丙泊酚麻醉诱导期间舒芬太尼适宜的靶浓度值探讨

目的 观察舒芬太尼不同靶浓度复合丙泊酚全麻诱导期间意识消失及气管插管时的血流动力学变化,探讨丙泊酚麻醉诱导时舒芬太尼的适宜靶浓度。 方法 选择60例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期手术患者靶控输注（TCI）舒芬太尼、丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉,以舒芬太尼血浆靶浓度将患者随机分为0 ng/mL (Ⅰ组)、0.2 ng/mL( Ⅱ组)、0.4 ng/mL (Ⅲ组)、0.8 ng/mL (Ⅳ组) 4组,每组15例。舒芬太尼血浆浓度与效应室浓度达到平衡后开始TCI丙泊酚,丙泊酚初始靶浓度为0.50 μg/mL,每次增加0.50 μg/mL直至患者意识消失,静注顺式阿曲库铵后行气管插管。记录麻醉诱导前(T0, 基础值)、舒芬太尼达血浆-效应室平衡时(T1)、睫毛反射消失时(T2)、意识消失时(T3)、气管插管前即刻(T4)、气管插管后1 min(T5)、3 min(T6)、5 min(T7) 时SBP、DBP、HR值。 结果 与基础值比较,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ组病人在气管插管前HR、SBP、DBP均降低,插管后均升高(P<0.05 ),除第Ⅲ组病人在气管插管前SBP降低外(P<0.05 ),第Ⅲ、Ⅳ组各时点HR、SBP、DBP组内差异无统计学意义。Ⅰ组或Ⅱ组HR、SBP、DBP在气管插管前低于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组、插管后高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P<0.05 ),而Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组相比各时点HR、SBP、DBP组间差异无统计学意义。麻醉诱导期间各组未见明显不良反应。结论 舒芬太尼靶浓度0.4～0.8 ng/mL复合丙泊酚全麻诱导期间血流动力学稳定,可应用于临床麻醉。     

七氟醚异丙酚联合诱导气管插管时数量化脑电图及血流动力学变化

目的 :观察七氟醚异丙酚联合诱导气管插管可行性 ,探讨此过程中数量化脑电图和血流动力学变化及二者相关性。方法 :30例择期手术患者 ,静注异丙酚 1～ 2mg·kg- 1 ,并吸入七氟醚一段时间后气管插管。记录诱导前、诱导后、气管插管时、气管插管后 2′各时点BIS、SEF、SBP、DBP、MAP、HR及气管插管所需时间。结果 :所有病人气管插管顺利 ,所需时间为 (13 6± 3 8)min ,诱导后BIS、SEF、SBP、DBP、MAP显著下降 ,HR下降不明显 ,气管插管时BIS、SEF、SBP、DBP、MAP、HR显著升高 ;诱导时出现轻微肢动 3例、咳嗽 1例、喉痉挛 1例。结论 :七氟醚异丙酚联合可用于麻醉诱导气管插管 ,并可减少七氟醚刺激所致并发症 ,还可显著抑制病人脑电活动及降低血压 ,但不能完全抑制气管插管应激反应所致心血管及脑电兴奋作用 ,BIS、SEF可间接反映其麻醉深度     

异丙酚联合瑞芬太尼靶控输注在胃镜诊疗中的应用研究

目的研究异丙酚静注联合应用瑞芬太尼靶控输注(TCI)在胃镜诊疗中的镇静效果和安全性。方法实行无痛胃镜诊疗的60例患者,随机分为2组,分别予以异丙酚静注联合瑞芬太尼靶控输注(RP组)和单纯静注异丙酚镇静(P组),观察诱导前、进镜时、诊疗时及术毕时BIS、SpO2、平均动脉压(MAP)、HR的变化以及比较检查操作时间、意识消失时间、意识恢复时间、异丙酚用量。结果与诱导前相比,2组术中BIS降低(P<0.05),P组术中MAP和HR及术毕时HR降低(P<0.05)。与P组比较,RP组术中BIS升高(P<0.05),MAP、HR、SpO2差异无显著性。结论瑞芬太尼靶控输注联合异丙酚静注用于胃镜检查及治疗时,麻醉迅速、平稳,苏醒快,镇静效果满意。     

