实验高压电烧伤胃黏膜微循环动态变化及意义

目的探索高压电对家兔胃黏膜微循环的影响及其发生机制。方法将20只家兔随机分为高压电烧伤组(实验组)和假高压电烧伤组(对照组),每组10只。用实验高压电击系统复制家兔高压电烧伤模型,采用WX-9B型多部位微循环显微镜及其图像分析系统,通过胃黏膜下层微循环观测窗,观察高压电烧伤后胃黏膜微血管形态、血流动力学及微血管周围状态的早期变化及规律,并大体观察6h胃黏膜损伤情况。结果与对照组比较,实验组电击后微动脉即刻收缩,1h扩张,以后逐渐恢复;微静脉即刻收缩,并较快恢复为电前状态,4~6h再次出现收缩现象。致伤即刻微动静脉血流速度明显减慢,1h以后加快,2h再次减慢。致伤即刻黏膜层毛细血管网扩张,渗出明显,1h缓解,2h以后随时间逐渐加重。结论高压电烧伤导致家兔胃黏膜微循环障碍。     

实验高压电烧伤家兔肠黏膜的微循环变化及意义

目的通过观察高压电烧伤后家兔肠黏膜绒毛的微循环变化,探讨高压电对家兔肠道微循环的影响。方法将60只家兔随机分为正常对照组,电击即刻组,电击后1、2、4及8h组,每组各10只。采用实验高压电击设备复制家兔高压电烧伤模型,应用WX-9B型微循环显微镜及视频图像分析系统,观察肠黏膜绒毛微血管形态、微血流动态及微血管周围状态的变化。结果与正常对照组比较,电烧伤各组肠黏膜微血管形态、流态及管周状态均发生变化。电烧伤后微静脉收缩,伤后2h最明显,之后有所恢复,但血流速度减慢;致伤后绒毛血管距绒毛顶端的距离增宽(渗出),以伤后4h最明显;电烧伤后各组均见白微栓,呈逐渐增多趋势;致伤2h可见绒毛出血,对照组与电烧伤后各组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论高压电烧伤导致家兔肠黏膜微循环障碍。     

实验高压电烧伤后肝脏微循环动态变化及意义

目的通过研究高压电烧伤后动物肝脏微循环的变化，探讨高压电对肝脏微循环的影响。方法将20只家兔随机分为高压电烧伤组（实验组）和假高压电烧伤组（对照组），每组各10只。用实验高压电击系统复制家兔高压电烧伤模型，采用WX-9B型多部位微循环显微镜及其图像分析系统，观察高压电烧伤后肝脏表面微血管形态、微血流动态及微血管周围状态的早期变化及规律。结果实验组伤后即刻终末门微静脉、中央静脉和肝窦收缩，肝窦清晰度下降，血流速度减慢；伤后1h上述微血管扩张，肝窦变清晰，血流速度恢复正常；伤后2～6h再度出现上述微血管收缩，肝窦密度减低，血流速度下降等变化，并呈逐渐加重趋势。实验组伤后即出现红细胞聚集、白细胞附壁、微血栓、渗出和出血等改变，并呈逐渐加重趋势。结论高压电烧伤可引起家兔肝脏微循环障碍。     

实验高压电烧伤肝脏血液灌流量的动态变化

目的探讨高压电烧伤对肝脏微循环血液灌流的影响,为临床防治高压电烧伤提供实验依据。方法选择20只健康家兔,随机分为高压电烧伤组(简称实验组)和假高压电烧伤组(简称对照组),每组各10只。用1万伏实验高压电击系统复制家兔高压电烧伤模型,采用LISCA激光多普勒微循环血流图像仪(LDPI)对家兔高压电烧伤前、即刻、1、2、4、8h肝脏微循环血液灌流量进行动态观测。结果与对照组同时相比较,实验组高压电烧伤后各时相肝脏左、右外叶血液灌流值均低于对照组(P<0.05);与电击前比较,电击后各时相血液灌流值均明显降低(P<0.05)。结论高压电烧伤可导致家兔肝脏血液灌流量降低。     

实验高压电烧伤肾皮质血液灌流量的动态变化及意义

目的探讨高压电烧伤早期肾皮质血液灌流 (RCHP)的变化及其机制。方法采取重复测量设计 ,分实验组和对照组 ,先制作高压电烧伤动物模型 ,再应用LISCA激光多普勒组织灌流图像仪(LDPI)连续观测家兔电烧伤前后8h内肾皮质血液灌流量及尿量的改变。结果正常RCHP值(2.60±0.73)V ,电烧伤即刻 ,灌流值为(1.41±0.45)V(P<0.05) ,电烧伤后1h ,RCHP值(2.08±0.30)V(P<0.05) ,电烧伤1h后 ,灌流值减小。电烧伤后2h,尿量明显减少 ,到伤后8h ,尿量平均每小时0.2ml。结论高压电烧伤导致肾皮质血液灌流量及尿量减少。     

