兴仁县回龙村矿石,废矿渣对周围环境的铊污染调查

钻井矿石堆积及炼汞废弃矿渣堆积而引起周围环境的铊污染，面积约１×２．５公里，污染区内，土壤铊在４３０～１７５７０μｇ／１００ｇ之间，野生草本植物及灌、乔木中铊含量为０．２０～４３．５０μｇ／１００９，动物中铊检出量在０．６７～１０２６μｇ／１００ｇ间，鸡卵为２５～１２７０μｇ／１００ｇ，在污染中心区，井水为０．０４～１３．８ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，河水０．０４～２．７７ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，蔬菜在３６．５０～９９０．００μｇ／１００ｇ，粮食为８．５～４０．００μｇ／１００ｇ间，该地区为铊的严重污染区，当地居民因长期食用其蔬菜、粮食、水及鸡、猪肉等而引起慢性铊中毒。     

人群发砷正常参考值的研究

本研究采用中子活化分析法测定中学教师发砷，测定结果：发砷中位数为０．０６７μｇ／ｇ，９５％位数为０．２４５μｇ／ｇ；北京市为０．０３１μｇ／ｇ和０．１２３μｇ／ｇ；韶关市为０．１１７μｇ／ｇ和０．２９９μｇ／ｇ。发砷含量与性别，年龄，吸烟和食物构成（食鱼，肉，蛋，菜）有相关关系。证明不同地区正常人群发砷含量有差别，故制订我国人群发砷正常参考值时应包括全国发砷最低与最高值的范围。     

高砷区和汞矿区居民血硒水平的调查

用新极谱法对新疆高砷地区和贵州汞矿区及其对照组居民血硒进行测定。新疆生产建设兵团农七师高砷区１２３团和非高砷区１２９团、贵州省铜仁市汞矿区居民血硒水平均属正态分布，分别为５６．４±２９．３，６７．９±２８．２和１３５．８±３６．４μｇ／Ｌ。铜仁市非汞矿区居民血硒水平属对数正态分布，为１１４．４±１．５３６μｇ／Ｌ。高砷区１２３团的健康人血硒水平亦属正态分布，为１４２．２±２５．０μｇ／Ｌ，远高于非健康人的血硒含量，有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．００１）。     

河南省非职业接触人群尿砷参考值

采用分光光度法测定河南省２０６５名非职业接触人群晨尿中砷的含量，结果表明：（１）郑州、洛阳、安阳、信阳、商丘五地区间存在差异但无非常显著性（０．０１＜Ｐ＜０．０２５）。（２）年龄段间及性别间差异无非常显著性（０．０１＜Ｐ＜０．０２５及Ｐ＞０．５）。（３）所测数据呈正偏态分布，中位数为１７．８μｇ／Ｌ，算术均数为２０．７μｇ／Ｌ，标准差为１５．２μｇ／Ｌ，几何均值为１７．３μｇ／Ｌ。（４）建议河南省非职业人群尿砷参考值上限为５６μｇ／Ｌ。     

我国高砷饮水的地理分布与暴露人群

根据我国饮水水质与水性疾病调查资料,统计了我国高砷饮水的地理分布和暴露人群。从２８８００多份水样测定得出：我国饮水中砷浓度０．０３０～０．０４９ｍｇ／Ｌ的饮用人口为９０２万人;水砷浓度为０．０５０～０．０９９ｍｇ／Ｌ的饮用人口为３３４万人;而水砷浓度＞０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ的饮用人口为２２９万人。全国大约有１４６０万人受到来自饮水砷（＞０．０３０ｍｇ／Ｌ）的暴露,占调查区人口的１．５％。高砷饮水主要是地下水。本文表列了各省、自治区、直辖市的饮水砷浓度状况,图示了这些高砷水的地理分布。     

环境汞污染对居民尿中神经递质含量和神经行为的影响

应用荧光分光光度测定法和世界卫生组织推荐的神经行为核心测试组合法分别对汞污染水平不同的地区（大气中汞浓度平均值,污染区为０．００２１ｍｇ／ｍ３,对照区０．０００６５ｍｇ／ｍ３）非职业性汞接触居民进行尿中去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺、５－羟色胺、５－羟吲哚乙酸４种神经递质含量和神经行为功能测定。结果显示：污染区居民尿中４种神经递质含量均高于对照区居民,两区神经行为功能指标测试值不同,经检验均有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示汞可以干扰神经递质的代谢过程,并对神经行为功能产生影响。     

