Core-cutting needle biopsy for the diagnosis of breast cancer

Core-cutting needle biopsy of most palpable breast cancers can be easily performed in the office using local anesthesia and frequently provides unequivocal histologic diagnosis.     

Sentinel node imaging and biopsy in breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Several techniques have been shown to be accurate in identifying axillary sentinel lymph nodes. The accuracy of subareolar blue dye injection is compared with intraparenchymal radioisotope injection. METHODS: Forty-two consecutive patients with breast cancer were injected with both intraparenchymal technetium-99m and subareolar isosulfan blue dye. After sentinel lymph node identification, an axillary lymph node dissection was performed. RESULTS: The blue dye and the technetium-99m localized to the same axillary nodes even though the injection sites were different. The sensitivity of blue dye in identifying axillary sentinel nodes was 100%. The sensitivity of radioisotope injection in identifying sentinel nodes was 97.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Subareolar blue dye injection is an extremely accurate and cost-effective method of sentinel node identification in breast cancer patients.     

Value of needle biopsy in outpatient diagnosis of breast cancer

Outpatient needle biopsy of suspected breast cancers has been performed on 151 patients. Of 135 who were ultimately diagnosed as having a malignant tumor, 107 were correctly diagnosed on the initial needle biopsy, a success rate of 79%. The procedure is well tolerated by most patients and enables family support during a very stressful period. Furthermore, outpatient histopathologic confirmation of cancer allows adequate preoperative investigation and more efficient use of operating theater time.     

Myofibroblastoma of the male breast: imaging appearance and ultrasound-guided core biopsy diagnosis

Abstract: We present the case of a 78-year-old man with the history of a 14-mm, well-circumscribed mass in the retroareolar region of the right breast. An ultrasound-guided core biopsy showed myofibroblastoma. The mammagraphic and sonographic characteristics of this lesion are described.     

Radiolabelled somatostatin analogs for diagnosis and radio-guided surgery of neuroendocrine breast cancer undetectable with conventional imaging procedures

Some neoplasms are classified as primary neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) because of their positivity for neuroendocrine markers [chromogranins A and B (CgA, CgB) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE)]. Neuroendocrine differentiation has been reported, for example, in both "in situ" and infiltrating breast cancer. Diagnosis of NET is bio-humoral (CgA, NSE, synaptophysin) and instrumental. Even if the final diagnosis is made by open biopsy, radionuclide imaging using radiolabelled somatostatin analogs, such as In-111 pentetreotide, may detect neuroendocrine primary tumours and metastases before they become detectable using traditional and advanced imaging modalities [mammography (MX), ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]. When neuroendocrine breast lesions are not detectable, radio-guided surgery (RGS) is able to localise cancer. We report a case of a woman with a palpable lymph node in the left axilla. She underwent a US-guided lymph node biopsy, which was positive for massive metastases, probably of neuroendocrine breast origin. Mammary plus axillary US showed only lymphadenopathy in the left axilla. MX and breast MRI were negative. Neoplastic markers (CEA, CA 15.3, CA 125 and CA 19.9) were negative too. On the other hand, neuroendocrine markers (NSE and CgA) were positive. A whole body scintigraphic scan plus thorax and abdomen single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with In-111 pentetreotide (222 MBq; 6 mCi) showed an uptake in the left mammary gland. No other pathological localisations were observed. The day after the intravenous injection of In-111 pentetreotide, the patient underwent RGS breast tumour resection and left axillary lymphadenectomy. In conclusion, we would like to emphasise: (1) the role of radionuclide imaging for the detection of breast NETs in relation to conventional diagnostic procedures; (2) the role of RGS in localising and removing a non-palpable breast NET that was undetectable with the use of conventional imaging techniques.     