实验高压电烧伤深筋膜微循环动态变化及意义

目的研究肢体高压电烧伤后深筋膜微循环变化规律。方法将28只家兔随机分成实验组与对照组。实验组家兔的右下肢采用1万伏额定电压 ,77mA电流及通电5s的方法制作单侧后肢电烧伤模型 ,对照组采用假电的方法制作单侧后肢假电烧伤模型 ,两组均采用“滴水开窗法”制作左侧下肢远端深筋膜微循环观测窗 ,并采用WX -9B型多部位微循环显微仪及其图像处理系统在通电前、通电后即刻、通电后30min、2、4、6h观测微动脉、毛细血管、后微静脉、微静脉的形态、流态、管周状态。结果肢体高压电烧伤后 ,微血管形态在30min内可观测到显著性变化 (P<0.05) ,表现为血管密度减小 ,微动脉、毛细血管、微静脉收缩 ,后微静脉扩张 ,微动脉、毛细血管均在6min以后变得不清以致模糊(P<0.05)、后微静脉、微静脉分别在2h、30min以后变得不清(P<0.05)。微血管内的流态以白微栓的变化可见规律性 ,即白微栓在电后2h开始出现 ,4h迅速达高峰 ,6h又有快速下降的趋势。微静脉和后微静脉在通电30min后有渗出(P<0.05) ,只有后微静脉在通电后2h有出血(P<0.05)。结论电烧伤后存在全身性反应 ,其在肢端深筋膜微循环的表现是一个阶段性加重的过程 :第一阶段电烧伤后30min内为缺血型微循环障碍 ,第二阶段微循环障碍包含两个方面 :其一是微血管的出血     

实验高压电烧伤肠系膜微循环动态变化及意义

目的探索高压电对机体内脏微血管及微血流动力学的影响,为电烧伤后脏器损伤的防治提供理论依据。方法复制家兔高压电烧伤模型,用WX-9B型微循环显微镜及视频图像分析系统,观测肠系膜微血管形态、微血流流态及微血管周围状态的变化。结果与对照组比较,电烧伤组肠系膜微血管形态、微血流流态及微血管周围状态均发生变化,高压电对微动脉与微静脉管径均有影响,且两者存在交互作用(P<0.001);微血管周围渗出与出血的生存曲线分析,对照组与电烧伤组比较有显著性差异(P<0.001)。结论高压电能引起家兔肠系膜微循环发生病理性改变。     

高压电烧伤家兔骨骼肌微循环灌流量变化及己酮可可碱的干预作用

目的:观察高压电对家兔骨骼肌微循环灌流量(MP)的影响并探讨己酮可可碱(PTX)的干预作用。方法:将45只家兔按完全随机设计方法分为对照组、电伤组和治疗组,每组15只。电伤组和治疗组家兔用调压器和实验变压器制成高压电烧伤模型,对照组家兔接相同装置但不通电,致假伤。用激光多普勒微循环图像仪(LDPI)检测3组家兔伤前15min、伤后5min、1h、2h、4h、8h骨骼肌MP。检测部位为腹部骨骼肌表面。结果:对照组假伤前后各时相点MP变化不明显(P>0.05);电伤组和治疗组电伤后各时相点MP均较电伤前15min降低,伤后5min时下降幅度最大(P均<0.05)。伤前15min,三组间MP差异无统计学意义;伤后各时相点,电伤组和治疗组MP均较对照组同时相点降低,但治疗组各时相点MP(伤后5min除外)较电伤组同时相点增加(P均<0.05)。电伤组和治疗组伤前15min灌流图色彩鲜艳,伤后5min色彩深暗,伤后1h色彩有所恢复,之后渐变暗。结论:高压电烧伤导致家兔骨骼肌MP下降,引起骨骼肌微循环障碍。PTX可提高电伤后骨骼肌MP。     

实验高压电烧伤对胰腺微循环灌流量动态变化及意义

目的探讨高压电烧伤对胰腺微循环灌流量（PHP）的影响。方法将30只家兔随机分为电伤组和对照组,每组15只。采用TC-30-20KVA型调压器和YDJ-10KVA型实验变压器,复制家兔高压电（10kV）烧伤模型,使用LISCA激光多普勒微循环图像仪（LDPI）连续观测家兔电前15rain、电后0、1、2、4、8h胰腺微循环灌流量及血清淀粉酶和血糖变化。结果电伤组和对照组电前15min PHP值无显著性差异;对照组各时项PHP值与假电前15min比较无显著性差异;电伤组电后各时项PHP值均低于电前15min,电后0h明显降低,电后1h回升,之后降低。电伤组电后血清淀粉酶呈逐渐增高趋势,而对照组缓慢下降;电伤组和对照组血糖均呈升高趋势,但电伤组上升幅度明显高于对照组。结论高压电烧伤导致家兔胰腺微循环灌流量减少及血糖、血清淀粉酶升高。     

实验高压电烧伤软脑膜微循环动态变化和意义

目的通过研究高压电烧伤后动物软脑膜微循环的变化 ,探讨高压电对机体脑微循环的影响 ,为临床防治高压电脑损伤提供实验依据。方法复制家兔高压电烧伤模型 ,用WX -9B型微循环显微镜及视频图像分析系统 ,观察软脑膜微血管形态、微血管流态及微血管周围状态的变化 ,应用SAS软件进行统计学处理。结果与对照组比较,电烧伤(A、B)组软脑膜微血管形态、微血管流态及微血管周围状态各时相均发生变化 ,观察各时相高压电对微动脉和微静脉、毛细血管管径均有影响 (P<0.01),对微静脉血流速度亦有影响(P<0.01)。脑血流灌流值与对照组比较差别显著(P<0.01)。结论高压电烧伤能引起家兔软脑膜微循环发生病理性改变。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.