男性FASL-844基因多态性与特发性无精子症及严重少精子症发病风险的研究

目的:研究FASL-844位点基因多态性在中国南方汉族男性人群中的分布,探讨其与特发性无精子症及严重少精子症发病风险的关系。方法:采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法,分析184例特发性无精子症及严重少精子症患者与236例正常生育男性FASL-844位点的基因型及等位基因频率,分析该基因多态性与特发性无精子症及严重少精子症之间的关系。结果:不育组与正常生育组FASL-844CT和TT基因型分布差异有显著性(P=0.024;P=0.008)。携带FASL-844TT基因型个体罹患特发性无精子症或严重少精子症的风险是CC基因型个体的2.76倍(95%CI:1.20~6.35);将携带CC和CT基因型的个体合并,携带TT基因型的个体罹患特发性无精子症或严重少精子症的风险是(CC+CT)基因型个体的2.90倍(95%CI:1.28~6.58)。结论:FASL-844基因多态性可能是中国南方汉族男性特发性无精子症及严重少精子症的遗传易感因素之一。     

霉酚酸酯药代动力学与多重耐药基因1多态性的相关性研究

目的 研究肾移植受者术后早期霉酚酸酯(MMF)的药代动力学与人类多重耐药基因1(MDRI)多态性的相关性.方法 选择初次肾移植的汉族受者28例,肾移植术后2周时,于口服MMF之前及服药后0.5、1、1.5、2、4、6、8、10、12 h共10个时间点分别采集外周血,以高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定全血霉酚酸酯(MMF)的活性成分霉酚酸(MPA)的浓度,直接观察其峰值浓度(Cmax)和达峰时间(Tmax).应用Winnolin 3.1软件计算MPA 0～12 h药物时间一浓度曲线下面积(AUC)和平均滞留时间(MRT).同时从外周血提取基因组DNA,应用多聚酶链反应-限制性片断长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)测定MDR1第12、21、26号外显子C1236 T、G2677 T/A、C3435 T单核苷酸多态性(SNP).比较3个SNP位点的不同基因型、单倍型间MMF药代动力学参数的差异;比较MPA高暴露组(MPA AUC≥60 mg·h-1·L-1)与MPA低暴露组(MPA AUC＜60 mg·h-1·L-1)间MDR1多态性差异.结果 MDR1第12、21、26号外显子SNP位点突变型纯合子基因型(1236 TT、2677 TT/AA、3435 TT)频率分别为0.368、0.184和0.211.1236 TT基因型受者MPA AUC水平显著高于1236 cc/CT受者,分别为(65.36±11.51)mg·h-1·L-1和(53.33±13.77)mg·h-1·L-1(P=0.032).MPA高暴露组第12号外显子SNP位点上,TT基因型频率显著高于低暴露组,分别为66.7%和15.8%(P=0.013,OR=2.526);T等位基因频率有高于低暴露组的趋势,分别为83.3%和53.3%(P=0.072).结论 具有MDR1第12号外显子TT等位基因的受者,肾移植早期MPA AUC显著高于同一位点其他基因型受者,是MPA高暴露的危险个体.     

生长分化因子5基因核心启动子区+104T>C单核苷酸多态性与脊柱融合的关联研究

目的 研究青岛地区汉族人群中生长分化因子5(growth and differentiation factor 5,GDF5)基因核心启动子区域+104T＞C;rs143383单核苷酸多态性与脊柱融合的相关性.方法 研究对象为需行脊柱融合术患者和健康志愿者共401名,脊柱融合患者201例(病例组),健康志愿者200名(对照组).采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析(PCR-RFLP)及测序技术,检测201例脊柱融合患者和200名健康志愿者外周血中GDF5基因+104T＞C多态性情况,根据临床常用的融合标准,对病例组术后进行影像学评估,并采用SPSS 17.0进行行×列表格的x2检验,分析其与脊柱融合术后植骨融合情况之间的关系.结果 病例组和对照组均存在+104T＞C单核苷酸多态性,其多态性在病例组和对照组分布的差异无统计学意义,但融合组与非融合组TC+CC基因型与TT基因型差异有统计学意义,且TC+CC基因型组融合速度快于TT基因型组,差异有统计学意义.结论 病例组手术方式、植骨材料及术后处理相同,尽可能减少了外界不同条件的干扰,说明青岛地区汉族人群中GDF5基因核心启动子区+104T＞C等位基因与脊柱融合效果有相关性,C等位基因可能是促进脊柱融合的一个重要因素.早期发现TT基因型基因,早期干预,可提高脊柱融合效果.     

