不同剂量多巴酚丁胺对正常心肌纵向收缩期峰值应变的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量多巴酚丁胺对正常人纵向收缩期峰值应变的影响.方法 对11例冠状动脉造影正常或狭窄＜50％的正常人,进行大剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷试验.分别在静息状态、5、10、20、30和40 μg/ (kg·min)测定左室各心肌节段心内膜下心肌的纵向收缩期峰值应变并进行统计学分析.结果 在静息状态下及各级负荷状态下左室心肌纵向收缩期峰值应变从基底段至心尖段逐渐增加.在心尖段,后间隔和下壁的纵向收缩期峰值应变值大于其他节段;在中间段,下壁和前间隔的纵向收缩期峰值应变值大于其他节段;在基底段,前壁和后壁的纵向收缩期峰值应变值大于其他节段.多巴酚丁胺负荷试验中,心肌各节段的纵向收缩期峰值应变值随着多巴酚丁胺剂量的增加而增加,大多数节段在多巴酚丁胺剂量20 μg/ (kg·min)时达到峰值,个别节段多巴酚丁胺剂量30 μg/ (kg· min)时达到峰值,峰值纵向收缩期峰值应变与同组静息状态比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);多巴酚丁胺剂量40 μg/ (kg·min)时,大多数节段纵向收缩期峰值应变与静息状态比较轻度下降,个别节段稍增高,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 正常心肌节段的纵向收缩期峰值应变随着多巴酚丁胺负荷剂量的增加而增加,但当剂量达到40 μg/ (kg·min)时,开始恢复到静息水平或有所降低.     

小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图结合组织多普勒成像诊断存活心肌的量化指标评价

目的探讨小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图结合组织多普勒成像(TDI)检测存活心肌的组织多普勒指标变化范围。方法对明确诊断的急性心肌梗死患者20例、心绞痛患者6例,于经皮冠状动脉介入术前1～3d接受小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷试验,分别采集患者在基础状态、低剂量、峰剂量及恢复期的标准左心室长轴、短轴乳头肌水平、心尖四腔心、心尖二腔心切面的二维图像和心尖切面的TDI频谱,根据二维图像心内膜运动和室壁收缩期增厚率进行室壁节段运动评分,同时分别测量各组二尖瓣环位置的TDI频谱等容收缩期峰值(S1)、射血期峰值(S2)、等容舒张期峰值(SIVR)和等容收缩时间(IVST)、射血时间(ET)、等容舒张时间(IVRT),计算各值在多巴酚丁胺峰剂量作用下的变化百分率。结果26例患者共104个心肌节段,在静息状态下TDI频谱测量各组S1、SIVR、IVST、ET差异无统计学意义,S2、E/A在梗死组、存活心肌组较正常组低(P<0.05),IVRT在梗死组、存活心肌组较正常组明显延长(P<0.01)。多巴酚丁胺负荷峰剂量下正常心肌组和存活心肌组S1波明显增高(P<0.01),IVST缩短(P<0.05),正常心肌组和存活心肌组多巴酚丁胺负荷前后IVRT缩短(P<0.01或P<0.05),而梗死心肌组差异无统计学意义。结论TDI可以量化评价局部心室壁运动状态,与小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声试验相结合,可为检出存活心肌提供量化评定指标。     

