Hemodynamic profile in rabbits of fospropofol disodium injection relative to propofol emulsion following rapid bolus injection

The effects of aqueous fospropofol disodium (FP) and propofol emulsion (PE) on hemodynamics and sympathetic nerve activity in rabbits following bolus injection were evaluated. Barodenervated and neuraxis-intact rabbits received PE at 4 mg/kg (PE(4)) or FP equal to 4 or 8 mg/kg propofol equivalents (FP(4) and FP(8), respectively) intravenously as a rapid bolus injection, and mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were recorded for 20 min. The plasma propofol pharmacokinetic behavior from FP and PE was evaluated to support the pharmacodynamic observations. In barodenervated animals, MAP and RSNA decreased significantly in all groups (PE(4) > FP(8) > FP(4)). HR decreased only in the PE(4) group. The time for the maximum reduction of MAP was significantly longer with FP(8) compared with PE(4). MAP decreased, and RSNA and HR increased significantly in the neuraxis-intact animals (PE(4) > FP(8) > FP(4)). The time for maximum reduction of MAP was essentially the same in all neuraxis-intact groups. Plasma propofol levels from FP were lower than those from PE in the first 4 min following administration. The results suggest that the tachycardia observed in humans following injection of FP is not a direct physiological effect of the agent.     

氯诺昔康复合丙泊酚在无痛人工流产术中的应用

目的观察氯诺昔康复合丙泊酚在无痛人工流产术中应用的安全性及可靠性。方法将300例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级自愿接受无痛人工流产术孕妇随机分为氯诺昔康组(L组)、芬太尼组(F组)及丙泊酚组(B组),各100例。比较3组麻醉起效时间、手术持续时间、麻醉清醒时间、丙泊酚用量,并观察注药前、注药后3min收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)变化及术中镇痛效果、术后宫缩镇痛效果,观察麻醉期间不良反应及麻醉后并发症。结果 L组和F组麻醉起效时间、清醒时间及丙泊酚用量均优于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);注药后3min,3组患者血压、HR及SpO2水平均下降(P<0.05),B组患者SBP、DBP水平下降更明显(P<0.01);L组和F组术中镇痛效果及术后宫缩痛效果均优于B组(P<0.05),F组术中舌后坠、呼吸暂停、术后头晕、术后恶心呕吐发生率明显高于L组、B组(P<0.05),L组、F组苏醒期兴奋躁动发生率明显少于B组(P<0.05)。结论氯诺昔康复合丙泊酚用于无痛人工流产术安全可靠,值得临床推广应用。     

The pharmacokinetics of propofol in laboratory animals.

1. The pharmacokinetics of propofol in an emulsion formulation ('Diprivan') have been studied after single bolus doses to rats, dogs, rabbits and pigs, and after single and multiple infusions to dogs. Venous blood propofol concentrations were determined by h.p.l.c. with u.v. or fluorescence detection. Curve fitting was performed using ELSFIT. 2. The distribution of propofol in blood and its plasma protein binding have been studied in rat, dog, rabbit and man. Protein binding was high (96-98%), and in most species propofol showed appreciable association with the formed elements of blood. 3. Where an adequate sampling period was employed the pharmacokinetics of propofol were best described by a three-compartment open 'mammillary' model. Propofol was distributed into a large initial volume (1-21/kg) and extensively redistributed (Vss = 2-10 x body weight) in all species. Clearance of propofol by all species was rapid, ranging from about 30-80 ml/kg per min in rats, dogs and pigs to about 340 ml/kg per min in rabbits.     

右美托咪定复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉对人工流产术后恶心呕吐发生率的影响

目的 研究右美托咪定复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉是否可以影响人工流产术后恶心呕吐的发生率.方法 选择2012年至2014年江门市中心医院同一手术组医生施行的无痛人流手术患者,采用随机数字表法分为DP组(右美托咪定复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉组)和FP组(芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉组).DP组予右美托咪定及丙泊酚静脉推注;FP组予芬太尼及丙泊酚静脉推注.记录两组患者心率、平均动脉压、血氧饱和度变化;两组丙泊酚的用量和阿托品、麻黄素的用量;及两组患者术后恶心呕吐(PONV)的发生率.结果 ①两组患者在麻醉前(T1)、丙泊酚注射完毕时(T2)、扩张宫颈时(T3)、手术结束时(T4)、患者送入恢复室时(T5)及患者离院时(T6)心率、平均动脉压、血氧饱和度变化比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).②两组患者麻醉过程中各种药物用量比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).③在术后恶心呕吐发生率的比较中,FP组术后恶心呕吐的发生率明显高于DP组(P＜0.05).结论 ①右美托咪定复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉能提供安全的人工流产麻醉与镇痛.②右美托咪定复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉用于人工流产麻醉与镇痛,其术后恶心呕吐发生率下降.     