DNA损伤修复基因XRCC1 Arg194Trp基因多态性与中国人群结直肠癌易感性的Meta分析

【摘要】 目的 探讨DNA损伤修复基因XRCC1 Arg194Trp基因多态性与中国人群结直肠癌易感性的关系。方法 按照制定的检索策略,通过计算机和手工检索相关数据库,收集有关XRCC1 Arg194Trp基因多态性与中国人群结直肠癌易感性的病例对照研究,按照纳入标准筛选文献、并从纳入文献中提取相关数据,以病例组和对照组基因型分布的比值比(OR)为效应指标,应用Stata12.0软件进行异质性检验,对各研究原始数据进行Meta合并,并行敏感性分析和发表偏倚的评估。结果〓本Meta分析共纳入11项病例对照研究,累积病例2710例,对照3567例。根据各研究间的异质性,采用不同的模型进行合并效应量。在等位基因比较(T vs C) [OR(95%CI)=1.18(1.01-1.39),P=0.036],纯合子比较模型(TT vs CC) [OR (95%CI)=1.39(1.02-1.90),P=0.038],显性模型(CT/TT vs CC) [OR(95%CI)=2.24(1.78-2.82),P<0.001] 以及隐性模型 (TT vs CT/CC) [OR(95%CI)=1.23(1.02-1.49),P=0.030]均存在显著的统计学差异。发表偏倚评估均未见明显偏倚。结论〓在中国人群中,携带突变等位基因T或突变纯合子TT的人群罹患CRC的风险有所升高,而在显性遗传模型中,携带有CT/TT基因型的人群其CRC的易感性明显升高。     

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γC161T基因多态性与糖皮质激素性骨质疏松症的关系

目的 探讨中国人过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)基因外显子6 C161T多态性与糖皮质激素性骨质疏松症(GIO)的相关关系。方法 应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RELP)方法测定208例正常健康人（Ⅰ组）、168例非GIO患者（Ⅱ组）和104例GIO患者（Ⅲ组）PPARγ基因外显子6 C161T的基因型。应用双能X线骨密度仪(DEXA)测定股骨、腰椎等部位的骨密度。 结果 外显子6 C161T有CC、CT、TT 3种基因型。GIO组CC基因型频率显著低于正常对照组；CT和TT基因型频率显著高于正常对照组。非GIO组、应用激素组（GIO组＋非GIO组）与正常对照组比较，各基因型频率差异均无统计学意义。正常对照组C161T的CC基因型组各部位的骨密度有高于CT和TT基因型组的趋势，但差异无统计学意义。非GIO组和GIO组C161T的CC基因型组腰椎的骨密度明显高于CT和TT基因型组 (P ＜ 0.05)，分别为非GIO组CC型（1.04±0.17） g/cm2，CT+TT型（1.02±0.07） g/cm2；GIO组CC型（0.94±0.12） g/cm2，CT+TT型（0.83±0.08） g/cm2。经年龄、体重指数等因素校正后，差异仍有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05）。 结论 PPARγ基因C161T基因型在正常人和应用激素患者之间无明显差异，它可能与肾小球肾炎的发病无关。C161T基因型在GIO组和正常对照组之间差异有统计学意义，它可能与糖皮质激素性骨质疏松症的发病有关。PPARγ基因C161T多态性与应用糖皮质激素患者腰椎的骨密度有关。等位基因C可能是骨量的保护因子，它可能与应用糖皮质激素后骨量的丢失有关。     