皮蛋国家卫生标准制准制修订研究报告

本文对７７５份皮蛋的卫生指标进行了测定，卫生指标含量范围铅为０—５／Ｋｇ，砷为０—１１．２／Ｋｇ，铜为０．７－１７．５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，锌为３．８－３５／ｋｇ，ＰＨ为８．５０－１１．５。参考国家卫生标准ＧＢ５１２８—８５、ＧＢ９６９４—８８标准，提出皮蛋卫生标准理化指标为传统工艺生产的皮蛋铅为≤２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，砷为≤为０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ＰＨ为≥９．５０；非传统生产的皮蛋铅为≤０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，砷为≤０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，铜为≤１０ｍｇ．ｋｇ，锌为≤２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ；微生物指标：菌落总数≤５００个／ｍｌ，大肠菌群为≤３０个ＭＰＮ／１００ｍｌ，致病菌不得检出。     

共沉淀富集-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水中砷

研究了用氯氧化锆共沉淀浓缩量砷，用１＋１硝酸溶解沉淀富集在灰化温度３００℃，原子化温度２２００℃条件下，采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接测定水中砷，同时对共沉淀时间，沉淀剂的用量及其它共存离子的等最佳测试条件作了试验。结果表明，砷浓度在０～３０μｇ／Ｌ范围内符合比尔定律，方法的回收率为９０．０％～９７．５％，相对标准偏差为３．９％～５．７％，检出限为０．１μｇ／Ｌ。     

人体五氯酚环境接触量的研究

为了解人体对五氯酚环境的影响暴露情况，对五氯酚使用区人群五氯酚环境接触量进行了调查研究。结果发现，使用区中各种食物，饮水无受到不同程度的污染，成人日平均接触量 ０．５７μｇ，母乳喂婴儿为１．７μｇ，成人尿中五氯酚含量是０．０５μｇ／Ｌ，体内脂肪中含量２５３．４μｇ／ｋｇ。提示污染区人群对五氯酚有一定程度的暴露。     

个旧市不同人群发砷调查报告

本文报告了个旧地区106例健康人群发砷测定结果95％上限值为4.12μg/g,建议以4.5μg/g为该地区发砷正常值。同时测定了砷污染区健康居民和砷吸收者发砷含量。结果表明砷污染区居民和砷吸收者发中含砷量均比健康人群高,有显著性差异(P<0.01)。由此可认为个旧市砷污染区对居民身体健康已产生了一定的影响。     

石门雄黄矿附近地区慢性砷中毒流行病学特征

为研究石门雄黄矿附近地区人群慢性砷中毒的患病率及其分布特点,采用现况调查研究方法,以雄贡矿排放洗矿水河流下游的三个村庄为污染区,另选一个远离矿区无污染的村庄为对照,每个村子各选取在当地居住五年以上,无职业性砷接触史的居民约２００人,进行体检并填写健康调查问卷。     

2005年江苏省高砷水源筛查结果分析

目的:了解江苏省高砷水源分布,为制定江苏省地方性砷中毒防治措施提供依据。方法:采用半定量法进行水砷筛查,并对砷含量>0.03 mg/L的可疑阳性样品采用原子荧光法检测。结果:江苏省共筛查水样9427份,其中水砷含量>0.03 mg/L的样品为285份,主要集中在沿淮河、洪泽湖和与安徽接壤的泗洪县和盱眙县。将285份>0.03 mg/L的样品和18份可疑高砷样品进行原子荧光定量检测,结果显示303份样品的砷超标率为72.6%。饮水砷含量最高点在泗洪县的四河乡,达0.333 mg/L。结论:江苏省确实存在饮水高砷地区。     

2004—2008年江苏省饮水型地方性砷中毒流行病学调查

目的了解江苏省高砷水源分布和地方性砷中毒（简称地砷病）病情。方法在全省重点可疑地区进行高砷水源筛查,对6个市、20个县（市、区）进行水样采集和水砷含量检测,对水砷含量≥0．05mg／L的村进行地砷病病情调查,依据《地方性砷中毒诊断标准》进行地砷病诊断。结果2004—2008年全省高砷水源筛查共调查1934个村,发现超标村37个;共采集水样40060份,检测出超标水样427份。高砷村分布在沿淮河和洪泽湖周边的淮安XY、JH、HZ、宿迁SH及靠近安徽的徐州SN5个县。2008年地砷病病情调查显示,患者总检出率7．42％,轻度及以上检出率2．70％,病情较轻。结论江苏省的高砷区主要呈沿淮河与洪泽湖周边及靠近安徽分布,地砷病病情虽较轻,但防治工作仍不能忽视,建议进一步加强水砷筛查、病情调查、健康教育和监测工作。     