The pharmacokinetics of propofol in laboratory animals

1. The pharmacokinetics of propofol in an emulsion formulation (‘Diprivan’) have been studied after single bolus doses to rats, dogs, rabbits and pigs, and after single and multiple infusions to dogs. Venous blood propofol concentrations were determined by h.p.l.c. with u.v. or fluorescence detection. Curve fitting was performed using ELSFIT.

2. The distribution of propofol in blood and its plasma protein binding have been studied in rat, dog, rabbit and man. Protein binding was high (96-98%), and in most species propofol showed appreciable association with the formed elements of blood.

3. Where an adequate sampling period was employed the pharmacokinetics of propofol were best described by a three-compartment open ‘mammillary’ model. Propofol was distributed into a large initial volume (1-21/kg) and extensively redistributed (V_ss=2-10 x body weight) in all species. Clearance of propofol by all species was rapid, ranging from about 30-80ml/kg per min in rats, dogs and pigs to about 340ml/kg per min in rabbits.     

丙泊酚、氯胺酮、瑞芬太尼静脉复合麻醉用于小儿隐睾固定术的效果分析

目的 探讨丙泊酚、氯胺酮、瑞芬太尼静脉复合麻醉对于小儿隐睾固定术的麻醉效果。方法 选取80例需行小儿隐睾固定术的患儿,随机分为两组,对照组（39例）给予丙泊酚、氯胺酮静脉注射麻醉,观察组（41例）给予丙泊酚、氯胺酮、瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉。观察并记录两组心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、血氧饱和度（SpO₂）、苏醒时间、丙泊酚和氯胺酮给药剂量及术后不良反应事件,评价丙泊酚静脉复合麻醉对于小儿隐睾固定术的麻醉效果。结果 注药前、注药5 min、切皮时两组MAP、HR、SpO₂相比,差异无统计学意义。牵引睾丸时,观察组MAP、HR明显低于对照组（P<0.05）;两组SpO₂相比,差异无统计学意义;与对照组相比,观察组患儿苏醒时间较短（P<0.05）,且丙泊酚及氯胺酮用量均明显少于对照组（P<0.05）;术后不良反应情况相比,差异无统计学意义。结论 丙泊酚、氯胺酮、瑞芬太尼静脉复合麻醉对小儿隐睾固定术具有较好的麻醉效果,麻醉过程平稳,对患儿生命体征影响较小,术后苏醒较快且不增加不良反应,值得临床推广使用。     

丙泊酚注射液在中国健康志愿者中的药动/药效学研究

目的：丙泊酚是临床上广泛使用的短效静脉麻醉药,本文通过研究丙泊酚的药动学和药效学特征,从而评价国产丙泊酚注射液与进口产品的治疗等效性。方法：采用随机、双盲、两周期、交叉试验设计。共入组受试者24名,于不同周期分别给予试验制剂或对照药,周期间的洗脱期为7d。受试者在心电、脑电监护的情况下给药,给药前2min至用药后15min实时记录脑电双频指数（BIS值）、听觉诱发电位指数（AAI）、心率、呼吸、血压、血氧饱和度,记录麻醉时间。采用HPLC—Flu法测定血浆药物浓度。试验过程中记录不良事件。结果：共23名受试者完成本试验,试验制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数如下：Cmax分别为2．284和2．452mg／L;tmax分别为4和4min;AUC0-t分别为0．706和0．423mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分另U为0．471和0．506mg·h·L-1两制剂间的相对生物利用度为93．1％。试验制剂与参比制剂的主要药效学参数如下：BISmin分别为51and53;AAImin分别为18和20;BISAUC0-15min分别为373．4和342．7;AAIAUC0-15min。分别为892．5和850．5。结论：国产丙泊酚注射液与进口产品在药动学及药效学均具有等效性,且安全性良好,故认为二者具治疗等效性。     