膀胱移行细胞癌E-钙粘连素基因启动子C/A单核苷酸多态性与肿瘤复发的关系

目的　探讨膀胱移行细胞癌 (TCCB)E 钙粘连素 (CDH1)基因启动子 160处C/A单核苷酸多态性 (SNP)与TCCB复发及低分化的关系。方法　运用聚合酶链反应 限制性片段长度多态性分析 (PCR RFLP)方法检测血液标本中CDH1基因启动子上游 160处C/ASNP。通过定期随访肿瘤患者并进行膀胱镜检查以确定肿瘤是否复发。结果　TCCB中CDH 1基因启动子 160处AA ,AC ,CC基因型之间与TCCB的复发具有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;其中AA与CC基因型之间对TCCB复发的相关性差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而CC与AC基因型之间以及AC与CC基因型之间对TCCB复发的相关性差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。以CC基因型为参照 ,AA基因型和AC基因型TCCB复发的危险性均增高 (OR =4.0 5 66,95 %可信区间为 1.83 2 5～ 8.980 1;OR =1.7849,95 %可信区间为 1.10 91～ 2 .872 5 )。该SNP与复发肿瘤发生低分化无明显相关 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　CDH1基因启动子 160处SNP对TCCB的复发可能具有重要作用。检测该SNP也可作为一种预测患者术后复发的指标。     

膀胱移行细胞癌CDH1基因启动子C/A单核苷酸多态性与其蛋白表达关系的研究

目的探讨膀胱移行细胞癌（BTCC）中E-钙粘连素（CDH1）基因启动子-160处C/A单核苷酸多态性（SNP）与CDH1表达的关系。方法BTCC患者36例，男24例，女12例，分别取血液和膀胱肿瘤组织标本。对照组36例，为非肿瘤患者，男30例，女6例，取膀胱组织标本。PCR-限制性片段长度多态性分析法检测血液标本中CDH1基因启动子上游-160处C／ASNP。免疫组化方法检测组织CDH1的表达情况。比较2组组织CDH1表达情况，分析BTCC组C／ASNP与CDH1表达的关系。结果BTCC组和对照组CDH1阳性率分别为61％（22／36）和86％（31／36），P＜0．05。BTCC组14例CDH1表达阴性者中．AA基因型8例、AC型3例、CC型3例，A等位基因频率为68％（19／28）；22例CDH1表达阳性者中，AA型3例、AC型11例、CC型8例，A等位基因频率为39％（17／44）；2组中AA基因型发生率与AC、CC基因型比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05），A等位基因频率比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论CDH1基因启动子-160处C／ASNP在TBCC的CDH1表达过程中可能具有重要作用，A等位基因对CDH1表达下调可能发挥主要作用。     

精子Tektin-2基因单核苷酸多态性与特发性弱精子症的相关性研究

目的探讨Tektin-2基因的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点rs12043423与特发性弱精子症的相关性。方法采用病例对照法,随机选取特发性弱精子症患者192例作为弱精子症组,另募集同期208例精子活力正常的不育男性作为不育症组和213例精液正常的已生育男性作为正常对照组,所有研究对象均进行精液分析,对三组患者Tektin-2基因的SNP位点rs12043423进行基因分型,比较三组间的基因型和等位基因频率,并且进行与特发性弱精子症的关联分析。结果(1)弱精子症组Tektin-2基因的SNP位点rs12043423的CC基因型频率显著低于正常对照组及不育症组,TT基因型频率则显著增加(P<0.05),而CT基因型频率在三组间的分布频率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。弱精子症组C等位基因的分布频率显著低于正常对照组和不育症组,而T等位基因的频率显著高于正常对照组和不育症组(P<0.05)。不育症组和正常对照组比较,不同基因型的分布频率及等位基因的频率在两组间均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(2)弱精子症组与正常对照组比较,Tektin-2基因突变(杂合子[CT]和纯合子[TT])的发生率为61.5%vs.50.2%,TT基因型与弱精子症的风险因素分析结果为[OR=1.968,95%CI(1.041,3.723),P=0.035];弱精子症与不育症组比较,Tektin-2基因突变(CT+TT)的发生率为61.5%vs.51.5%,TT基因型与弱精子症的风险因素分析结果为[OR=1.918,95%CI(1.014,3.630),P=0.043]。结论Tektin-2基因rs12043423的多态性位点TT基因型和T等位基因增加特发性弱精子症的易感性,在特发性弱精子症的发展中可能是危险因素。     

Association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy in the Chinese population: An updated meta‐analysis and review

