Carotenoids from in ovo or dietary sources blunt systemic indices of the inflammatory response in growing chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Lutein, a dihydroxycarotenoid, has antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential. Two 2 x 2 x 2 factorial designs examined effects of carotenoids during in ovo embryogenesis and, in the diet posthatch, on the systemic inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In both trials, breeder hens were fed a carotenoid-replete (40 mg lutein/kg) or a carotenoid-deplete diet, eggs were collected, and chicks were hatched from carotenoid-deplete or carotenoid-replete eggs. Meat-type chicks (n = 160 and n = 144, respectively) were then fed diets containing 0 or 40 mg lutein/kg diet and either injected or not injected with LPS. LPS injection increased plasma haptoglobin and Zn (P < 0.01) and reduced plasma Fe and Cu (P < 0.01). Chicks hatched from carotenoid-deplete eggs had greater changes in plasma Fe and S post-LPS than chicks hatched from carotenoid-replete eggs (P < 0.05 for each). Compared with chicks fed 40 mg lutein/kg diet, chicks fed 0 mg lutein had greater body weight losses and higher plasma haptoglobin and relative thymus, bursa, and spleen weights post-LPS (P < 0.05). Data suggest that a lack of carotenoid exposure, either in ovo or posthatch, increases parameters of systemic inflammation.     

Effects of dietary aluminum,calcium, and phosphorus on egg and bone of European starlings

Egg and bone of passerine birds nesting in acidified habitats may be affected by high levels of Al or P, or low levels of Ca. Nine treatments of three levels of dietary Al (target levels of 200, 1,000, and 5,000 g/g) and three levels of Ca:P (target levels of NN = 1.3% Ca: 0.9% P; LL = 0.19 Ca:0.45 P; LH = 0.19 Ca: 1.65 P) were fed to 16–17 starling pairs during two breeding seasons. Eggs of starlings fed the LH diet were smaller and weighed less than eggs from the NN and LL treatments. Treatment effects on thickness, strength, and weight of eggshells were not consistent between seasons, probably because of differences in actual dietary levels of Al, Ca, and P or in incubation intervals. In one season, birds fed the highest Al diet had thicker eggshells than those from the other Al treatments (no effect from Ca:P); the following season, eggshells from the NN and LH treatments were thicker and stronger than those from the LL treatment. Eggshells from the NN treatment weighed more than those from the other Ca:P treatments. Starlings on the LH diet had the strongest femurs, but the effect was interactive with different levels of dietary Al. Effects of Ca:P on egg and bone were more evident than Al effects.     

Maternal carotenoid status modifies the incorporation of dietary carotenoids into immune tissues of growing chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Carotenoids provide pigmentation to avian species, and also have immunomodulatory potential, although experimental results are often inconsistent. Therefore, dietary carotenoid deposition into immune tissue of growing chicks was examined in relation to their maternal carotenoid status (i.e., yolk carotenoid level). Single-comb white leghorn chicks were hatched from carotenoid-replete (C+) or carotenoid-deplete (C-) eggs. For 4 wk posthatch, chicks were fed diets whose carotenoid level ranged from 0 to 38 mg total carotenoid/kg. Carotenoid additions consisted of lutein + canthaxanthin at a ratio of 4:1. After 4 wk, the carotenoid concentration of thymus, bursa, liver, plasma and shank epithelium was measured by HPLC. Egg yolk-derived carotenoids were detectable in chicks fed 0 dietary carotenoids for 4 wk. Chicks hatched from C+ eggs had significantly greater tissue lutein, zeaxanthin and/or canthaxanthin for all tissues (P < 0.05), compared to chicks hatched from C- eggs. Only bursa carotenoids were not dependent on chick diet (P = 0.24); for all other tissues, C+ chicks incorporated dietary carotenoids in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01), whereas C- chicks never achieved the same level of carotenoid incorporation. This study demonstrated the importance of maternal carotenoid status on incorporation of yolk- and diet-derived tissue carotenoids in an avian model, and may explain some variability in carotenoid-based research, given that maternal carotenoid status is rarely controlled.     