异丙酚复合芬太尼用于人工流产术100例临床疗效分析

目的探讨异丙酚复合芬太尼静脉麻醉在无痛人工流产术中的临床效果及其安全性,以减轻患者痛苦。方法采用静脉麻醉,选择2010年5月-2012年5月来本院进行人工流产的患者100例,随机分为观察组和对照组各50例。观察组先静脉注射芬太尼2μg/kg,2min后缓慢静脉注射异丙酚2mg/（kg·min）,至睫毛反射消失;对照组仅采用异丙酚2mg/kg麻醉。观察并记录两组患者的收缩压（SBP）、心率（HR）和血氧饱和度（SpO2）的变化以及麻醉给药量、麻醉效果等情况。结果观察组平均诱导时间、意识恢复时间、异丙酚用量、镇痛效果等明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论两药合用既可加强镇痛,又减少了异丙酚的用量,麻醉效果好,不良反应少,故芬太尼复合异丙酚是无痛人工流产麻醉的理想选择之一。     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol and fentanyl in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery – a study of pharmacodynamic drug–drug interactions

Propofol is routinely combined with opioid analgesics to ensure adequate anesthesia during surgery. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of fentanyl on the hypnotic effect of propofol and the possible clinical implications of this interaction. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) data were obtained from 11 patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery, classified as ASA III. Propofol was administered by a target‐controlled infusion system. Fentanyl 2–3 µg/kg was given whenever insufficient analgesia occurred. The bispectral index (BIS) was used to monitor the depth of anesthesia. A population PK/PD analysis with a non‐linear mixed‐effect model (NONMEM 7.2 software) was conducted. Two‐compartment models satisfactorily described the PK of propofol and fentanyl. The delay of the anesthetic effect in relation to PK was described by the effect compartment. The BIS was linked to propofol and fentanyl effect‐site concentrations through an additive E_max model. Context‐sensitive decrement times (CSDT) determined from the final model were used to assess the influence of fentanyl on the recovery after anesthesia. The population PK/PD model was successfully developed to describe simultaneously the time course and variability of propofol and fentanyl concentrations and BIS. Additive propofol–fentanyl interactions were observed and quantitated. The duration of the fentanyl infusion had minimal effect on CSDT when it was shorter than the duration of the propofol infusion. If the fentanyl infusion was longer than the propofol infusion, an almost two‐fold increase in CSDT occurred. Additional doses of fentanyl administered after the cessation of the propofol infusion result in lower BIS values, and can prolong the time of recovery from anesthesia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注在小儿脑瘫手术中的应用

目的 评价瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭(TCT)静脉麻醉用于小儿脑瘫的临床效果.方法 选择择期需全麻下行肌力肌张力调整术或者行颈动脉剥脱术手术的患儿50例,随机分成A组和B组各25例.A组麻醉诱导(咪达唑仑0.2 mg/kg、丙泊酚1.0 mg/kg、瑞芬太尼1.5 μg/kg、琥珀胆碱2 mg/kg).麻醉维持连续靶控输注丙泊酚2~4 mg/(kg·h)微量持续泵注瑞芬太尼0.1~0.25 μg/(kg·min)能用肌松剂的维库溴胺0.03 μg/(kg·min)B组麻醉实施中麻醉诱导中瑞芬太尼改用芬太尼0.5~1 μg/kg麻醉维持中微量泵持续泵入瑞芬太尼改为间断推注芬太尼0.1 μg/(kg·min)其余药物使用方法及剂量同A组.结果 丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼比丙泊酚联合芬太尼更能有效的控制麻醉诱导和手术过程中血压和心率的上升 并且使用瑞芬太尼组的患儿苏醒时间及拔管时间较使用芬太尼组明显缩短,术中丙泊酚的用量也大大减少.结论 丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼适用于脑瘫患儿手术,且效果优于丙泊酚联合芬太尼.     

A two-compartment effect site model describes the bispectral index after different rates of propofol infusion

Different estimates of the rate constant for the effect site distribution (k_e0) of propofol, depending on the rate and duration of administration, have been reported. This analysis aimed at finding a more general pharmacodynamic model that could be used when the rate of administration is changed during the treatment. In a cross-over study, 21 healthy volunteers were randomised to receive a 1 min infusion of 2 mg/kg of propofol at one occasion, and a 1 min infusion of 2 mg/kg of propofol immediately followed by a 29 min infusion of 12 mg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ of propofol at another occasion. Arterial plasma concentrations of propofol were collected up to 4 h after dosing, and BIS was collected before start of infusion and until the subjects were fully awake. The population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis was performed using NONMEM VI. A four-compartment PK model with time-dependent elimination and distribution described the arterial propofol concentrations, and was used as input to the pharmacodynamic model. A standard effect compartment model could not accurately describe the delay in the effects of propofol for both regimens, whereas a two-compartment effect site model significantly improved the predictions. The two-compartment effect site model included a central and a peripheral effect site compartment, possibly representing a distribution within the brain, where the decrease in BIS was linked to the central effect site compartment concentrations through a sigmoidal E_max model.     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery

Available propofol pharmacokinetic protocols for target-controlled infusion (TCI) were obtained from healthy individuals. However, the disposition as well as the response to a given drug may be altered in clinical conditions. The aim of the study was to examine population pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of propofol during total intravenous anesthesia (propofol/fentanyl) monitored by bispectral index (BIS) in patients scheduled for abdominal aortic surgery. Population nonlinear mixed-effect modeling was done with Nonmem. Data were obtained from ten male patients. The TCI system (Diprifusor) was used to administer propofol. The BIS index served to monitor the depth of anesthesia. The propofol dosing was adjusted to keep BIS level between 40 and 60. A two-compartment model was used to describe propofol PK. The typical values of the central and peripheral volume of distribution, and the metabolic and inter-compartmental clearance were V(C) = 24.7 l, V(T) = 112 l, Cl = 2.64 l/min and Q = 0.989 l/min. Delay of the anesthetic effect, with respect to plasma concentrations, was described by the effect compartment with the rate constant for the distribution to the effector compartment equal to 0.240 min(-1). The BIS index was linked to the effect site concentrations through a sigmoidal E(max) model with EC(50) = 2.19 mg/l. The body weight, age, blood pressure and gender were not identified as statistically significant covariates for all PK/PD parameters. The population PK/PD model was successfully developed to describe the time course and variability of propofol concentration and BIS index in patients undergoing surgery.     

丙泊酚与七氟烷在老年患者手术中的麻醉效果分析

目的 探讨丙泊酚和七氟烷应用于老年患者手术的麻醉效果,分析两种麻醉药物的优劣势以寻求最适用于老年患者的麻醉方式.方法 选择2013年9月至2015年9月期间在本院行手术治疗的60例老年患者,按照随机原则平均分为两组,分别是七氟烷组和丙泊酚组,其中七氟烷组预充七氟烷诱导麻醉和复合泵注瑞芬太尼,丙泊酚组则是持续输注瑞芬太尼,并复合输注丙泊酚,对比两组在手术前(Tn)、手术开始10 min(T1)、手术开始30 min(T2)、手术结束前30 min(T3)、手术结束前10min(T4)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、血气分析中(pH、P02、PCO2)水平,并观察两组患者在术后的苏醒情况.结果 两组患者在T2、T3两个时间段的HR和MAP的两项指标和手术前10 min相比有明显的下降,七氟烷组T2时HR和MAP为(73.89±7.13)次/min、(80.69±9.43) mmHg,T3时为(72.11±6.25)次/min、(80.14±8.91) mmHg,丙泊酚组T2时HR和MAP为(66.24±7.24)次/min、(68.71±10.18)mmHg,T3时为(63.47±6.45)次/min、(67.13±11.35) mmHg,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且在T2、T3两个时间段丙泊酚组相较于七氟烷组HR和MAP下降程度更大,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);此外,七氟烷组PO2T2时为(247.51±71.47) mmHg、T3为(268.15±68.46)mmHg,丙泊酚组T2时为(189.17±73.32) mmHg,T3为(183.14±67.17) mmHg,两组患者在T2、T3时间段PO2水平也较T1时间段均有明显的升高(P＜0.05),并且以七氟烷组患者升高的趋势更明显(P＜0.05);丙泊酚组术后吞咽反射恢复时间、术后清醒时间、拔管时间分别为(10.4±2.5) min、(20.5±7.2)min、(35.8±8.6)min,七氟烷组上述指标分别为(6.2±1.9) min、(12.8±3.8) min、(24.6±6.1) min,七氟烷组患者术后吞咽反射恢复时间、术后清醒时间、拔管时间均明显短于丙泊酚组(P＜0.05);苏醒时警觉与镇静评分(OAA/S)丙泊酚组为(4.2±0.4),七氟烷组为(4.1±0.7),两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 对于老年手术患者,七氟烷复合麻醉方式相比丙泊酚更具优势,不仅在手术过程中提供更稳定的生命体征,同时能够显著缩短术后苏醒时间,值得临床推广.     