To clarify the effects of MTHFR C677T polymorphism on the risk of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in the Chinese population, an updated meta‐analysis was performed. Related studies were identified from PubMed, Springer Link, Ovid and Chinese Databases up to 24 February 2015. A total of 15 studies including 1227 DN cases, 586 healthy controls and 1277 diabetes mellitus (DM) controls were involved in this meta‐analysis. Overall, a significantly elevated risk of DN was associated with all variants of MTHFR C677T when compared with the healthy group (T vs C, odds ratio (OR) = 2.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.88–2.61; TT vs CC, OR = 4.22, 95% CI = 3.02–5.90; TT + CT vs CC, OR = 2.62, 95% CI = 2.07–3.31; TT vs CC + CT, OR = 2.81, 95% CI = 2.08–3.81) or DM (T vs C, OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.59–2.00; TT vs CC, OR = 2.95, 95% CI = 2.33–3.73; TT + CT vs CC, OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.63–2.29; TT vs CC + CT, OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.87–2.84). In subgroup analyses stratified by ethnicity and geographic areas, it revealed the significant results in Chinese Han, in North and South China. The risk conferred by MTHFR C677T polymorphism is higher in North China than in South China. This meta‐analysis showed that the MTHFR C677T variants may influence DN risk in Chinese, and further studies with gene–gene and gene–environment interactions are required for definite conclusions.     

Correlation between aldosterone synthase gene -344C/T polymorphism and early renal damage in Han population with essential hypertension

Objective To investigate the distribution of aldosterone synthase gene -344C/T polymorphism in patients with essential hypertension in Chinese Han population, and the association with hypertensive early renal damage. Methods Four hundred and eighteen essential hypertension cases in Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital from January 2012 to January 2015 were included in this study. According to urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, 182 cases were selected as hypertensive early renal damage group (RD group) and 236 essential hypertension without renal damage group (NRD group). Fast venous blood was collected to detect aldosterone synthase gene -344C/T polymorphism and blood lipids, blood glucose, aldosterone and other indicators. Results There were significant differences in genotype frequency and allele frequency distribution between RD group and NRD group (P＜0.05). The TT genotype and the T allele frequency in RD group were higher than those in NRD group (P＜0.05). The level of aldosterone in TT genotype was higher than that in CC and CT genotype (P＜0.05). The aldosterone synthase gene -344C/T polymorphism was not correlated with early renal damage in hypertension after correction of blood pressure (P＞0.05). Conclusions Aldosterone synthase gene -344C/T polymorphism is associated with hypertensive early renal damage. T allele is inclined to hypertensive early renal damage. Aldosterone synthase gene -344C/T polymorphism induces renal damage through elevated blood pressure.     

Association of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) T869C (Leu 10Pro) gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetic nephropathy in Chinese

INTRODUCTION: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is known to play a pivotal role in the regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. Since diabetic nephropathy (DMN) is characterized by basement membrane thickening and mesangial expansion, control of ECM deposition is believed to be important in the pathogenesis of the disease. Recently, TGF-beta T869C (Leu 10Pro) gene polymorphism has been identified which may be associated with circulating TGF-beta levels. METHODS: In order to examine the relationship between TGF-beta gene polymorphism with DMN in Chinese, we carried out a case-control study, which recruited 123 Chinese type 2 diabetic patients with an average duration of diabetes for 12 years. A total of 58 patients who developed DMN (micro- or macroalbuminuria, with or without renal impairment) were compared with 65 diabetic patients without DMN despite similar duration of disease (normoalbuminuric and creatinine <120 micromol/L). TGF-beta T869C (Leu 10Pro) gene polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Both groups of patients had similar baseline characteristics, including blood pressure, diabetic control, and duration of diabetes. Distribution of TGF-beta T869C (Leu 10Pro) genotype among the whole group is confined to Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. The DMN+ group has higher frequency of TGF-beta CC/CT genotypes than the DMN- group [CC, CT, TT = (DMN+) 46, 45, 9 (%) vs. (DMN-) 37, 37, 26 (%), P < 0.05]. C allele frequency is also higher in the DMN+ group than DMN- group (69% vs. 55%, P < 0.05). The adjusted odds ratio for TGF-beta CC/CT vs. TT genotype to develop DMN is 3.8 (3.2 to 4.4). Multivariate logistic regression analysis [hypertension, gender, age, duration of diabetes, hemoglobin (HbA1c), usage of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, and cholesterol level] showed that TGF-beta genotype (P = 0.03) is an independent predictor for type 2 DMN. Among patients with DMN, those with TGF-beta CC/CT genotypes also had worse renal function and increased risk for macroalbuminuria. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that TGF-beta T869C (Leu 10Pro) gene polymorphism is associated with DMN in Chinese.     

