超声诊断双肾结石、双输尿管下段结石1例

患者男,30岁,因腹部持续性绞痛,伴阵发性呕吐4h来院就诊,B超检查:双肾略大,双肾盂分离,肾盏内均可见数个点状及小团块状强回声,团状强回声周围可见半环状暗区,后方声影不明显;双肾实质回声均匀.双侧输尿管上段扩张,双侧输尿管膀胱壁内段均可见团状强回声,大小约为0.8cm×1.2cm×0.5cm,后方伴弱声影.超声诊断:双肾结石、双输尿管下段结石(见图1,2).尿常规检查:显微镜下血尿.经临床输液及排石治疗,一周后B超复查:双肾结石仍然存在,双侧输尿管未见扩张,下段结石图像未见显示.镜下血尿消失.     

经阴道超声诊断输尿管下段结石1例

患者女，28岁。因左下腹痛1d就诊。经阴道超声检查显示：子宫附件未见异常。左侧输尿管下段扩张，其内距膀胱入口1．5cm处可见大小为0．7cm×0．4cm的强回声团，后伴声影．结石以上输尿管扩张，内径为0．7cm，结石以下输尿管可显示，未见扩张，呈闭合状态。经腹超声检查显示：左肾集合系统光带分离1．0cm，左肾中极可见大小为0．5cm×0．4cm的强回声团，后伴声影，左侧输尿管上段扩张，     

巨大精囊囊肿超声表现1例

患者男,32岁.因下腹胀痛,排尿不畅来就诊,无血精,无尿频尿痛等症状.超声所见:双肾形态大小正常,双肾区见多个强回声团,后伴声影,左肾集合系统分离,可见前后径3.9 cm无回声区.膀胱左后方可见一大小为13.9 cm×10.4 cm囊性包块,内可见间隔回声带,边界尚清(图1),排尿后该无回声区前方可见肠管回声,并可见左侧输尿管于该囊性包块后方绕行,左侧输尿管下段可见一大小为0.6cm×0.4 cm强回声团,后伴声影.超声提示:(1)膀胱左后方囊性包块(来源于精囊腺?);(2)双肾多发结石;(3)左侧输尿管下段结石并左肾积水,左侧输尿管中上段扩张.     

右侧输尿管囊肿并多发结石1例

1 病例报告 女,32岁.以右侧腹部胀痛不适2个月,加重伴发热、尿频、尿痛1周就诊.查体:右肾区叩击痛阳性.患者取平卧位,盆腔常规扫查:膀胱充盈好,于右侧膀胱三角区探及一4.1 cm×3.2 cm囊性包块,壁光滑,纵切面上可见囊肿与扩张的输尿管盆腔段相通.实时观察见囊肿呈周期性增大与缩小.右侧输尿管全程扩张,上段内径9 mm,中段内径10 mm,下段内径19 mm,下段输尿管内壁增厚,内探及多个大小不等强回声团,后伴声影,范围约3.4 cm×1.0 cm,右肾肾盂轻度分离.左肾、左侧输尿管未见异常.超声诊断:右侧输尿管囊肿伴右侧输尿管下段多发结石、右肾轻度积水.     

超声诊断右侧腘窝囊肿伴囊内结石1例

患者女,62岁.右小腿肿胀行走略受限,怀疑下肢静脉血栓形成.超声检查:下肢静脉血管未见异常.于右侧腘窝处可见囊性无回声区,囊壁不规整,囊内无回声透声欠佳,其内可见1枚大小约0.4 cm×0.2 cm强回声团后伴声影.探头加压后可见强回声团移动.超声诊断:右侧腘窝囊肿伴囊内结石.     