应用组织追踪和彩色多普勒冠状动脉血流显像结合多巴酚丁胺负荷试验评价缺血再灌注心肌的收缩储备和冠状动脉血流储备

目的应用组织追踪和彩色多普勒冠状动脉血流显像（CDCFI）结合多巴酚丁胺负荷试验分析不同时间的缺血再灌注对左室心肌收缩功能和冠状动脉血流的影响，以期为评估心肌存活性提供简便快捷的定量指标。方法健康杂种犬25条，随机分为顿抑组和梗死组。应用组织追踪和CDCFI技术观测顿抑组和梗死组缺血区（前间隔）于基础状态、再灌注30min以及再灌注90min多巴酚丁胺负荷前后二尖瓣环收缩期向心尖方向运动的最大位移（MVD）以及左前降支中远段舒张期冠状动脉血流储备（CFR）的动态变化。结果多巴酚丁胺负荷试验后，不同再灌注时间顿抑心肌和梗死心肌前间隔MVD的增加率（△D％）和左前降支的CFR值均明显低于基础状态（P〈0．001，P〈0．05），顿抑组的△D％以及CFR值均明显高于梗死心肌（P〈0．001，P〈0．05），并随再灌注时间延长，有逐渐好转趋势（P〈0．05，P〈0．05）；而梗死心肌则无此变化趋势（P〉0．05，P〉0．05）；CFR与二尖瓣环收缩期向心尖运动的最大位移变化率之间有良好的相关性（r=0．719，P〈0．05）。结论结合组织追踪技术和CDCFI技术动态观察缺血再灌注心肌多巴酚丁胺负荷后心肌收缩功能和冠状动脉血流动力学变化，可以提高判断存活心肌的准确率。     

速度向量成像评价犬急性心肌缺血左心室心内膜下心肌应变与位移

目的 应用速度向量成像(VVI)评价左心室收缩期心内膜下心肌周向应变(CS)、径向应变(RS)、径向位移(RD)及其相关关系.方法 12只开胸比格犬,结扎左冠状动脉前降支(LAD)主干建立急性心肌缺血模型.分别于基础状态、LAD结扎20 min后,采集左心室短轴二尖瓣水平、乳头肌水平、心尖水平和心尖四腔观、二腔观二维灰阶动态图像,VVI软件分析左心室18节段以及各短轴水平心内膜下心肌整体平均收缩期峰值CS、RS和RD变化.同时采用二维Simpson法测量左心室每搏量(SV)和射血分数(LVEF).分别进行各参数间比较和相关分析.结果 ①与基础状态相比,缺血后LVEF显著降低(P＜0.001);缺血后心内膜下心肌受累节段、乳头肌以及心尖短轴观整体平均收缩期峰值CS、RD和心尖短轴观整体平均收缩期峰值RS明显低于基础状态(P＜0.05).②基础和缺血状态下,左心室17/18个心肌节段(除缺血状态侧壁中间段外)以及各水平整体平均收缩期峰值CS与RD呈显著线性相关(r=0.662 0.995,P＜0.05、P＜0.01或P＜0.001);左心室6/18个节段以及各水平整体平均收缩期峰值(除基础状态心尖水平外)RS与RD有良好线性相关(r=0.580～0.916,P＜0.05、P＜0.01或P＜0.001);未能建立各短轴观整体平均收缩期峰值RD与SV和LVEF间线性相关关系.结论 心内膜下心肌应变和位移能够敏感反映急性心肌缺血时局部和整体心肌收缩功能变化;周向应变与径向位移显著相关表明左心室收缩期心内膜下心肌周向形变是导致心内膜径向位移的主要力学因素.     

应变率显像结合多巴酚丁胺负荷试验检测心肌缺血的研究

目的探讨在多巴酚丁胺负荷试验下应用超声应变率显像技术(SRI)检测心肌缺血的临床价值。方法对临床可疑冠心病者50例全部行多巴酚丁胺负荷试验和冠状动脉造影检查,根据冠状动脉造影结果分为冠心病组和正常组,分别在静息状态、各级负荷状态下于心尖两腔及四腔观应用SRI技术测量左室前壁中段和侧壁中段的收缩期峰值应变率,并与冠状动脉造影结果相对照。结果正常组心肌各节段的收缩期峰值应变率随多巴酚丁胺剂量的增加而增加(P<0.05),峰值负荷时应变率达最大;冠心病组缺血节段心肌的收缩期应变率在小剂量时增加,峰值剂量40μg·kg-1·min-1时应变率明显降低(P<0.05)。应变率检测缺血节段的敏感性和特异性分别为90.0%和91.7%。结论应变率显示结合多巴酚丁胺负荷试验会提高心肌缺血的检出率。多巴酚丁胺负荷剂量为40μg·kg-1·min-1时,应变率对心肌缺血的检出最为敏感。     