转化生长因子β1基因-509C/T多态性与原发性肾病综合征肾小管间质损伤的关系

目的 研究转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）基因启动子－509C/T多态性与原发性肾病综合征（PNS）患者的易感性和肾小管间质损伤（TID）程度的相关性。 方法 采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）技术, 检测98例PNS患者和128名健康对照者TGF-β1基因启动子-509C/T位点的基因型, 并根据肾活检病理TID程度分级分组比较。采用双抗体夹心ELISA法,测定所有受试对象的血清TGF-β1水平。同时测尿蛋白量（24 h）、Scr、BUN、血压等。 结果 （1）PNS患者及健康对照人群均能检测出T、C两种TGF-β1等位基因,存在TT型、TC型、CC型3种基因型。（2）TGF-β1基因-509C/T位点多态性在PNS患者和健康人群中的分布差异无统计学意义;等位基因频率在两组间差异也无统计学意义。（3） TID轻度组、重度组TGF-β1基因-509C/T位点的基因型频率和健康对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（均P < 0.01）。TID重度组患者的T等位基因频率和TT基因型频率明显高于TID轻度组和健康对照组（均P < 0.01）,而TID轻度组和健康对照组间差异无统计学意义。（4）TID重度、轻度组及健康对照组TGF-β1血清水平两两比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）。PNS组TT基因型患者血清TGF-β1水平高于CC和CT基因型患者,且与CC基因型间差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。 结论 TGF-β1基因－509C/T多态性与PNS的发病无关,但其T等位基因可能是PNS患者TID的重要遗传因素。血清TGF-β1水平升高和TID程度与TT基因型有关。     

Bone mass effects of a BMP4 gene polymorphism in postmenopausal women

The pathogenesis of osteoporosis involves both genetic and environmental factors. On the basis of linkage data suggesting gene effects on bone density at chromosome 14q and data locating the BMP4 gene to 14q, we performed a positional candidate study to examine a possible association of BMP4 gene polymorphisms, hip bone density (n = 1012) and fracture rates (n = 1232) in postmenopausal women (mean age 75). On genotype analysis of the three selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), the 6007C > T polymorphism was associated with total and intertrochanteric hip BMD and BMD was lower in the 32% of subjects homozygous for the C allele. This polymorphism codes for a nonsynonymous amino acid change with the T allele coding for valine, while the C allele codes for alanine. The difference in BMD was 3.1% (TT vs. CC) and 2.3% (CT versus CC) for the total hip (P = 0.023), and 3.7% (TT vs. CC) and 2.8% (CT versus CC) for the intertrochanter site (P = 0.012). Haplotype analysis demonstrated 6 haplotypes of frequency greater than 2%. A major haplotype defined by G-C-T alleles in SNPs -5826G > A, 3564C > T and 6007C > T respectively, showed association with high bone mass. No SNP showed association with fracture rates. We conclude that a polymorphism found in the BMP4 gene, affecting amino acid sequence, is associated with hip bone density in postmenopausal women, presumably via regulation of anabolic effects on the skeleton.     

MTHFR基因多态性与2型糖尿病肾病相关性的研究

目的 研究亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（MTHFR）基因多态性与2型糖尿病肾病（DN）易感性的关系.方法 选择111例山西地区汉族人2型糖尿病患者,其中糖尿病肾病（DN＋）组56例,糖尿病非肾病（DN-）组55例,运用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）技术并结合琼脂糖凝胶电泳的方法检测111例患者的MTHFR基因多态性,测定各组间基因型频率和等位基因频率.结果 纯合基因型TT、T等位基因在DN＋组（21.43％,46.43％）的频率均明显高于DN-组（7.27％,29.09％）,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.无论是在DN＋组还是DN-组中,TT基因型患者血同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）平均水平均大于CC基因型和CT基因型患者,DN＋组血浆Hcy水平明显高于DN-组,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.在叶酸浓度≤6.92nmol/L时,DN＋组（24.24％,48.49％） TT型发生率及T等位基因频率明显高于DN-组（3.70％,25.93％）（P＜0.05）,当叶酸浓度＞6,92nmol/L时,DN＋组TT型发生率及T等位基因频率与DN-组无差异（P＞0.05）.结论 MTHFR基因C677T多态性与糖尿病肾病（DN）发生具有相关性,突变的T等位基因是DN易感基因,但其影响效果受叶酸浓度的影响.     