全凭静脉麻醉中置入喉罩和气管导管的对比研究

目的研究静脉全麻中置入喉罩或气管导管对患者血流动力学、脑电双频谱指数(BIS)的影响及麻醉用药等方面的差别。方法选择ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱ级静脉全麻病人60例,随机分为喉罩组与插管组,行机械通气,监测不同时间点病人SBP、DBP、HR、BIS的变化,根据SBP和BIS调控麻醉深度,记录整个麻醉过程中麻醉药用量,术毕病人清醒拔管。结果麻醉时间、术后拔管患者烦躁发生率,咽、喉疼痛发生率,清醒时间、异丙酚的用量及瑞芬太尼用量两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),拔出通气管后3min喉罩组BIS高于插管组(P<0.05)。结论对血流动力学的影响及麻醉用药等方面使用喉罩明显优于气管插管。     

瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚与依托咪酯靶控输注(TCI) 在全麻诱导中的临床观察

目的 观察瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚与依托咪酯靶控输注(TCI)在全麻诱导中的应用.方法 选择择期全麻手术ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级病人40例,随机分为丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼组(P组n=20);依托咪酯联合瑞芬太尼组(E组n=20).两组诱导均采用血浆靶控静脉输注,复合咪达唑仑0.05mg/kg,维库溴胺0.1mg/kg,选择BIS在40～60之间做气管插管,分别观察并记录两组病人麻醉前、气管插管前1min、气管插管后1min、气管插管后5min时收缩压(SBP)舒张压(DBP)心率(HR)的变化.结果 P组病人麻醉前MAP明显高于气管插管前后1min 和插管后5min,E组病人前管插管前后1min和插管后5minMAP较麻醉前轻度降低(p>0.05) 结论 瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚与依托咪酯靶控输注(TCI)在全麻诱导中对血流动力学变化影响较小,而瑞芬太尼联合依托咪酯靶控输注(TCI)在全麻诱导中更能保持患者血流动力学的稳定.     

胸科手术病人全凭静脉麻醉瑞芬太尼靶控输注浓度的剂量探讨

目的 探讨胸科手术全凭静脉麻醉中瑞芬太尼的靶控输注浓度.方法 45例择期行胸科手术病人,AsA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,年龄40～65岁,体重50～75kg.根据瑞芬太尼靶浓度不同随机分为3组:4ng/ml组(Ⅰ组),6ng/ml组(Ⅱ组),8ng/ml组(Ⅲ组).麻醉诱导为分别TCI 3种不同靶浓度瑞芬太尼和3μg/ml的异丙酚,待病人意识消失后,静脉注射罗库溴铵0.6mg/kg,1 min后行气管插管.麻醉维持3组瑞芬太尼靶控浓度维持不变,调节异丙酚靶浓度维持脑电双频指数(BIS)在45～55之间,间断注射罗库溴铵维持肌松.记录病人平卧10min(T0),麻醉诱导后气管插管前即刻(T1),气管插管即刻(T2),切皮后即刻(T3),开胸探查(T4)、缝皮(T5)、拔管(T6)时的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAF)、心率(HR)、BIS值.并在以上时间点抽取静脉血检测血浆肾上腺素(E)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)浓度.结果 Ⅰ组病人的SBP、DBP、MAP、HR、NE、E浓度在气管插管即刻、切皮后即刻、开胸探查、拔管时均明显升高(P＜0.05或0.01),Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组各指标仅在拔管时高于基础值(P＜0.05),Ⅲ组在插管前血压、HR均较基础值明显下降(P＜0.05或0.01).麻醉诱导后插管前的血压、HRⅢ组与Ⅰ组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05),NE、E及HR在气管插管即刻、切皮后即刻、开胸探查时Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 全凭静脉麻醉下胸科手术病人靶控输注6ng/ml瑞芬太尼以联合3μg/ml的异丙酚较为适宜.     

依托咪酯复合瑞芬太尼靶控静脉麻醉用于妇科腹腔镜手术临床观察

目的观察妇科腹腔镜手术中依托咪酯复合瑞芬太尼靶控静脉麻醉对血流动力学的影响。方法40例妇科腹腔镜手术患者随机分为依托咪酯复合瑞芬太尼（简称依托咪酯组）和异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼（简称异丙酚组）,采用静脉靶控输注系统静脉麻醉,观察两组患者麻醉前、气管插管前后各1min、切皮后3min、探查后3min、病灶切除后3min以及气管导管拔除后3min等时点的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）以及心率（HR）值。结果气管插管前、后1min时点依托咪酯组SBP与DBP均明显高于异丙酚组（P〈0．05）,麻醉前两组患者SBP明显高于气管插管前1min（P〈0．05）,异丙酚组DBP、HR麻醉前明显高于气管插管前1min（P〈0．05）;气管插管后1min两组患者SBP、DBP、HR明显高于气管插管前1min（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。探查后3min,依托咪酯组SBP、DBP明显高于异丙酚组（P〈0．05）。病灶切除后3min,依托咪酯组DBP明显高于异丙酚组（P〈0．05）。结论在妇科腹腔镜手术中依托咪酯复合瑞芬太尼靶控静脉麻醉能平稳保持患者血流动力学稳定。     

