Morbidly adherent placenta previa in current practice: prediction and maternal morbidity in a series of 23 women who underwent hysterectomy

Abstract

Objective: To assess the prediction and maternal morbidity of morbidly adherent placenta previa (PP) when currently available management options are used.

Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study of all women with PP/morbidly adherent placenta previa (MAPP) delivered at our hospital over a period of 9 years. Data were obtained through hospital registry and medical records search

Results: A total of 81 PP were identified, 23 (28.4%) of them had MAPP. All MAPP had previous lower segment cesarean section (LSCS). The following are associated with increased odds of MAPP versus PP, LSCS (OR for each additional LSCS was 2.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.8, 4.5, p?≤?0.005), age ≥35 years (OR 4.3 (95% CI: 1.4, 12.7, p?=?0.008). Anterior or central placenta (OR?=?11.6; p?=?0.028). Women with previous PP were at risk. Fifteen women were diagnosed by ultrasound [sensitivity 0.65 (0.43, 0.83) and PPV 0.79 (0.54, 0.93)]. MAPP was associated with risk of massive transfusion, bladder injury, DIC and admission to intensive care unit (ICU) (p?<?0.005, 0.008, 0.036 and 0.008, respectively). One maternal death was reported in the MAPP group.

Conclusion: MAPP is associated with high morbidity and mortality. As the diagnosis is often not certain before delivery, we recommend that all PP and previous LSCS are assumed to be morbidly adherent, and should be managed in properly equipped centers.     

Placenta previa percreta with urinary bladder and ureter invasion

A 26-year-old woman, with one previous cesarean delivery and two uterine curettage due to incomplete abortion, was admitted to the labor ward with the diagnosis of partial placenta previa at 35 weeks of gestation. Repeat cesarean section was performed due to profuse vaginal bleeding. Placenta previa percreta invading the bladder trigone was confirmed with cystotomy. As bilateral hypogastric artery ligation and supracervical hysterectomy performed were not successful in stopping the profuse bleeding, the abdomen was packed with laparotomy pads. Dilatation of the left ureter was noticed on the second postoperative day. Relaparotomy was performed to remove the pads, and placental invasion of the distal left ureter was noticed. Ureteroneocystostomy was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the double-J-catheter was removed two months later.     

Placenta previa percreta with fetal survival

A case of placenta previa percreta accompanied by massive hemorrhage is described. Both the mother and fetus survived. Anticipation of this rare obstetric condition is both possible and essential for optimum management.     

Maternal mortality and serious maternal morbidity in Jehovah's witnesses in the Netherlands

Objective  To determine the risk of maternal mortality and serious maternal morbidity because of major obstetric haemorrhage in Jehovah's witnesses in the Netherlands.
Design  A retrospective study of case notes.
Setting  All tertiary care centres, general teaching hospitals and other general hospitals in the Netherlands.
Sample  All cases of maternal mortality in the Netherlands between 1983 and 2006 and all cases of serious maternal morbidity in the Netherlands between 2004 and 2006.
Methods  Study of case notes using two different nationwide enquiries over two different time periods.
Main outcome measures  Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and risk of serious maternal mortality.
Results  The MMR for Jehovah's witnesses was 68 per 100 000 live births. We found a risk of 14 per 1000 for Jehovah's witnesses to experience serious maternal morbidity because of obstetric haemorrhage while the risk for the total pregnant population was 4.5 per 1000.
Conclusions  Women who are Jehovah's witnesses are at a six times increased risk for maternal death, at a 130 times increased risk for maternal death because of major obstetric haemorrhage and at a 3.1 times increased risk for serious maternal morbidity because of obstetric haemorrhage, compared to the general Dutch population.     

Placenta previa and the risk of preterm delivery

Objectives. We aimed to quantify the risk of preterm delivery and maternal and neonatal morbidities associated with placenta previa.

Study design. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of singleton births that occurred between 1976 and 2001, examining outcomes including preterm delivery and perinatal complications. Multivariate logistic regression was used to control for potential confounders. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were constructed to compare preterm delivery in pregnancies complicated by previa vs. no previa.

Results. Among the 38 540 women, 230 women had previas (0.6%). Compared to controls, pregnancies with previa were significantly associated with preterm delivery prior to 28 weeks (3.5% vs. 1.3%; p = 0.003), 32 weeks (11.7% vs. 2.5%; p < 0.001), and 34 weeks (16.1% vs. 3.0%; p < 0.001) of gestation. Patients with previa were more likely to be diagnosed with postpartum hemorrhage (59.7% vs. 17.3%; p < 0.001) and to receive a blood transfusion (11.8% vs. 1.1%; p < 0.001). Survival curves demonstrate the risk of preterm delivery at each week and showed an overall higher rate of preterm delivery for patients with a placenta previa.

