鞍隔、鞍隔孔形态解剖学观测

为临床垂体腺瘤和颅咽管瘤手术提供解剖学基础 ,我们对 2 0个经 10 %福尔马林固定的成年尸体头部标本 (男 13,女 7) ,经常规方法取脑后 ,在手术显微镜下对其鞍隔、鞍隔孔进行了观测 ,结果 :1.鞍隔系被覆于垂体上方的硬脑膜皱襞 ,75 % (15例 )呈长方形 ,15 %(3例 )呈正方形 ,10 % (2例 )呈随园形 ;左右宽 11.5± 1.7mm,前后长 8.3± 1.6 mm;周边厚 ,中央薄 ,5 % (1例 )上膨 ,6 0 % (12例 )下陷 ,35 % (7例 )平坦。 2 .鞍隔孔 70 % (14例 )呈园形 ,30 % (6例 )呈椭园形 ;其孔径 :园形直径为 7.4± 1.6 mm,椭园形左右径为 9.7±1.4mm,前后经为 …     

隔肌肌电图频谱分析

本文对膈肌肌电图(diaphragm electromygram,EMGdi)信号进行频谱分析,探讨其检测膈肌疲劳(diaphragm fatigue,DF)的可靠性及敏感性。 观察健康成人43例,男34例,年龄33～67岁;女9例,年龄26～65岁。无慢性心肺及神经肌肉疾患病史,2周内无急性呼吸道感染史,X线胸透和肺功能检查正常。     

隔代教育不隔爱

正据有关资料显示,目前有一半以上的孩子由祖辈抚养,以北京为例,有54%的孩子由奶奶带,有23%的孩子由姥姥带,其他城市的状况也大致相同,隔代教育俨然已成为现代家庭教育的一种普遍模式,在某种程度上影响着孩子未来的发展。那么,我们应该如何看待隔代教育,又该如何克服隔代教育带来的种种不利因素呢?     

成人房室隔的研究

利用56例成人心脏标本和4例心脏切片对人心房室隔进行了观察和测量.认为房室隔位于右房与左室之间,上界为二尖瓣前瓣环和主动脉后瓣环与右瓣环,下界为三尖瓣隔侧瓣附着缘.前界为室上嵴后缘,后界为冠状窦口.房室隔分为前部与后部,分别与左室流出道和流入道相对应.测量了房室隔的下缘下、前部长和后部长,分别为2.95±0.08,1.62±0.07和1.33±0.07cm;测量后缘宽、中部宽和前部宽,分别为1.61±0.05,1.04±0.04和0.49±0.04cm.描述了各部的组织结构.对房室隔的命名、机能和临床意义进行了讨论.     

室中隔的血液供应

引言冠状动脉在室中隔的血液供应,在一般教科书中均未加叙述。最近James与Rodriguez及其同事指出室中隔除由前、后中隔动脉分布外,尚有降中隔动脉参加。Blu-mgart对冠状动脉的吻合曾进行探讨,Bellman及其同事借助显微摄影,对正常人冠状动脉的侧支循环从事研究。此区血液供应的形态学研究,特别有关心传导系的血液供应,随着心脏外科的发展,具有一定的实用意义。本文对冠状动脉在室中隔的分支、分布与吻合等从事观察,为形态学与临床医学提供参考资料。     

膝关节髁间隔存留三例

在六十例婴幼儿膝关节尸检时,发现三例髁间隔存留,现报道如下:例1:男,二岁半.左膝关节内有完整的髁间隔,其前上缘为游离缘,后端附着于股骨髁间切迹前缘,上缘前端附着于髌骨关节面的下方,下缘附着于胫骨平台的髁间区(图1).髁间隔的前部伸向两侧,延伸达位于髌韧带后方的脂肪垫,并附着于关节腔内两侧,形成翼状襞.在髁间隔与翼状襞相邻处有大量脂肪组织.髁间隔的后部伸至前、后交叉韧带.此隔在前交叉韧带前方,胫骨髁间平台上方呈透明的薄膜.此例的前交叉韧带后移,附着于髁间隆起的后方.     