Pain on injection with microemulsion propofol

AIMS

To evaluate the incidence and severity of injection pain caused by microemulsion propofol and lipid emulsion propofol in relation to plasma bradykinin generation and aqueous free propofol concentrations.

METHODS

Injection pain was evaluated in 147 patients. Aqueous free propofol concentrations in each formulation, and in formulation mixtures containing agents that reduce propofol-induced pain, were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma bradykinin concentrations in both formulations and in their components mixed with blood sampled from six volunteers were measured by radioimmunoassays. Injection pain caused by 8% polyethylene glycol 660 hydroxystearate (PEG660 HS) was evaluated in another 10 volunteers.

RESULTS

The incidence of injection pain [visual analogue scale (VAS) >30 mm] caused by microemulsion and lipid emulsion propofol was 69.7 and 42.3% (P < 0.001), respectively. The median VAS scores for microemulsion and lipid emulsion propofol were 59 and 24 mm, respectively (95% confidence interval for the difference 12.5, 40.0). The aqueous free propofol concentration of microemulsion propofol was seven times higher than that of lipid emulsion propofol. Agents that reduce injection pain did not affect aqueous free propofol concentrations. Microemulsion propofol and 8% PEG660 HS enhanced plasma bradykinin generation, whereas lipid emulsion propofol and lipid solvent did not. PEG660 HS did not cause injection pain.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher aqueous free propofol concentrations of microemulsion propofol produce more frequent and severe pain. The plasma kallikrein–kinin system may not be involved, and the agents that reduce injection pain may not act by decreasing aqueous free propofol concentrations.     

丙泊酚复合氯胺酮在先天性髋关节脱位手术的麻醉体会

目的探讨小儿先天性髋关节脱位手术麻醉方法的安全性。方法择期手术患儿53例,ASA分级Ⅰ级,年齡1～5岁,采用丙泊酚复合氯胺酮静脉麻醉,麻醉诱导:丙泊酚1.5mg/kg,氯胺酮1mg/kg。麻醉维持:丙泊酚2～3mg(/kg.h),氯胺酮2～4mg/(kg.h)持续微量泵静注,术中面罩给氧。观察血压,脉搏,血氧饱和度。结果术中血压脉搏平稳,无呼吸抑制,恶心呕吐2例,苏醒期轻度躁动4例。结论丙泊酚复合氯胺酮微量泵静注用于小儿先天性髋关节脱位手术,麻醉效果良好,呼吸循环稳定,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Evaluation of new propofol aqueous solutions for intravenous anesthesia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of using three new aqueous formulations of propofol for intravenous (i.v.) anesthesia. The first formulation can be prepared by using hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin (HP-gamma-CD) as a solubilizer. Phase-solubility analysis showed a linear increase in the solubility of propofol to a maximum of 16.6 mg/ml in 30% (w/v) HP-gamma-CD. Moreover, phase-solubility studies demonstrated that 18% (w/v) HP-beta-CD or SBE-beta-CD and 24% HP-gamma-CD solutions, respectively, are required to dissolve 10mg of propofol in 1 ml of the vehicle; the corresponding solutions, however, are slightly hypertonic. Autoclaving the 10 mg/ml CD-based formulations for 15 min at 121 degrees C caused a change in pH which was more evident for the HP-beta-CD-based formulation while, in any case, no detectable fall in propofol concentration was observed. The second formulation herein evaluated is a co-solvent mixture (i.e., propylene glycol:water (1:1), v/v) which is able to dissolve 10 mg/ml of the anesthetic agent. However, although it is simple to prepare, the stability of this formulation is limited. The third aqueous formulation can be prepared by using the prolinate ester of propofol and its water-soluble derivative dissolved in water at equimolar concentration. The efficacy of all these formulations as i.v. anesthetic agents was assessed using a pharmacodynamic measure (onset and duration of loss of the righting reflex, LORR), and compared with that of the commercial propofol formulation (Diprivan, 10 mg/ml) in rats. It was found that minimizing the amount of cyclodextrin in all CD-based formulations, anesthetic effects comparable to those of propofol in Diprivan were still observed. Moreover, the prolinate ester constituted an effective i.v. anesthetic formulation with the same duration of action but with a longer induction time than Diprivan.     