Conclusions. Placenta previa is associated with maternal and neonatal complications, including preterm delivery and postpartum hemorrhage. These specific outcomes can be used to counsel women with previa.     

Placenta previa: Antepartum conservative management,inpatient versus outpatient

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to compare outcomes of patients with placenta previa managed expectantly in either an inpatient or outpatient setting. STUDY DESIGN: Records for 238 patients coded as having placenta previa over the 12-year period from 1981 through 1992 were reviewed, and outcomes were compared. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were managed conservatively (i.e., delivered >7 days after diagnosis). Fifty-five patients were hospitalized and 49 were followed up as outpatients. There was no significant difference in gestational age or birth weights at delivery. Likewise, the average lowest postpartum hemoglobins were similar. Infant morbidity was similar when incidences of respiratory distress syndrome, transient tachypnea of the newborn, and intraventricular hemorrhage were compared. CONCLUSION: Although there may have been other circumstances segregating patients to hospital care or home care, there was no apparent difference in the outcome of the two groups. (AM J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:1683-6.)     

Complete versus incomplete placenta previa and obstetric outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To compare obstetric outcome in women with complete versus incomplete placenta previa (PP). METHODS: A 10-year retrospective case-control study was conducted between 1992 and 2001. A 202 singleton pregnancies with PP were analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence of PP was 0.4%. Complete PP comprised 32.7% and incomplete PP 67.3% of cases. No difference was observed in the frequency of antepartum hemorrhage. Women with complete PP had significantly higher requirement for antepartum and postpartum transfusions, higher frequency of postpartum hemorrhage and postpartum hysterectomy. The risk for placenta accreta was increased in complete PP group even after controlling for confounding factors (adjusted OR=3.75, 95% CI=1.11-12.68, p<0.05). No difference in the frequency of preterm delivery was found between the groups. Term infants of mothers with complete PP had significantly lower birth weight (3205 vs. 3360, p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Complete PP is a high-risk subgroup of PP associated with higher maternal morbidity in comparison to incomplete PP.     

Placenta previa: A 22-year analysis

Objective: Our purpose was to identify what anesthetic method is safer for women with a placenta previa. Study Design: We retrospectively reviewed all women with placenta previa who underwent cesarean delivery during the period January 1, 1976–December 31, 1997 at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. Results: Of 93,384 deliveries, placenta previa was found in 514 women. Identifiable trends with time included an increasing incidence of placenta previa (r = 0.54, P < .01); cesarean hysterectomy (r = 0.54, P < .01); placenta accreta (r = 0.45, P < .03); and regional anesthesia (r = 0.84, P < .0001). The mean gestational age at delivery was 35.3 ± 3.4 weeks and did not change with time. General anesthesia was used for delivery in 380 women and regional anesthesia was used for 134 women. Prior cesarean delivery and general anesthesia were independent predictors of the need for blood transfusion, but only prior cesarean delivery was a predictor of the need for hysterectomy. General anesthesia increased the estimated blood loss, was associated with a lower postoperative hemoglobin concentration, and increased the need for blood transfusion. Elective and emergent deliveries did not differ in estimated blood loss, in postoperative hemoglobin concentrations, or in the incidence of intraoperative and anesthesia complications. Regional and general anesthesia did not differ in the incidence of intraoperative and anesthesia complications. Conclusions: In women with placenta previa, general anesthesia increased intraoperative blood loss and the need for blood transfusion. Regional anesthesia appears to be a safe alternative. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1432-7.)     

止血带在前置胎盘剖宫产术中的应用

目的:评估止血带在前置胎盘剖宫产术中的应用效果。方法:选择2004年1月至2010年12月在我院入院的前置胎盘患者共142例,胎盘均位于子宫下段前壁。采用常规方法行子宫下段横切口70例为对照组,研究组72例,在切开子宫之前,用橡胶止血带扎住子宫下段,结扎点在胎先露下方,在止血带上方切开子宫,迅速娩出胎儿。结果:研究组平均术中出血量、产后出血发生率均显著低于对照组,两组比较差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01),研究组无一例子宫切除。两组新生儿出生体重、Apgar评分、脐动脉血pH值比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组均无围生儿死亡。结论:对位于子宫前壁的前置胎盘,在切开子宫之前使用止血带,能显著降低术中出血量,是一种安全、有效的处理前置胎盘术中出血的新措施,对新生儿结局无不良影响。     