多巴酚丁胺负荷乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物心肌造影下二维应变定量评价犬存活心肌的研究

目的探讨乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)经主动脉心肌造影联合多巴酚丁胺负荷条件下,二维应变评价犬节段心肌存活性的准确性。方法 30只犬成功建立急性心肌缺血再灌注模型,经主动脉根部行PLGA心肌造影,通过多巴酚丁胺负荷试验,获取心肌节段二维应变参数:收缩期峰值纵向应变(LS)、径向应变(RS)及圆周应变(CS)。结果共计24只犬完成实验。多巴酚丁胺负荷实验后,非存活心肌节段的收缩期二维峰值应变较静息时无明显升高;存活心肌节段的二维应变值随多巴酚丁胺剂量增加而升高,与非存活心肌节段比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。以心肌标本染色结果作为金标准,分别以收缩期峰值LS、RS及CS作为评价参数,其检测存活心肌的敏感性分别为81.03%、77.59%及72.41%,特异性分别为81.30%、84.00%及78.00%。结论 PLGA心肌造影联合多巴酚丁胺负荷实验可以提高超声图像质量,获取二维应变参数,提高评价犬心肌存活的准确性。     

多普勒组织成像评价多巴酚丁胺负荷试验中左心室长轴局部心肌收缩功能

目的　探讨大剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷试验下脉冲多普勒组织成像技术 (PW DTI)评价左心室长轴局部心肌收缩功能的临床价值。方法　冠心病患者 3 0例 (至少 1支冠状动脉主支狭窄≥ 5 0 % ) ,对照组 2 5例 ,均行大剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷试验 ,分别于静息、峰值负荷下将PW DTI取样容积置于侧壁、室间隔、前壁、下壁心肌基底段、中段心内膜下心肌采样 ,获取各节段心肌运动速度曲线。PW DTI测量指标 :收缩期峰值运动速率 (Vs)、收缩期达峰时间 (timetopeakvelocity ,TPV)、收缩期速度时间积分 (velocity timeintegral,VTI)。 结果　根据多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图及冠状动脉造影结果将冠心病组患者心肌节段区分为正常节段与缺血节段。与对照组相应节段 (正常组 )比较 ,静息状态下 ,冠心病缺血节段组与正常组节段间Vs、TPV、VTI并无统计学差异 ;峰值负荷下冠心病缺血节段组各节段Vs、VTI明显减低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而TPV则显著延长 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　PW DTI能准确评价多巴酚丁胺负荷试验中左室长轴局部心肌收缩功能 ,从而准确无创检测冠心病缺血心肌。     

多巴酚丁胺负荷试验中多普勒组织成像技术的应用价值

目的　静息状态与大剂量多巴酚丁胺 (Dob)负荷状态下 ,采用多普勒组织成像 (DTI)技术观察冠心病患者室壁运动 ,探讨大剂量 Dob负荷试验中 DTI检测冠心病的应用价值。方法　采用 DTI测量大剂量 Dob负荷试验中 32例冠心病患者 (至少 1支冠状动脉主支狭窄≥ 5 0 % )静息状态、峰值负荷下侧壁、后室间隔、前壁、下壁心肌基底段、中段心内膜下心肌运动频谱 ,对照组 2 5例相应节段作对照。 DTI分析指标 :收缩期峰值运动速度 (Vs)。结果　选择性冠状动脉造影结果将冠心病组患者心肌节段区分为正常节段与缺血节段。静息状态下 ,冠心病缺血节段(abnormal,A组 )与对照组相应正常节段 (normal,N组 )间 Vs无显著性差异 ;与 N组比较 ,峰值负荷下 A组各节段 Vs明显降低 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;以选择性冠状动脉造影为诊断冠心病的金标准 ,将峰值负荷下基底段心肌 Vs≤ 11.5 cm/ s,中段心肌 Vs≤ 9.5 cm/s为诊断冠状动脉狭窄的截断值 ,DTI结合大剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷试验诊断冠状动脉狭窄的敏感性、特异性、准确率分别为 85 .7%、84 .0 %、 84 .8% ;与常规多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图中室壁运动评分 (WMS)比较 ,DTI结合大剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷试验诊断冠状动脉狭窄的特异性与其并无显著差异 ;而敏感性、准确率显著增高 (P<0 .0 1)。结     