Research of the physicochemical properties of hair in endemic arsenism area]

The paper reports the results of research of hair in the endemic arsenism area where water with arsenic content is 0.58 mg/L in Kuitun district, Xinjiang. In the area of endemic arsenism, the content of hair arsenic with arsenism patients is higher than that of subjects without arsenism. Hair arsenic content among residents was also higher than those of control areas. The stretch and relative strength of hair of subjects living in the area of endemic arsenism were lower than those of the areas of control. The ultrastructure of hair surface has obvious pathologic changes by scanning electron microscope examination. By using a hygienic standard (the arsenic content of water being 0.03 mg/L) to improve the drinking water for two years, the content of hair arsenic has reduced, approaching 95% upper confidence limit for normal hair (1.5 micrograms/g). The stretch and relative strength of hair have distinctly increased. The ultrastructure of hair surface has returned to near normal. The results of our investigation show that we should pay attention to the latent harm to residents in the high-arsenic-content area. The authors consider that hair arsenic content, stretch and relative strength of hair are sensitive and objective indexes to monitor the effects of improving water quality in area of endemic arsenism.     

Hair and toenail arsenic concentrations of residents living in areas with high environmental arsenic concentrations

Surface soil and groundwater in Australia have been found to contain high concentrations of arsenic. The relative importance of long-term human exposure to these sources has not been established. Several studies have investigated long-term exposure to environmental arsenic concentrations using hair and toenails as the measure of exposure. Few have compared the difference in these measures of environmental sources of exposure. In this study we aimed to investigate risk factors for elevated hair and toenail arsenic concentrations in populations exposed to a range of environmental arsenic concentrations in both drinking water and soil as well as in a control population with low arsenic concentrations in both drinking water and soil. In this study, we recruited 153 participants from areas with elevated arsenic concentrations in drinking water and residential soil, as well as a control population with no anticipated arsenic exposures. The median drinking water arsenic concentrations in the exposed population were 43.8 micro g/L (range, 16.0-73 micro g/L) and median soil arsenic concentrations were 92.0 mg/kg (range, 9.1-9,900 mg/kg). In the control group, the median drinking water arsenic concentration was below the limit of detection, and the median soil arsenic concentration was 3.3 mg/kg. Participants were categorized based on household drinking water and residential soil arsenic concentrations. The geometric mean hair arsenic concentrations were 5.52 mg/kg for the drinking water exposure group and 3.31 mg/kg for the soil exposure group. The geometric mean toenail arsenic concentrations were 21.7 mg/kg for the drinking water exposure group and 32.1 mg/kg for the high-soil exposure group. Toenail arsenic concentrations were more strongly correlated with both drinking water and soil arsenic concentrations; however, there is a strong likelihood of significant external contamination. Measures of residential exposure were better predictors of hair and toenail arsenic concentrations than were local environmental concentrations.     

柳州市正常人群尿砷的正常参考值

目的探讨柳州市无砷接触史的健康成年尿砷的正常参考值上限。方法收集装配公司、机械制造公司、制糖公司等职工及职业技校师生中无砷接触史、经健康检查正常的305份成人的一次性尿样;以某金属治炼有限公司等单位的砷化氢作业接触者作对照组;以原子荧光分光光度法测定尿砷含量。结果正常人群尿砷含量95%上限值为0.104mg/L;305名男女无砷接触史的健康成人尿砷含量基本接近,冶炼厂砷化氢作业接触者(132人)尿砷含量与正常人尿砷比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论根据调查结果,建议柳州市尿砷正常参考值上限为0.11mg/L。     

