的：探讨微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立肾结石的临床疗效与手术技巧。方法：利用微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立肾结石18例，14例患者行一期微创经皮肾取石．4例行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术，5～7天后行二期取石术。结果：结石清除15例（83．3％）。在结石残留的3例患者中，1例残留结石下移至输尿管下段，用输尿管镜将结行取出；余2例结石残留。肾内，未作进一步处理，本组患者术后肾功能基本恢复正常或好转。结论：微创经皮肾取石术治疗独立肾结石是一种安全、有效的方法。     

经皮肾镜取石治疗结石性脓肾

目的 探讨微创经皮肾穿刺取石术（MPCNL）治疗结石性脓肾的安全性和有效性.方法 对24例结石性脓肾患者（其中6例为孤立肾并肾功能衰竭患者）,18例先一期行微创经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流,二期经皮肾取石.6例行一期或分期经皮肾钬激光碎石.结果 24例均成功行经皮肾穿刺敛激光碎石,解除梗阻,肾功能均不同程度恢复.无感染性休克、邻近器官损伤等严重并发症,无1例行患肾切除.结论 微创经皮肾穿刺取石安全、有效,可及时解除梗阻,通畅引流,有效控制感染,最大程度恢复肾功能,可作为结石性脓肾首选方法,但应根据具体情况选择一期或二期手术.     

微创经皮肾镜碎石术对肾内型肾盂结石的治疗评价

目的评价微创经皮肾镜碎石术对肾内型肾盂结石的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析肇庆市第二人民医院2013年1月1日至2013年12月31日由同一术者完成的微创经皮肾镜碎石术187例,其中肾内型肾盂肾结石58例,非肾内型肾盂肾结石129例,比较二者之间的一期结石清除率、二期结石清除率、一期手术时间、手术中取石通道个数、二期体外冲击波碎石例数、输血率、胸膜损伤发生率。结果肾内型肾盂结石病例一期结石清除率低于非肾内型肾盂结石病例,而一期手术时间、双通道取石率均高于后者(P<0.05)。二期结石清除率、术后体外冲击波碎石例数、输血率、胸膜损伤发生率均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论微创经皮肾镜碎石术对肾内型肾盂合并结石的治疗安全有效。     

泌尿外科

肾脏、输尿管：输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术与ESWL治疗输尿管结石的疗效比较；微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗小儿复杂性肾结石；钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石；微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗鹿角状结石；采用微创经皮肾穿刺输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗复杂性上尿路结石……     

微创经皮肾镜取石术中应用负压吸引法一期治疗结石性脓肾

结石性脓肾是上尿路结石的特殊类型,一期经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流二期碎石取石是临床主要的治疗方法,但是住院时间长,花费多。2008年3月～2013年4月,我院采用微创经皮肾镜取石术（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL）配合负压吸引法一期治疗25例结石性脓肾,效果良好,现报道如下。     

一期肾造瘘后二期肾镜联合输尿管软镜同期治疗结石梗阻性肾积脓性复杂型肾结石

目的:探讨一期肾造瘘后二期于斜仰卧截石位下肾镜联合输尿管软镜同期治疗伴有肾积脓的复杂型肾结石的临床应用和疗效。方法:对2016年1月—2021年6月46例结石梗阻性肾积水感染后形成肾积脓的复杂型肾结石患者,一期于彩超引导下行经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流,感染控制后,二期同时行肾镜联合输尿管软镜钬激光碎石取石术。分析结石清除情况及相关并发症发生情况。结果:46例患者均成功完成手术,无周边脏器损伤、尿脓毒症、术后出血、死亡等严重并发症发生。除体位摆放时间外,平均手术时间(55.58±14.37) min。术后住院天数(8.50±2.11) d。术后无一例患者需接受输血治疗,有2例出现发热,6例结石残留。结石一次完全清除率达86.96%。结论:对合并结石梗阻性肾积脓的复杂型肾结石,一期肾穿刺造瘘引流是治疗成功的关键,可以提高后续治疗的安全性。在安全的基础上,二期同时行经皮肾镜联合输尿管软镜钬激光碎石取石术,可以明显提高结石的清除率,临床效果显著、创伤小、术后恢复好,对肾积脓性复杂型肾结石的治疗有重要意义。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术联合Ⅱ期逆行输尿管软镜治疗复杂性肾结石96例

目的 探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术联合Ⅱ期逆行输尿管软镜治疗复杂性肾结石的安全性及有效性.方法 对九江学院附属都昌医院泌尿外科2012年1月至2014年12月收治的96例复杂性肾结石采用微创经皮肾镜取石术联合Ⅱ期逆行输尿管软镜治疗,并对临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 所有手术均成功建立工作通道并有效行Ⅰ期微创经皮肾镜取石术,术后3～5d行二期逆行输尿管软镜治疗,Ⅱ期结石清除率为95.8％ (92/96).5例患者于术后行辅助体外冲击波碎石治疗,4例碎石后结石完全排出,1例结石残留,残留结石直径＜ 5mm.其中出现1例并发输尿管穿孔,1例感染,均予保守治疗后治愈.未出现气胸、大出血等重大并发症.结论 微创经皮肾镜取石术联合Ⅱ期逆行输尿管软镜治疗是一种复杂性肾结石安全、有效的方法,具有术中损伤小、住院时间短、恢复快、结石清除率高、并发症低等优点.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石78例

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)治疗肾结石的方法与效果。方法回顾性分析2004年8月至2007年3月78例采用MPCNL治疗的肾结石患者资料。结石位于左肾38例、右肾40例。结石大小平均为2.6 cm×1.6cm。单发结石21例,多发复杂性肾结石43例,肾铸性或鹿角性结石14例,最大铸性结石为5.2 cm×6.0 cm×4.0 cm。B超引导下进行穿刺,扩张穿刺通道至16 F,采用输尿管镜行经皮肾镜碎石取石术。结果78例取石术,除1例因经皮肾穿刺失败放弃手术外,其余77例均成功,成功率为98.7%(77/78)。术中均未输血。无一例出现严重并发症。一期结石取净率为82%(62/78)。残留结石16例,其中12例行体外冲击波碎石术治愈,4例未进一步处理。平均手术时间110min,平均住院11d。结论微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石具有创伤小、出血少等优点,治疗肾结石安全有效,恢复快。     

微创经皮肾输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石的疗效观察

目的探讨微创经皮肾输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗肾与输尿管上段结石的方法与疗效。方法2004年6月~2009年6月,采用一期或二期微创经皮肾输尿管镜手术成功处理245例上尿路结石,其中肾结石195例（鹿角形结石30例、铸形结石55例、多发性肾结石60例、孤立肾结石5例、开放取石手术后复发8例、结石合并肾积脓21例、结石合并肾功能不全16例）,输尿管上段结石50例。结果195例肾结石中一期清除178例,清除率为91.3%,二期清除17例（均为鹿角样结石）。输尿管上段结石50例均一期清除,清除率为100%。243例术后随访3~10个月,平均6个月,无肾盂输尿管狭窄及结石复发。结论微创经皮肾输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石创伤小,恢复快,并发症少,安全高效,结石清除率高。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.