实时三维超声心动图评价多巴酚丁胺对心肌顿抑和梗死犬左心室局部径向距离的影响

目的应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)定量评价多巴酚丁胺对心肌顿抑犬和心肌梗死犬左心室局部径向距离的作用。方法建立犬的心肌顿抑[冠状动脉(冠脉)结扎15 min,再灌注30 min]和急性心肌梗死(冠脉结扎180 min,再灌注30 min)模型。于冠脉结扎前和冠脉结扎-再灌注后,用微量输液泵经股静脉输注多巴酚丁胺5及10μg.kg-1.min-1,每一剂量持续5 min。应用RT-3DE获取实验犬静息状态及输注多巴酚丁胺10μg.kg-1.min-1后RT-3DE全容积数据库。脱机后,根据心尖长轴观8平面法重建收缩末期左室立体几何形状;以二尖瓣环中点至左室心尖部心内膜的连线为中心轴,将左室等分成与中心轴垂直的1.0 cm厚互相平行的短轴平面,从中选取室壁运动异常(WMA)面积最大者作为研究平面;在此平面上,以轴心与左室后壁连线所在位置为0°,逆时针每隔20°测量心内膜至轴心的距离(即径向距离R,共可测得18个值)。将冠脉结扎-再灌注后两组实验犬输注多巴酚丁胺前、后的平均R值与冠脉结扎前(设为基础状态)输注多巴酚丁胺前、后的相应R值进行比较。结果静息状态下,心肌顿抑组和心肌梗死组中所选研究平面结扎冠脉供血区平均R值均明显增大(均P<0.001)。输注多巴酚丁胺后,心肌顿抑组中上述异常增大的平均R值均明显减小(均P<0.001),但未恢复至基础状态水平(均P<0.05);心肌梗死组中上述异常增大的平均R值均无明显改变(均P>0.05)。结论通过应用RT-3DE分析输注多巴酚丁胺前、后左室局部径向距离的变化,可以识别心肌顿抑和心肌梗死。RT-3DE有望为临床定量评价左室局部几何形状提供一项有效手段。     

不同激动顺序犬左心室收缩期跨壁扭转运动的超声实验研究

目的 应用斑点追踪成像技术评价不同电机械激动顺序下收缩期左室跨壁扭转运动特征.方法 5只开胸比格犬模型,分别在基础(BASE),右心耳(RAA)、右室心尖(RVA)、左室侧壁(LVL)和左室心尖(LVA)起搏状态采集左室心尖、基底短轴和四腔心图像.QLAB软件分析短轴切面心内膜下、心外膜下和整体旋转角度(RA)及节段角位移(AE),计算左室扭转及射血分数(EF).结果 ①RAA组心内膜下、心外膜下和整体扭转,基底和心尖水平心内膜下、心外膜下和整体RA及AE与BASE组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);②RVA组心内膜下、心外膜下和整体扭转及LVA组心内膜下和整体扭转均小于RAA组(P<0.05);RVA和LVA组基底心内膜下、心外膜下和整体RA均小于RAA组(P<0.05);③心室起搏后起搏位点相邻节段心肌AE小于RAA组(P<0.05);④BASE状态心内膜下扭转大于心外膜下(P<0.05),起搏仅呈心内膜下扭转大于心外膜下趋势(P>0.05);⑤BASE组与RAA组心外膜下和整体扭转与左室EF呈正相关;基底心内膜下、心外膜下和整体RA与左室EF呈正相关.结论 RVA及LVA起搏明显抑制左室跨壁扭转运动;正常激动顺序下左室整体及外膜下心肌扭转和基底旋转运动与左室EF关系密切.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.