七氟醚与异丙酚诱导气管插管对病人血压和心率影响

目的 以脑电双频指数(BIS)值45～55作为麻醉深度监测指标,探讨七氟醚和异丙酚诱导对病人气管插管时血压和心率的影响.方法 选择60例ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级择期行上腹部手术的病人,随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(各20例),分别给予七氟醚、异丙酚、七氟醚+异丙酚麻醉.观察3组病人气管插管前后的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)的变化.结果 气管插管即刻Ⅰ、Ⅱ组HR明显加快(F=18.84～23.17,q=7.93～7.98,P<0.05),插管后各组HR与插管前比较差异则无显著性(P>0.05).3组病人血压在气管插管前均降至最低(F=9.76～18.47,q=8.07～13.21,P<0.01),气管插管后有所上升,插管后1～2 min时达高峰(q=4.36～6.75,P＜0.05),7 min后渐回到插管前水平(P>0.05).3组间比较,气管插管后1 min,Ⅱ组SBP、DBP、MAP高于其他两组,差异有显著性(F=7.86～21.30,q=5.41～8.57,P<0.01);而Ⅰ、Ⅲ组间比较,差异则无显著性(P>0.05).结论 七氟醚吸入麻醉诱导与异丙酚静脉麻醉诱导相比,能使病人气管插管时的血流动力学状态更加平稳,更适用于临床麻醉诱导.     

脑电双频指数监测下丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注在老年高血压病人麻醉诱导期的观察研究

目的 观察脑电双频指数(BIS)监测下丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注(TCI)在老年高血压病人麻醉诱导期的血流动力学变化及应激反应.方法 开腹行直、结肠癌根治术的老年高血压病人60例,随机分为两组:Ⅰ组在BIS监测下以血流动力学参数为指导,丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注麻醉诱导;Ⅱ组仅以血流动力学参数为指导恒速推注丙泊酚及瑞芬太尼诱导.记录入室静卧10 min(T0)、意识消失时(T1)、气管插管即刻(T2)及插管后1 min(T3)、3min(T4)、5min(T5)的HR、SBP、DBP;并测定上述时点血糖(Glu)及血浆皮质醇(Cor)浓度变化.结果 T1、T2时两组HR、SBP、DBP明显低于T0时(P ＜0.05);T3、T4时Ⅰ组SBP、DBP明显低于Ⅱ组,HRⅡ组明显快于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);T2时两组Cor浓度明显低于T0时(P＜0.05),T3、T4时Ⅱ组Cor浓度明显高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05).结论 BIS监测下丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼TCI应用于开腹行直、结肠癌根治术的老年高血压病人麻醉诱导,能较好地控制麻醉深度,降低插管应激反应,维持麻醉诱导期血流动力学的平稳.     

硫酸镁对气管插管时心血管反应的影响

目的以BIS为麻醉深度指标,研究不同剂量硫酸镁对气管插管心血管反应的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级择期手术病人60例,,随机分为对照组（C组）、硫酸镁小剂量组（M1组）和硫酸镁大剂量组（M2组）,每组20例。麻醉诱导中靶控输注异丙酚（初始靶浓度设为2μg.ml^-1）。M1组和M2组病人在插管前3分钟分别推注硫酸镁15mg·kg^-1、25mg·kg^-1。根据BIS值变化调节异丙酚靶浓度,使BIS值维持在45-55。在BIS降至55以下行气管插管,记录诱导前、插管前、即刻、插管后1、3、5、10分钟时间点的血流动力学相关参数的变化。结果气管插管即刻和1分钟M1组和M2组SBP,MBP变化较基础值变化不明显（P〉0.05）,M2组与C组比较差异极显著（P〈0.01）。除C组插管后1分钟HR增快明显（P〉0.05）,其余各时点各组内、各组间HR变化均无差异。C组各时点异丙酚有效靶浓度均显著高于M1组和M2组（P〈0.01）。结论气管插管前静注硫酸镁可以减轻气管插管引起的心血管反应,并且能明显降低异丙酚TCI效应室靶浓度,以25mg·kg^-1更明显。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.