Influence of demographic factors, basic blood test parameters and opioid type on propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in ASA I-III patients

The aim of the study was to examine population pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of propofol (CAS 2078-54-8) during total intravenous anesthesia monitored by spectral frequency index (SFx). Twenty-eight patients of ASA physical status I-III (ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists) scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included. In group I an anesthesia was induced with a bolus of propofol (2 mg/kg) and remifentanil (CAS 132875-61-7) (1.0 microg/kg), followed by a continuous infusion of remifentanil. In group II, an alfentanil (CAS 71195-58-9) (10 microg/kg) bolus dose was followed by a continuous infusion of alfentanil. The general anesthetic technique included propofol, opioid and muscle relaxant. During anesthesia, the propofol infusion rate (3-8 mg/kg/h) was adjusted to the SFx value. Venous blood samples were collected from the patients during 240 min after termination of the infusion. A two compartment model was used to describe propofol PK. A standard effect compartment model was used to describe the delay between the effect and the concentration of propofol. The SFx index was linked to the effect site concentrations through a sigmoidal Emax model. The influence of continuous (body weight, age, blood pressure, heart rate and blood oxygenation, serum protein, the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin and hematocrit, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance) and categorical (gender and the type of opioid) covariates on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters was investigated. PK/PD analysis was performed using NONMEM. All the screened covariates did not influence propofol PK and PD, except of the opioid type. The central compartment volume of propofol was larger in the presence of remifentanil than in the presence of alfentanil.     

异丙酚对兔定量药物脑电图α_2频段的双相作用

目的观察异丙酚对家兔定量药物脑电图(QPEEG)α2频段的影响。方法应用QPEEG,采用功率谱分析法,分析兔静脉注射异丙酚前后脑电活动的变化。结果与给药前相比,异丙酚2.5mg/kg时,对α2频段的功率百分比无明显影响(P>0.05);5mg/kg时,各脑区α2频段的功率百分比在给药后升高(P<0.05);10mg/kg时使各脑区α2频段功率百分比较给药前及前两个剂量组均下降(除左右顶区与2.5mg/kg组差异无统计学意义,其余P<0.05)。以上变化以额、颞区最为明显。结论异丙酚对兔QPEEGα2频段的功率百分比的影响呈双向型,提示α2频段可能成为反映异丙酚麻醉深度的指标。     

探讨丙泊酚和咪达唑仑靶控输注在椎管内麻醉患者镇静中的应用

目的 探讨椎管内麻醉结合持续靶控输注丙泊酚和咪达唑仑在临床中的应用,观察其镇静效果.方法 对在本院自2011年12月~2013年1月接受治疗的80例患者资料进行回顾性分析,随机分为实验组和对照组两组,每组有40例患者.实验组患者注射丙泊酚镇静,而对照组注射咪达唑仑镇静,注射完后记录患者平卧10 min、注射镇静药后2 min、5 min、10 min以及手术结束前10 min、手术结束时的OAA/S镇静评分值.结果 两组患者生命体征基本平稳;OAA/S值在注射药物2 min到5 min后都明显下降.实验组患者OAA/S值与对照组患者相比偏高,且在注射5 min后及到手术结束前10 min都有明显下降,两组差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 椎管内麻醉结合丙泊酚、咪达唑仑采用持续靶控输注能够取得较好的镇静效果,且这样麻醉对患者生命体征影响较小.     

异丙酚联合舒芬太尼喷鼻用于无痛胃镜检查的初步观察

目的探讨舒芬太尼鼻腔给药辅助异丙酚无痛胃镜检查麻醉的临床效果。方法采用前瞻、双盲、随机对照研究方法,选择80例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级的胃镜检查患者,随机分为对照组(鼻腔喷入生理盐水+异丙酚)和观察组(鼻腔喷入舒芬太尼+异丙酚),记录各时间点HR、SBP、DBP、SpO2及异丙酚用量、检查时间、苏醒时间和不良反应等。结果两组总体麻醉效果相似,均能够满足胃镜检查需要;舒芬太尼喷鼻2 min后近半数患者出现头晕,其发生率显著高于对照组(P<0.01);对照组异丙酚用量(180.15±0.55)mg,明显多于观察组(158.65±0.31)mg(P<0.05);注射异丙酚后两组均出现循环抑制,与对照组比较,观察组的心血管抑制作用更强,持续时间更长;两组的体动反应、注射痛、呛咳、舌后坠及术中知晓的发生率相似,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论舒芬太尼喷鼻使用,起效迅速,可引起头晕症状。在胃镜检查麻醉中,预先小剂量舒芬太尼喷鼻,可以减少异丙酚用量,但未能改善麻醉效果,却明显增强和延长循环抑制。