Genetic variance of SGK-1 is associated with blood pressure, blood pressure change over time and strength of the insulin-diastolic blood pressure relationship

BACKGROUND: Insulin stimulation of the serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK-1) prolongs the half-life of the epithelial sodium channel, a protein which is essential for blood pressure regulation. The aim of this study was to investigate if variation in the SGK-1 gene is associated with increased blood pressure and strength of the insulin-blood pressure relationship. METHODS: A promoter C/T, an intron 6 C/T and an exon 8 C/T polymorphism in the SGK-1 gene were genotyped in 4830 subjects from the Malm? Diet and Cancer (MDC) material of whom 4001 were free from antihypertensive medication. Of these, 2171 subjects had also been investigated 11.2 +/- 4.4 years earlier in the Malm? Preventive Project (MPP). RESULTS: In untreated MDC subjects, intron 6 CC genotype carriers had higher diastolic blood pressure than carriers of the T allele (P = 0.02) and exon 8 C allele carriers had higher systolic blood pressure than TT genotype carriers (P = 0.05). Subjects simultaneously carrying the intron 6 CC genotype and the exon 8 CC or CT genotype (SGK-1 risk) had higher systolic blood pressure (P = 0.03) and higher diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.009) than noncarriers. From MPP to MDC, the percent change in blood pressure per year was higher for systolic blood pressure (P = 0.002) and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.001) in SGK-1 risk carriers than noncarriers. The correlation between fasting plasma insulin concentration and diastolic blood pressure was stronger in SGK-1 risk carriers than in non-carriers (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that SGK-1 risk carriers are at increased risk of hypertension and are more sensitive to the blood pressure elevating effects associated with hyperinsulinemia.     

Single nucleotide polymorphism C677T in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene might be a genetic risk factor for infertility for Chinese men with azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia

Aim： To analyze the distribution of the single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） C677T in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase （MTHFR） gene in 355 infertile Chinese patients with idiopathic azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia and 252 fertile Chinese men as controls to explore the possible association of the SNP and male infertility. Methods： Using the polymerase chain reaction （PCR）-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique, the allele and genotype distribution of SNP C677T in the MTHFR gene were investigated in both patients and controls. Results： The frequencies of allele T （40.9% vs 30.4%, P = 0.002, odds ration [OR] = 1.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]： 1.24-2.02） and mutant homozygote （TT） （18.3% vs. 11.5%, P = 0.023, OR = 1.72, 95% CI： 1.07-2.76） as well as carrier with allele （TT ＋ CT） （63.4% vs. 49.2%, P = 0.0005, OR = 1.79, 95% CI： 1.29-2.48） in infertile patients were significantly higher than those in controls. After patient stratification, the significant differences in distribution of the SNP between each patient subgroup and control group still remained. Conclusion： Our findings indicate that there is an association of SNP C677T in the MTHFR gene with male infertility, suggesting that this polymorphism might be a genetic risk factor for male infertility in Chinese men.     

护骨素基因C1217T多态性与糖皮质激素性骨质疏松症的相关关系

目的：探讨我国应用糖皮质激素患者护骨素（osteoprotegerin,OPG）基因内含子C1217T单核苷酸多态性与糖皮质激素性骨质疏松症（glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis,GIO）的相关性.方法：应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片断长度多态性（PCR-RELP）方法测定208例正常健康人（Ⅰ组）、168例非GIO患者（Ⅱ组）和104例GIO患者（Ⅲ组）护骨素基因内含子C1217T的基因型;应用双能X线骨密度仪（DEXA）测定股骨、腰椎等部位的骨密度.结果：内含子C1217T发现CC、CT、TT3种基因型,GIO组基因型CC频率显著低于正常对照组,CT和TT基因型频率显著高于正常对照组;非GIO组、应用激素组（GIO组＋非GIO组）与正常对照组比较各基因型频率均无统计学差异.正常对照组OPG基因C1217T的CC基因型组各部位的骨密度有高于CT和TT基因型组的趋势,但无统计学差异.非GIO组和GIO组OPG基因C1217T的CC基因型组腰椎的骨密度明显高于CT和TT基因型组（P＜0.05）,分别为：非GIO组CC（1.01±0.17）g/cm^2,CT＋TT（0.99±0.07）g/cm^2;GIO组CC（0.93±0.12）g/cm^2,CT＋TT（0.81±0.08）g/cm^2.经年龄、体重指数等因素校正后,差异仍有明显意义（P＜0.05）.结论：OPG基因C1217T基因型在正常人和应用激素患者（Ⅱ、Ⅲ组）之间无明显差异,它可能与肾小球肾炎的发病无关;C1217T基因型在GIO组和正常对照组之间有明显差异,它可能与糖皮质激素性骨质疏松症的发病有关;OPG基因C1217T多态性与应用糖皮质激素患者（Ⅱ、Ⅲ组）腰椎的骨密度明显相关,等位基因C可能是骨量的保护因子,它可能与应用糖皮质激素后骨量的丢失有关.     

Polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: its impact on plasma homocysteine levels and carotid atherosclerosis in ESRD patients receiving hemodialysis

The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphism has been shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease in healthy subjects as well as in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In this study, we examined the allelic frequency and genotype distribution of the MTHFR gene in 151 Chinese ESRD patients receiving hemodialysis and 135 healthy controls. In addition, we investigated the relationship between the MTHFR gene polymorphism and the plasma homocysteine (Hcy) level as well as the intima-media thickness of common carotid artery (CC-IMT) in these patients. The allelic frequency of the MTHFR gene with the C677T mutation in ESRD patients was 24.5% and that in healthy controls was 23%. Mean plasma Hcy level of the ESRD patients (23.1 +/- 7.4 micromol/l) was significantly higher than that of the controls (10.1 +/- 5.0 micromol/l), but did not correlate with vitamin B(6) and vitamin B(12) status. Moreover, the extent of hyperhomocysteinemia was genetically affected by the C677T mutation of the MTHFR gene. The plasma Hcy levels for the patients with the CC, CT and TT genotypes of the MTHFR gene were 22.3 +/- 6.8, 22.8 +/- 7.3, and 28.3 +/- 2.8 micromol/l, respectively. In addition, we found that the patients bearing the TT genotype had the highest CC-IMT (0.93 +/- 0.07 mm), whereas the lowest values (0.79 +/- 0.13 mm) were observed in those who had the CC genotype. One-way ANOVA showed that the CC-IMT in the patients with the TT genotype was significantly greater than that of the patients with the CC genotype (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mean CC-IMT of the patients carrying either TT or CT genotype of the MTHFR gene was significantly higher than that of the patients bearing the CC genotype (0.86 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.79 +/- 0.13 mm, p = 0.002). Multiple regression analysis, in which the change in CC-IMT was used as the dependent variables, identified age, smoking, the MTHFR genotype (CC = 0, CT = 1, TT = 2) and diabetes mellitus as the independent variables significantly associated with the increase of CC-IMT (p < 0.001). These risk factors jointly explained 43.9% of the CC-IMT variation and age explained most of the variation (R(2) = 0.34). We conclude that both the TT genotype and the T allele of the MTHFR gene are associated with the increase of CC-IMT in hemodialysis patients. The C677T mutation of the MTHFR gene may be an independent risk factor that predicts the development of carotid atherosclerosis in ESRD patients.     

SPO11基因单核苷酸多态性与陕西回族人群非梗阻性无精症相关性研究

目的探讨SPO11基因单核苷酸多态性在陕西回族非梗阻性无精症人群中的分布及其与无精症发病风险的关联。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）方法,分析40例陕西回族非梗阻性无精症患者和45例陕西回族正常对照男性SPO11基因SNP位点（rs28368082）的基因分型和等位基因频率,以及其与非梗阻性无精症发病的相关性。结果 SPO11基因SNP位点（rs28368082）的CC,CT两种基因型频率在病例和对照组中分布存在显著性差异（P=0.048）,携带CT基因型的个体患非梗阻性无精症的风险是CC基因型的7.76倍（95%CI=0.89～66.58）。结论SPO11基因SNP位点（rs28368082）与陕西回族人群非梗阻性无精症发病风险存在关联,可能是陕西回族人群非梗阻性无精症的遗传易感基因之一。