Severe maternal morbidity in a tertiary care centre of northern Italy: a 5-year review

Objective: To assess prevalence and causes of severe acute maternal morbidity cases and evaluate their impact on feto-maternal wellbeing and on facility resources. Study Design: Observational retrospective study adopting management-based criteria in a tertiary care public hospital during a 5-year period. Criteria adopted were: intensive care unit admission, blood transfusion?≥ 4 units, emergency peripartum hysterectomy and arterial embolization at any time during pregnancy. Results: A total of 80 cases were identified, most of them (97.5%) through a combination of two criteria, ICU admission and blood transfusion. Commonest severe obstetric morbidities were major obstetric haemorrhage (48.8%) and hypertensive disorders (27.5%). Immigrant status (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.03–2.7), pre-term birth (OR 4.15, 95% CI 2.5–6.8), Caesarean section (OR 7.74,95% CI 4.2–14.3) were factors significantly associated with SAMM cases. Major abdominal surgery was necessary in 26 women (32.5%), with emergency peripartum hysterectomy in 11 (13.5%). These events led to an average blood consumption per woman of 6.5?±?12.8 units and a mean hospital stay of 8.9?±?5.0 days, significantly longer (p?<?0.001) than the average duration of post-delivery care. Maternal mortality to morbility ratio was 1:80. Conclusions: An integrated intervention-based approach proved to be effective in finding severe acute maternal morbidity cases. Information on underlying causes and associated risk factors may improve prevention and treatment of obstetric morbidities, thus reducing feto-maternal adverse effects and hospital expenditures.     

疤痕子宫合并中央性前置胎盘的围手术期并发症及母儿预后

目的:探讨疤痕子宫合并中央性前置胎盘的围手术期出血及严重并发症的发生情况及处理措施,分析和介绍腹主动脉球囊阻滞控制术中出血的效果。方法:2005年1月至2013年11月在我院产科分娩的疤痕子宫合并中央性前置胎盘患者共97例。根据术中胎盘与子宫附着情况分为3组,其中胎盘植入组39例,胎盘粘连组18例,正常剥离组40例。胎盘植入组中有5例于剖宫产术中行腹主动脉下段球囊阻滞。分析各组患者产前、术中及术后的出血、输血、严重并发症及母儿预后情况。结果:(1)胎盘植入组的产前出血率为43.6%,明显低于胎盘粘连组(67.7%)及正常剥离组(72.5%)(P0.05),后两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。胎盘植入组、胎盘粘连组和正常剥离组的术中平均出血量分别为(1990±1226)ml、(950±300)ml和(625±383)ml,围手术期平均出血量为(2208±1409)ml、(1189±822)ml和(773±554)ml,3组的术中和围手术期平均出血量比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。胎盘植入组中37例(94.9%)输血,平均输血量为(2005±1198)ml;胎盘粘连组中16例(88.7%)输血,平均输血量为(963±393)ml;正常剥离组23例(57.5%)输血,平均输血量为(1091±833)ml。胎盘植入组的输血率和输血量均显著高于胎盘粘连组及正常剥离组(P均0.01),后两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)胎盘植入组中,行腹主动脉球囊阻滞的5例患者的出血量中位数为1000ml,平均1020ml,明显低于未行球囊阻滞者(中位数2000ml,平均2135ml)(P0.01)。(3)胎盘植入组和胎盘粘连组分别有26例(66.7%)和1例行子宫切除术。(4)无孕产妇死亡。1例胎盘植入患者术中出血6000ml,一度心脏骤停,抢救成功,病愈出院。1例孕29周重度窒息新生儿死亡,其余新生儿均存活病愈出院。结论:疤痕子宫合并中央性行前置胎盘患者,胎盘植入发生率高,围手术期出血量及输血量大,子宫切除率高,术前应做好大量输血准备。腹主动脉球囊阻滞是一种有效的控制出血的措施。     