透明隔腔容量CT定量分析

目的：定量研究正常成人透明隔腔（Cavum septa peullcidum,CSP)容量及其性别判别，方法：采用T 积分析法（PVA）定量研究82例成年人CSP容量，结果：经统计学处理，其均值及95％之正常范围为男3．02－4．49ml，女2．57－4．38ml，男女之比差异P＞0．05。结论：正常成年人CSP容量可由CT的PVA法测定，其均值的95％正常范围无显著性性别差异。     

内侧隔核与学习记忆

基底前脑胆碱能系统一直被认为与动物的学习记忆能力密切相关。内侧隔核是基底前脑系统的一个重要核团,与周围结构的纤维联系比较复杂。它通过隔海马通路影响动物的学习与空间记忆能力。本文主要是对内侧隔核的解剖关系、内侧隔核与海马和学习记忆的关系以及影响内侧隔核胆碱能神经元功能变化的因素等方面进行综述。     

三角隔核和伞隔核的纤维联系——HRP及CB-HRP法研究

用HRP法及CB—HRP法研究了15只大鼠三角隔核及伞隔核的传入和传出纤维联系。结果表明:三角隔核主要接受海马、斜角带核、中缝正中核及被盖腹侧区的传入投射,也接受来自乳头体上核和蓝斑的纤维;伞隔核主要接受海马后部的传入纤维,也接受来自斜角带核、乳头体上核及被盖腹侧区的投射。三角隔核和伞隔核的传出纤维主要经髓纹终于内侧缰核,也有纤维经斜角带止于斜角带核。     

胚胎隔或隔＋蓝斑联合移植改善单侧穹窿伞损伤的老年大鼠空间记忆

对老年对照、单侧穹窿伞横断、穹窿伞横断＋隔移植及穹窿伞横断＋隔＋蓝斑联合移植等四组大鼠，在完全切断大鼠左侧穹窿伞后１０ｄ，将胚胎隔或隔＋蓝斑移植物的悬浮液注入损伤鼠双侧海马．１６周后分别用Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ水迷宫观察大鼠的学习记忆，用ＣｈＡＴ及ＴＨ染色观察移植物的生长，以ＡＣｈＥ染色观察宿主海马胆碱能纤维密度。结果表明：单侧穹窿伞横断不仅能严重地破坏大鼠的学习记忆功能，同时也使同侧海马的胆碱能纤维大量丧失；隔移植能改善损伤鼠的学习记忆功能，同时也使去胆碱能传入的海马重获胆碱能纤维的支配；隔＋蓝斑联合移植虽也能改善学习记忆功能，但作用不如隔移植，而且联合移植只提高损伤鼠海马ＣＡ１区胆碱能纤维密度，对ＣＡ３区及齿状回无作用，提示胚胎蓝斑不能协同隔移植物起作用。     

大鼠海马内胆碱能纤维损伤后的侧枝抽芽

目的观察穹窿海马伞损伤鼠海马胆碱能纤维损伤后的再生状况。方法切断SD成年大鼠穹窿海马伞,用染AChE纤维的组织化学方法结合网格测试,分析术后1、2、3、4周海马Cal区和齿状回的分子层胆碱能纤维的侧支抽芽。结果损伤1周时Cal区和齿状回的分子层胆碱能纤维明显减少,分别减少到67．50％和66．9l％;从第2周开始纤维数量逐渐恢复,至第4周Cal区分子层纤维恢复到正常的82．42％,而齿状回分子层纤维恢复到97．82％。结论成年哺乳类海马内胆碱能纤维损伤后有很强的侧支抽芽能力。     

神经生长因子/胶源性神经营养因子基因修饰神经前体细胞单独和联合移植促进阿尔茨海默病模型鼠海马胆碱能纤维网的重建

目的 :观察神经生长因子 (Nervegrowthfactor,NGF) /胶源性神经营养因子 (Glialcellline derivedneurotroph icfactor,GDNF)基因修饰神经前体细胞 (Neuralprogenitorcell,NPC)单独和联合移植对阿尔茨海默病 (Alzheimer’sdisease,AD)模型鼠海马胆碱能纤维网的促重建作用。方法 :将NGF/GDNF基因修饰的NPC单独和联合移植入FF切断的大鼠侧脑室内。移植后三周取海马切片进行AchE纤维组织化学染色。结果 :CA1区和齿状回的NGF组、GDNF组和NGF +GDNF组的AchE纤维数分别为 3 2 %和 5 0 %、1 8%和 2 4 %、2 4 %和 5 8% ,明显高于损伤组(4 %和 6% )和NPC组 (7%和 9% ) ,P均 <0 .0 1 ;NGF组也高于GDNF组 (P <0 .0 5和P <0 .0 1 )。结论 :NGF/GDNF基因修饰的NPC单独和联合移植均能不同程度地促进AD模型鼠海马胆碱能纤维网的重建 ,其中NGF组和NGF +GDNF组作用大于GDNF组     