PET/CT误诊肾脓肿一例

患者女,61 岁,因左下腹疼痛、持续低热38 ℃左右2 个月,反复泌尿系感染2 年入院.入院后双肾超声见:左肾腹侧实质内见46 mm ×49 mm 实性低回声肿物,内见条状血流信号,右肾肾盏可见4 mm ×4 mm 强回声光团,左侧肾盏3 mm ×4 mm 强回声光团,左侧输尿管内径6 mm,距肾门处44 mm 可见7 mm ×6 mm 强回声光团.提示:(1)双肾结石;(2)左输尿管中上段结石;(3)左肾实质内实性占位(肾癌).     

阴道探头经直肠诊断输尿管盆段结石

目的探讨阴道探头经直肠诊断输尿管盆段结石的价值。方法应用经腹部超声和经直肠超声对输尿管盆段结石进行检查,观察输尿管有无扩张、结石的部位、大小以及形态等。结果经腹部超声检出率为50.56%（45/89）;经直肠超声检出率为95.51%（85/89）。结石最大11mm×9mm,最小2mm×4mm。其中左输尿管40例,右侧输尿管45例。4例未探及结石回声。结论经直肠超声对输尿管盆段结石的检出率明显高于经腹部超声,它是检查输尿管盆段结石的很好补充方法。     

输尿管囊肿并输尿管壁段扩张超声诊断1例

患者 ,女 ,2 7岁 ,因月经延时 5 1d ,于 2 0 0 0年 5月 8日来我院就诊 ,门诊妇产科拟诊为早孕。检查使用日立EUB— 40型超声诊断仪 ,3 .5MHz突阵探头。B超检查示 :子宫前位 ,增大 ,肌壁回声正常 ,宫腔线形清晰 ,宫腔内见孕囊大小 16mm× 14mm× 15mm ,孕囊内见少许胚芽 ,未见原始胎心管搏动 ;双侧卵巢大小、形态回声正常 ,并发现右侧输尿管盆段下部、壁段扩张呈喇叭口状 (图 1) ,扩张输尿管内径最大 2 0mm ,输尿管末端开口图 1　输尿管囊肿壁段扩张处呈气球样膨隆 ,随输尿管蠕动呈时大时小舒缩改变 ,膨隆最大时 2 0mm× 16mm ,最小时 8mm…     

超声检查输尿管囊肿合并结石嵌顿1例

患者男,24岁.因反复尿频尿急,下腹部不适半年,尿痛尿血3d.查体:腹平软,右肾区叩击痛(+),下腹部压痛(+),无反跳痛,未触及明显包块.尿常规检查,潜血阳性,有镜下血尿.超声检查显示:右肾大小形态正常,集合系统分离,无回声区前后径10.1 mm;右侧输尿管全程扩张,上段内径约6.0 mm,下段内径约4.0 mm;膀胱充盈时,于膀胱后壁右侧输尿管开口处探及一大小约36.1mm×30.6 mm×44.4 mm的囊状无回声区,壁厚2.2mm,并于右侧输尿管开口相对的囊壁上探及一大小约8.0 mm×6.0 mm的团状强回声横在其上,后伴声影.CDFI示:右侧输尿管开口及囊壁团状强回声旁均可见喷射的彩色尿液流动信号(图1).排尿后复查囊腔形态无明显改变.超声诊断:(1)右侧输尿管囊肿合并结石嵌顿;(2)右肾及输尿管轻度积水.后经膀胱镜检查及手术治疗证实.     

超声诊断宫角妊娠破裂1例

<正>患者女,35岁,停经65 d,孕4产2。因急性腹部胀痛6 h来院急诊,伴有头晕、乏力。无手术史。妇科超声检查:子宫增大,大小约112 mm×72 mm×74 mm,前位,宫腔内未见异常回声,于子宫右侧角见大小约55 mm×39 mm的孕囊回声(图1),内见胚胎回声,未见胎心搏动,孕囊周边可见完整的肌壁组织,双侧卵巢大小正常,腹腔内可见大片无回声区。超声提示:异位妊娠,考虑右侧宫角妊娠可     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.