凶险性前置胎盘20例临床分析

目的:探讨凶险性前置胎盘的诊治及与孕妇年龄、流产次数和剖宫产次数的关系.方法:2006年6月至2012年12月我院收治前置胎盘患者226例,其中凶险性前置胎盘20例,比较凶险性前置胎盘组(20例)和非凶险性前置胎盘组(206例)在孕妇年龄、流产次数和剖宫产次数的差异,回顾性分析20例凶险性前置胎盘的诊治情况.结果:①凶险性前置胎盘组孕妇年龄≥35岁、流产次数≥3次、剖宫产次数≥2次的发生率明显高于非凶险性前置胎盘组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).②术前诊断凶险性前置胎盘的准确率为100.0％,20例凶险性前置胎盘B超诊断胎盘植入的敏感度为88.9％ (8/9),特异度为90.9％(10/11),MRI检查敏感度为100.0％ (3/3),特异度为100.0％(5/5).③20例凶险性前置胎盘均采用手术治疗,其中2例因术中出现失血性休克立即行子宫切除,其余18例术中生命体征平稳,均先采用保守性手术,3例因保守性手术治疗无效行子宫切除,子宫切除率为25.0％ (5/20).结论:凶险性前置胎盘术前应通过超声及MRI进行充分评估有无胎盘植入,从而制定相应的手术方案;在病情允许的情况下可先行保守性手术,如无效时应及时行子宫切除.高龄孕妇、多次剖宫产及多次人工流产史与凶险性前置胎盘有关.     

Anesthesia management of complete versus incomplete placenta previa: a retrospective cohort study

Purpose: Placenta previa (PP) is a major cause of obstetric hemorrhage. Clinical diagnosis of complete versus incomplete PP has a significant impact on the peripartum outcome. Our study objective is to examine whether distinction between PP classifications effect anesthetic management.

Methods and materials: This multi-center, retrospective, cohort study was performed in two tertiary university-affiliated medical centers between the years 2005 and 2013. Electronic delivery databases were reviewed for demographic, anesthetic, obstetric hemorrhage, and postoperative outcomes for all cases.

Results: Throughout the study period 452 cases of PP were documented. We found 134 women (29.6%) had a complete PP and 318 (70.4%) had incomplete PP. Our main findings were that women with complete PP intraoperatively had higher incidence of general anesthesia (p?=?.017), higher mean estimated blood loss (p?p?p?p?p?=?.02), a longer median postoperative care unit (PACU) (p?=?.02), ICU (p?=?.002), and overall length of stay in the hospital (p?Conclusions: Complete PP is associated with increased risk of hemorrhage compared with incomplete PP. Therefore distinction between classifications should be factored into anesthetic management protocols.     

Capacity to monitor severe maternal morbidity in Australia

Maternal mortality has traditionally been the key element in the monitoring of maternal health and adequacy of obstetric services in Australia and around the world. In developed countries, the ability of maternal mortality to serve this purpose is reduced because of the rarity of maternal mortality, reflected in very low maternal mortality ratios. Internationally, there has been increasing interest in severe maternal morbidity as an indicator to monitor maternal health and maternity services. The aim of this paper is to critically examine the capacity to measure and monitor maternal morbidity in Australia. There is a paucity of reliable maternal morbidity data in Australia; Australia is lagging behind peer countries that are endeavouring to monitor severe maternal morbidity. Dedicated efforts and adequate resources are needed in order to monitor severe maternal morbidity in Australia.     

Risk factors and management patterns for emergency obstetric hysterectomy over 2 decades

Objective

To review the demographic characteristics of patients, risk factors, indications, and complications of emergency obstetric hysterectomy (EOH), and to determine the changing trends in EOH over the last 2 decades.

Methods

A retrospective review of all consecutive cases of EOH over the last 20 years at Mayday University Hospital, UK.

Results

There were 84 698 deliveries between January 1989 and January 2009. Fifty-two women had an EOH, with an incidence of 0.6 per 1000 deliveries. The underlying cause of EOH was uncontrolled primary hemorrhage in 50 (96.2%) women and severe sepsis leading to secondary hemorrhage in 2 (3.8%) women. A total of 38 (73%) EOHs were performed for intractable bleeding after cesarean delivery. Twenty-five EOHs were performed in the first decade, and 27 EOHs were performed in last decade.

Conclusion

Despite the introduction of pharmacologic agents and new surgical techniques to control postpartum hemorrhage, there was no reduction in the prevalence of EOH. Previous cesarean delivery with associated placenta previa or placenta accreta was a major contributor toward EOH.     

前置血管破裂的诊治

前置血管破裂是产科一种急危重症疾病,往往并发于脐带帆状附着、前置胎盘、双叶胎盘或副胎盘等情况,严重威胁胎儿及新生儿的生命,影响围产儿结局。因此,产前高度怀疑前置血管时需严密的监护,及时诊断前置血管破裂和终止妊娠是改善围产儿结局的关键。