慢性肾脏病患者饮食磷摄入现状及与钙磷代谢相关性研究

目的 探讨慢性肾脏病患者饮食磷摄入情况,并分析饮食中磷摄入量对血营养指标及钙磷代谢相关指标的影响。方法 以2018年12月至2019年11月成都市某医院诊治的慢性肾脏病患者为研究对象,进行基本资料收集、3 d 24 h膳食调查、营养状态评估及血生化指标检测,采用描述流行病学分析方法对慢性肾脏病患者饮食磷摄入量进行分析。结果 共对151例慢性肾脏病患者进行研究,患者年龄25~75岁,以60~75岁为主,占64.9%,男女性别比为1.25∶ 1,疾病分期以3期为主,占49.0%,原发病以肾小球肾炎为主,占70.9%,主观营养评估（SGA）法评定结果以B级（可疑营养不良）为主,占86.1%。饮食磷摄入量以中等水平（600~800 mg/d）为主,占58.6%,其次是高水平（>800 mg/d）,占23.6%,摄入量低水平（<600 mg/d）的占17.8%。不同饮食磷摄入量的慢性肾脏病患者白蛋白、前白蛋白、血磷、血磷钙乘积指标差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.01）,转铁蛋白、血钙水平在不同饮食磷摄入量慢性肾脏病患者中的差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。血磷及血钙磷乘积与饮食磷摄入量呈正相关（r_s=0.736、0.809,均P<0.05）。结论 饮食磷摄入量对慢性肾脏病患者的营养状况和磷代谢有一定影响,慢性肾脏病患者应注意按营养师的指导注意挑选钾含量较低的食物,在保证机体生理需求前提下,有效控制磷的摄入量,预防高磷血症的发生。     

Effects of dietary calcium, phosphorus and magnesium on intranephronic calculosis in rats

The effects of varying dietary levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium on the incidence and severity of intranephronic calculosis were studied. Renal calculi were induced by feeding female rats the AIN-76TM semipurified diet for 4 weeks. During this time period, dietary levels of 350, 450 or 550 mg calcium per 100 g diet did not influence the occurrence of urolithiasis. Increasing dietary magnesium levels from 50 to 350 mg was beneficial in preventing the occurrence of calculi if the diet contained 400 mg or less phosphorus. The protective effects of dietary magnesium were counteracted when dietary phosphorus levels were increased from 400 mg to 550 or 700 mg. If the dietary content of phosphorus and magnesium permitted the formation of renal calculi, the severity of the condition was also influenced by the dietary level of calcium. Some animal groups fed semipurified diets did not have microscopic or radiographic evidence of renal calculi but were found to have significantly elevated renal calcium values. It was suggested that these animals might be in a precalculus-forming state.     

Responses in calcium and phosphorus metabolism and hepatic lipid deposition among estrogenized chicks fed various dietary ingredients

The purpose of this study was to determine whether diet composition would influence calcium and phosphorus metabolism in chicks administered estrogen. At 1 day of age, broiler chicks were fed either a corn-soybean meal diet (CS), or an isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diet containing 5% fish meal, 5% alfalfa meal and 10% torula yeast (FAY). At 21 days equivalent numbers were implanted with one of two lengths of Silastic tubing containing estradiol dipropionate, while the remaining birds served as nonimplanted controls. Significant increases were observed in liver weight, liver lipid, plasma total calcium and inorganic phosphate in chicks that were implanted, while concomitant declines were seen in body weight. Implanted chicks fed the CS diet had significantly higher liver weight, liver lipid, plasma phosphorus and plasma calcium and lower tibial bone ash than those fed the FAY diet. Furthermore, liver lipid values were very highly correlated with plasma phosphorus and calcium. In an identical study with slower growing White Leghorn chicks, the same trends were observed but were less well defined. These data show that the inclusion of certain ingredients into corn-soybean diets balanced for the major nutrients affects the response of chicks to estrogenization. Liver lipid deposition, calcium and phosphorus metabolism are all subject to diet and estrogen interactions.     