Arsenic in drinking water in the Los Altos de Jalisco region of Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the degree of contamination by arsenic in drinking water in the Los Altos de Jalisco (LAJ) region of west-central Mexico, and to estimate the levels of exposure that residents of the area face. METHODS: Total arsenic concentration (the sum of all arsenic forms, organic and inorganic) was determined for 129 public water wells in 17 municipal capitals (cabeceras municipales) of the LAJ region, using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. For most of the wells, water samples were taken in both November 2002 and October 2003. The levels of exposure to arsenic were estimated for babies (10 kg), children (20 kg), and adults (70 kg). RESULTS: Mean concentrations of arsenic higher than the Mexican national guideline value of 25 micro g/L were found in 44 (34%) of the 129 wells. The mean concentration of total arsenic for the 129 wells ranged from 14.7 micro g/L to 101.9 micro g/L. The highest concentrations were found in well water samples collected in the cities of Mexticacán (262.9 micro g/L), Teocaltiche (157.7 micro g/L), and San Juan de los Lagos (113.8 micro g/L). Considering the global mean concentration for all the wells in each of the 17 cities, the mean concentration of arsenic exceeded the Mexican guideline value in 7 of the cities. However, the global mean concentration in all 17 cities was higher than the World Health Organization guideline value of 10 micro g/L for arsenic. The range of the estimated exposure doses to arsenic in drinking water was 1.1-7.6 micro g/kg/d for babies, 0.7-5.1 micro g/kg/d for children, and 0.4-2.7 micro g/kg/d for adults. CONCLUSIONS: At the exposure doses estimated in the LAJ region, the potential health effects from chronic arsenic ingestion include skin diseases, gastrointestinal effects, neurological damage, cardiovascular problems, and hematological effects. While all the residents may not be affected, an important fraction of the total population of the LAJ region is under potential health risk due to the ingestion of high levels of arsenic. Epidemiological studies to determine the arsenic levels in the blood, hair, and nails of humans should be conducted in the LAJ region to help assess the relationship between the prevalence of health problems and the chronic ingestion of arsenic.     

饮水砷对儿童智力的影响

目的研究高砷饮水对儿童智力发育的影响。方法选择某高砷饮水地区268名小学生作为研究对象,采集家庭饮用水样和空腹晨尿,测定水砷和尿砷含量。按照水砷含量分为对照组(<0.05mg/L,A组)、低暴露组(0.05~0.1mg/L,B组)、高暴露组(≥0.1mg/L,C组),采用联合型瑞文测试(中国第二次修订版)对研究对象进行智力测验,并针对家庭一般情况、饮水水源情况、儿童健康状况、父母亲文化程度、父母亲健康等情况进行问卷调查。结果A组、B组、C组研究对象尿砷含量中位数分别为0.02、0.04和0.12mg/L,尿砷与饮水砷含量显著相关。单因素分析结果显示,A组、B组和C组男生智商分别为97.3、94.5、95.6;女生智商均值由高到低依次为A组101.3、B组98.3、C组94.2。当调整了其他因素后,水砷含量在0.1mg/L以上女生智商显著降低,相对于对照组平均下降了7.5分;而男生下降趋势不显著。结论长期饮用砷含量在0.1mg/L以上的高砷水对儿童的智力发育可能会造成不利影响,对女生智力的影响较明显。     

高砷饮水对云南傣族儿童生长发育的影响研究

目的了解高砷饮水对傣族儿童生长发育的影响。方法选择高砷饮水（〉0.05mg/L）地区38名傣族6～15岁中小学生作为暴露组,饮水砷含量正常（〈0.05mg/L）的邻村43名同龄中小学生为对照组,采集所有研究对象晨尿、家庭饮用水水样和发样（30份）测定砷含量。采用联合型瑞文测试（中国第二次修订版）对研究对象进行智力测试。按照全国学校卫生体检技术规范进行身高、体重的测量。结果暴露组尿砷、发砷含量均值均高于对照组,且两组发砷含量差异有统计学意义,但暴露组尿砷、发砷含量均值远远低于推荐的正常参考值。暴露组中小学生的智商低于对照组6.35分,并且暴露组与对照组男生智商的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,暴露组随着饮水砷含量的增加,儿童智商呈明显的下降趋势,儿童智商与水砷含量呈显著性负相关（R=-0.62,t=4.72,P〈0.01）。暴露组儿童身高、体重发育不正常的发生率也高于对照组,但差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论饮用水砷含量在0.11mg/L以上的水,对傣族儿童的智力发育可能会造成不利影响。长期低剂量（〈0.07mg/L）饮水砷暴露,尚未发现对傣族儿童身高、体重造成明显的不利影响。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定海洋生物中总砷

目的建立海洋生物中总砷的石墨炉原子吸收方法,测定广东沿海海洋生物中总砷含量。方法海洋生物样品经硝酸高压消解后,采用氯化钯+硝酸镍为基体改进剂,用石墨炉原子吸收法测定总砷含量。结果方法线性范围为0～40μg/L,线性相关系数为0.997,检出限为0.030mg/kg,精密度为3.7%～5.1%,国家标准参考物质的分析结果在证书值范围内。在所检的99个海洋生物中,以湿重计算的总砷含量为0.09～12.58mg/kg,平均含量为1.85mg/kg。结论该法能有效消除基体干扰,并具有良好的精密度和准确度,测量结果显示广东沿海海洋生物受到不同程度的砷污染。