Recovery of hippocampal cholinergic activity by transplantation of septal neurons in AF64A treated rats

Embryonic septal neurons were transplanted into the hippocampus of adult rats which had received lateral-ventricular administration of AF64A, a cholinergic neurotoxin, and the effects on hippocampal cholinergic activity were studied. One week after AF64A administration, we injected dissociated septal cell suspension into the dorsal hippocampus, unilaterally. About 3 months after the transplantation, acetylcholine (ACh)-rich septal grafts formed extensive acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive fibers into the host hippocampus, recovering choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) level only in the grafted side. These results indicate that septal implants can produce a partial recovery of the cholinergic activity in the chemically damaged hippocampus.     

树内侧隔核—斜角带复合体向腹侧海马的胆碱能和非胆碱能投射

本研究运用 WGA-HRP逆行追踪结合胆碱乙酰化酶免疫组织化学法研究了树鼠句内侧隔核 -斜角带复合体向腹侧海马的投射。结果表明 ,(1)树鼠句腹侧海马接受内侧隔核 -斜角带复合体的投射有三种形式 ,即来自内侧隔核 ,内侧隔核 -斜角带垂直部的外侧部和内侧隔核 -斜角带垂直部的后部。(2 )腹侧海马来自内侧隔核和斜角带垂直部的投射主要是非胆碱能的 ,其非胆碱能和胆碱能均主要来自内侧隔核。 (3 )腹侧海马各亚区 (CA1、CA2 /CA3和齿状回门区或 CA4)都主要接受内侧隔核的纤维传入 ,但胆碱能和非胆碱能比例不同 ,CA1、CA2 /CA3和 CA4来自内侧隔核 -斜角带垂直部的投射均主要是非胆碱能的 ,且主要来自内侧隔核 ,其胆碱能几乎等量来自内侧隔核和斜角带垂直部。内侧隔核 -斜角带复合体—腹侧海马亚区胆碱能和非胆碱能投射比例的不同 ,为认识内侧隔核 -斜角带复合体—海马通路对记忆环路中的海马调节机制 ,提供了新的形态学依据     

Microanatomical and electrophysiological changes of the rat dentate gyrus caused by lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis

The effect of unilateral or bilateral lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) on the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus were assessed using microanatomical and electrophysiological techniques. NBM is the main cholinergic basal forebrain nucleus that supplies the fronto-parietal cortex. Lesions were induced using the neurotoxin ibotenic acid or a radio-frequency system and did not affect glutamic acid decarboxylase activity both in the frontal cortex and in the hippocampus. At 4 weeks after lesioning, a loss of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and of ChAT-immunoreactive fibres was observed in the frontal cortex but not in the hippocampus and no changes in the density of granule neurons of the dentate gyrus or in the hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) were noticeable. At 8 weeks after lesioning the loss of both ChAT activity and of ChAT-immunoreactive fibres persisted in the frontal cortex of NBM-lesioned rats. Moreover, at this time a significant decrease in the density of granule neurons in the dentate gyrus accompanied by a reduced probability of dentate LTP induction were observed in both ibotenic acid- and radio-frequency-lesioned rats. These findings have shown that although NBM does not send direct cholinergic projections to the hippocampus, lesions of this cholinergic nucleus are accompanied by delayed neurodegenerative changes involving the dentate gyrus. This suggests the occurrence of indirect connections between NBM and the hippocampus, the functional relevance of which should be explored.     

基底前脑NOS神经元移植至成年鼠海马内的发育

目的 研究基底胶脑ＮＯＳ神经元移植成年鼠海马内后,ＮＯＳ的发育变化规律,同时观察移植的与宿主海马间发生联系的情况。方法 将大鼠１４－１６ｄ胚胎的基底前脑移植到单侧穹隆海马伞切断的成的大鼠海马内,动物在移植后存活５,７,１４,３０,６０,９０,１５０和１８０ｄ分别取脑,经ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ法和尼氏染色观察。结果 在移植后第７ｄ时ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ阳性染色才出现在ＮＯＳ阳性神经元内,随着移植物成活时间的延长,     

Autoradiographic analysis of [H]ryanodine binding sites in rat brain: Regional distribution and the effects of lesions on sites in the hippocampus