Aluminum and Acid Effects on Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Young Growing Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and Mallard Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Acidification is associated with increased mortality, reduced growth, and bone abnormalities in birds. Associated with acid deposition is an increase in aluminum availability due to solubilization from soil and other sources. (Conversely, experimental diets containing aluminum sulfate have much reduced pHs.) The present studies compare the effects of two levels of dietary acid (sulfuric acid) (0.122 and 0.56 mol H⁺ per kg feed; 0.056 and 0.277 mol sulfate per kg feed) and dietary aluminum (aluminum sulfate at 0.1 and 0.5%; sulfate at 0.056 and 0.277 mol sulfate per kg feed) on bone growth, mineralization, and phosphorous/calcium homeostasis in growing birds (chickens and mallard ducks). Growth was reduced by the high acid (chicken) and aluminum (ducks and chickens) diets. A reduction in bone mineralization was observed in birds receiving aluminum-containing diets [low aluminum diet: decreased tibia ash, calcium, and phosphorus (chickens); high aluminum diet: decreased tibia dry weight, % of ash and mg; ash, calcium (chickens, ducks as % of ash), and phosphorus (chickens mg/duck, % of ash)]. Moreover, plasma concentrations of inorganic phosphate were reduced in chicks on the high aluminum diet. There were also marked decreases in bone growth and mineralization [tibia weight, ash (mg), calcium (mg), phosphorus (mg)] and plasma concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D₃ in chicks on the high acid diet compared to those on a control diet. These changes were probably due to reduced feed intake; changes in bone indices being of a greater or similar magnitude in pairfed control. There was little change in bone indices, growth rate or feed consumption in ducklings receiving either the low or high acid diets. It is concluded that aluminum directly adversely affected bone mineralization whereas acid effects are mediated in part by changes in feed consumption. Received: 22 July 1997/Accepted: 29 November 1997     

Influence of dietary phosphorus restriction on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in rats

The effect of dietary phosphorus (P) on calcium (Ca) and phosphorus metabolism was studied in young female rats. P levels in the semipurified diets ranged from 0.1 to 0.4% (w/w). A level of 0.4% P in the diet is recommended for rats. Kidney calcification was observed in rats fed the 0.4%-P diet whereas P restriction prevented this condition. Rats fed the diet containing 0.1% P, showed severe hypercalciuria, hypercalcemia, reduced growth and impaired bone mineralization. These effects did not occur when the diet contained 0.2 or 0.3% of P. This study suggests that in short-term studies P in the diet of female rats can be restricted to 0.2% so as to prevent nephrocalcinosis without affecting their development.     

Influence of dietary non-protein energy intake on whole-body protein turnover in chicks

1. Three experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of dietary energy intake on whole-body protein turnover in chicks. 2. In Expt 1 a semi-purified diet with various dietary metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations, 10.9, 12.6, 14.2 and 15.9 kJ/g, was fed ad lib. to young chicks. Whole-body fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was increased with each increment in dietary ME level from 12.6 to 15.9 kJ/g, and whole-body fractional degradation rate (FDR) showed a similar, though less sensitive, trend to that of FSR. 3. In Expts 2 and 3, chicks were given graded ME intakes of 84, 126, 167, 209 or 293 kJ/d with a fixed intake of dietary protein. FSR was increased when the energy intake was raised from 84 to 167 kJ/d, and above this level it was almost constant. Similar to the trend obtained with ad lib. feeding, the response of FDR to changes in dietary energy intake was less sensitive than that of FSR. 4. Total heat production was increased when dietary energy intake was increased from 84 to 167 kJ/d, and there was no further increase at 209 kJ/d. In contrast, the contribution of protein synthesis to total heat production was not affected by varying the dietary energy intake.     