Quantitative and qualitative autoradiographic methods together with lesion approaches were used to determine the distribution of [3H]ryanodine binding sites in rat brain and the neuronal localization of these sites in the hippocampus. In normal animals, levels of [3H]ryanodine binding sites ranged from a low of about 1 fmol/mg tissue in subcortical structures to a high of 12-18 fmol/mg tissue in subregions of the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb. Relatively high densities of sites (5-9 fmol/mg tissue) were also seen in the olfactory tubercle, most areas of the cerebral cortex, accumbens nucleus, striatum, lateral septal nuclei, pontine nucleus, superior colliculus and granule cell layer of the cerebellum. Specific binding was undetectable in white matter. In experimental animals, intracerebral injections of kainic acid caused neuronal degeneration and a near total depletion of [3H]ryanodine binding sites in the dentate gyrus and in fields CA1, CA2 and CA3 of the hippocampus. Injections of kainic acid that left dentate granule cells largely intact while destroying all neurons in field CA3 had no effect on binding sites in the dentate gyrus. However, these lesions substantially reduced the density of binding in field CA3, leaving a narrow band of sites outlining the position of the degenerated CA3 pyramidal cells. Mechanical knife-cut lesions that severed the granule cell mossy fiber input to field CA3 reduced the density of binding sites in the CA3 region. The results indicate that [3H]ryanodine binding sites in brain are heterogeneously distributed and suggest that a proportion of these sites in the hippocampus may be contained in mossy fiber terminals where a presumptive calcium channel/ryanodine receptor complex may be involved in the regulation of calcium mobilization and/or neurotransmitter release.     

Neural grafting to ischemic lesions of the adult rat hippocampus

Summary The purpose of this study was to examine the structural and connective integration of developing hippocampal neurons grafted to ischemic lesions of the adult rat hippocampus. The 4-vessel occlusion model was used to cause transient cerebral ischemia which damages CA1 pyramidal cells in the dorsal hippocampus, but spares nonpyramidal neurons and afferents in the area. One week later, cell suspensions were made from the CA1 region of fetal (E18-20) rats and injected stereotaxically into the lesion. The recipient brains were examined 6 weeks to 6 months later for survival, morphology, and intrinsic and extrinsic connections of the grafts. The methods used included cell stains, histochemical staining for acetylcholinesterease (AChE), immunocytochemical staining for neuropeptides (cholelecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin (SS), enkephalin (Enk) and an astrocytic marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), as well as tracing by retrograde axonal transport of fluorochromes and light and electron microscopy of anterograde axonal degeneration. The grafts survived well (80%) and were often quite large. They were well integrated in the lesioned host brain area, contained both pyramidal cells and neuropeptidergic neurons and displayed a near normal GFAP immunoreactivity for astrocytes. The latter contrasted the dense gliosis of the host ischemic lesion. Judged by the AChE staining the grafts were innervated by cholinergic host septohippocampal fibers. Ingrowth of host hippocampal commissural fibers was demonstrated by Fink-Heimer staining for degenerating nerve terminals following acute lesions of the hippocampal commissures. At the ultrastructural level degenerating, electron dense terminals of host commissural origin were found even deep inside the graft neuropil in synaptic contact with mainly dendritic spines. A transplant efferent connection to the host brain was demonstrated by retrograde fluorochrome tracing and consisted of a homotypic projection to more posterior levels of the ipsilateral host CA1 and subiculum. Minor abnormal, efferent projections to the host dentate molecular layer were shown in Timm staining. We conclude that fetal CA1 neurons grafted to one week old ischemic lesions of the dorsal CA1 in adult rats become structurally well incorporated and can establish nerve connections with the host brain.     

穹窿海马伞损伤对大鼠学习记忆和海马GFAP阳性神经胶质细胞的影响

为探讨穹隆海马伞损伤鼠学习记忆能力与海马胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞之间的关系 ,切断 SD成年大鼠左侧穹窿海马伞 ,用 Y迷宫和免疫组织化学结合图像分析系统测试大鼠学习记忆能力和海马胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞的变化状况及它们的相互关系。结果显示 :损伤 2周后 ,损伤组损伤侧海马 CA1 区辐射层和齿状回分子层胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞的数密度较正常组分别增多 3 0 .2 9%和 3 0 .15 % (都为 P<0 .0 1) ,胞体面积分别增加 16.0 4%和 19.42 % (都为 P<0 .0 1) ,齿状回分子层胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞体密度增大 19.40 % (P<0 .0 5 )。经相关分析 ,大鼠学习记忆能力与海马 CA1 区胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞数密度呈负相关 (r=-0 .83 6,P<0 .0 1) ,与齿状回数密度呈负相关 (r=-0 .792 ,P<0 .0 1)。提示海马星形胶质细胞可能参与学习记忆过程