膳食钙、骨密度与儿童肥胖相关代谢异常的关系

越来越多研究支持增加钙摄人可减少代谢综合征的发生率，儿童时期的牛奶摄入水平及保持饮用牛奶的习惯与成年后骨密度呈正相关，有助于获得更高的骨峰值。本文总结了膳食钙摄入量对骨密度和儿童肥胖相关代谢异常之间的关系。     

孕期钙摄入量对孕产妇骨密度的影响

目的　研究孕期不同钙摄入量对产妇骨密度的影响。方法　对３５ 名２４ ～３１ 岁、孕１８周第１ 胎的健康妇女从孕２０ 周至产后４５ 天进行追踪研究, 以营养软件指导膳食,在热能和其他营养素摄入基本一致下,按钙摄入量分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,钙摄入量分别为（５５０ ±１５０） ｍｇ／ｄ 、（９００ ±１５０） ｍｇ／ｄ 、（１ ５００ ±１５０） ｍｇ／ｄ ,产后４５ 天采用双能Ｘ线骨密度仪测定全身及各部位骨密度。结果　Ⅰ组多项部位骨密度值明显低于Ⅱ和Ⅲ组;与同年龄组健康妇女腰椎骨密度峰值相比,Ⅰ组仅能维持在（８５ ．１４±６ ．６１） ％ ,并出现个例腰椎骨骨质疏松;Ⅱ组可达（９０ ．７４ ±６ ．５３） ％ ,Ⅲ组则达（１００ ．４４ ±５ ．１９） ％ 。全身多部位骨密度与其均数相关极为显著,其中第３ 腰椎相关性最好;钙摄入量与各部位骨密度均呈正相关。结论　孕期钙摄入量为（３０ ．６８ ±３ ．５６） ｍｍｏｌ／ｄ ,即（１ ２７４ ．６ ±１４７） ｍｇ／ｄ 时,母体经妊娠分娩及短期哺乳仍能维持良好的骨密度,对预防骨质疏松有一定意义。采用骨密度来反映孕产妇钙营养状况时,以腰椎代表性最好。     

Effects of dietary fibers on mineral status of chicks

We investigated the effects of replacing dietary starch with dietary fibers of various types and particle sizes on utilization of bivalent cations by chicks. Inclusion of polyethylene powder, alfalfa cell walls, corn bran, oat bran and wheat bran into diets resulted in lower serum and tibia Zn levels. However, addition of pectin, cellulose and a xylose:gum arabic (50:50) mixture did not affect tissue Zn levels, whereas addition of 4% lignin increased serum Zn level from 2.50 to 3.44 micrograms/ml. Ingestion of fibers with particle sizes less than 300 micrometers resulted in higher serum Zn levels compared with those of particle sizes greater than 300 micrometers. Incorporation of 4 and 8% pectin decreased (P less than 0.05) serum and tibia Mg levels. When brans were fed, kidney Mg levels were lower due to fiber additions. Inclusion of lignin, the xylose:gum arabic mixture and alfalfa cell walls resulted in lower liver Cu levels; polyethylene and solka floc had no effect on liver Cu status. Fiber did not affect tissue Ca or Fe status. Each mineral influenced by fiber type, level or particle size appeared to be affected through different mechanisms.     

Enhancement of sulfhydryl group availability in the intestinal brush border membrane by deficiencies of dietary calcium and phosphorus in chicks

The reactivity and availability of sulfhydryl (-SH) groups in brush border membranes (BBM) from chicks adapted to a calcium-deficient (low Ca) or a phosphorus-deficient (low P) diet were determined. The calbindin-D28K concentrations of the intestinal mucosa of the low Ca and low P groups were both increased approximately 2.5-fold, demonstrating that adaptation to the mineral deficiencies had occurred. By the Ellman reaction, a threefold increment in -SH groups in BBM from both mineral-deficient groups was noted. By using DACM (N-7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarin-3-yl maleimide), a fluorescent probe for -SH groups, it was observed that fluorescence development was considerably greater with BBM from the low Ca and low P groups than with BBM from the controls, whether measured in the absence or presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). In the absence of SDS, the pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants, k', calculated from the fluorescence data, were greater than the control group values, but in the presence of SDS, the k' values for all groups were about the same. Similar changes in BBM-SH groups were previously observed when 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was given to vitamin D-deficient chicks. The redox state of the sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and transport proteins is known to affect the level of their activity. The functional significance of the present observations concerning the -SH groups of chick intestinal BBM, particularly in relation to vitamin D-dependent calcium and phosphorus absorption, is not known but is under investigation.