乳腺X线立体定位穿刺活检术对早期乳腺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨乳腺X线立体定位穿刺活检术（SMCNB）对早期乳腺癌诊断的应用。方法对21例钼钯X线摄片诊断为可疑早期乳腺癌患者应用SMCNB。将手术病理结果与穿刺取材病理结果相比较。结果与手术病理结果比较，SMCNB诊断阳性率为85．71％，无假阳性。结论SMCNB对早期乳腺癌活检定位准确，操作简单，安全可靠。     

各种影像检查在乳腺癌诊治中的应用

结合典型病例及图像,综述各种影像检查技术在乳腺癌诊治中的应用,重点探讨PET及PET与CT的融合图像对乳腺癌及前哨淋巴结的检查应用。     

乳腺肿物99mTc甲氧基异丁基异腈显像的临床价值

目的 评价^99mTc甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）乳腺显像对乳腺癌诊断的价值。方法 对195例和204处乳腺肿物患者分3组进行^99mTc－MIBI显像,并与病理对照,另选择无乳腺疾病者20例作对照组。^99mTc－MIBI在乳腺中有异常浓聚且阈值数大于健侧相对应区10％时为阳性。结果 本研究中乳腺癌病变100处,阳性显像92处;乳腺良性病变70处,阳性显像12处;隐匿性病变34处,阳性显像6处,3处为乳腺癌;对照组20例显像均阴性。^99mTc－MIBI对乳腺疾病的诊断准确率为92．0％,灵敏度为91．8％、特异度为92％、阳性预测值为86％、阴性预测值为92％。结论 ^99mTc－MIBI对乳腺癌的诊断及良恶性病变的鉴别有较高的敏感性和准确性。     

乳腺癌的影像学早期诊断

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。近年来,我国乳腺癌发病率呈逐年上升趋势,在上海,乳腺癌已成为女性发病率最高的恶性肿瘤,严重危害妇女的健康和生命。但若能做到早期诊断、及时正确的干预治疗,乳腺癌病人的生存率仍较高,其中     

Clinical significance of 99mTc-MIBI breast imaging in the diagnosis of early breast cancer

OBJECTIVE: To find an effective, sensitive, specific and noninvasive diagnostic method for cancer. METHODS: 109 masses from 102 patients with breast lesions smaller than 2 cm in diameter were divided into three groups to undergo 99mtechnetium-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) imaging. The results were compared with their pathology. Twenty cases without breast lesions were selected as a control group. Abnormal density of 99mTc-MIBI in the breast and a threshold level 10% higher than that in the counterpart of the healthy breast was regarded as positive. RESULTS: Of 32 breast cancers, positive imaging appeared in 25. Negative imaging was found in 31 of 38 benign breast lesions. Of 39 nonpalpable breast lesions, five cases were breast cancers and 34 cases benign. Positive MIBI imaging appeared in all of the breast cancers, while in the benign lesions, four were positive and 30 negative. No positive imaging was found in the control group. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 99mTc-MIBI were 88.4%, 89.2%, 88.0%, 75.0% and 95.3%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: 99mTc-MIBI imaging had high sensitivity and accuracy in the diagnosis of breast cancer, as well as in the differentiation between benign and malignant breast lesions. It could provide reliable information in confirming the diagnosis in patients with clinically suspected breast cancer.     

超声引导微创活组织检查术对乳腺癌诊断价值的研究

目的：观察超声引导下mammotome微创活检术（mammotome minimaly invasive biopsy，MMIBS）对乳腺癌的诊断价值。方法：对80例术后病理组织学检查确诊的乳腺癌患者，术前行超声引导下MMIBS和针吸细胞学检查（fine needle aspiration cytology，FNAC），比较两种诊断方法的诊断符合率、漏诊率以及不同肿块大小和病理类型的诊断符合率。结果：80例乳腺癌，MMIBS和FNAC诊断符合率分别为97．5％和75.0％（P〈0．05），漏诊率分别为2．5％和25．0％（P〈0．05）；肿块直径≤1．0cm，1．1～2．0cm的诊断符合率分别是86．7％，100．0％和40．0％，70．0％（P〈0．05）：肿块直径2．1～5．0cm和〉5．0cm以及除浸润性导管癌外其他的病理类型的乳腺癌诊断符合率两种检查方法差异无统计学意义。结论：超声引导下MMIBS对乳腺癌的诊断具有高确诊率、低漏诊率，安全、微创等特点。     

Breast density,MR imaging biomarkers,and breast cancer risk

Mammographic breast density and various breast MRI features are imaging biomarkers that can predict a woman's future risk of breast cancer. While mammographic density (MD) has been established as an independent risk factor for the development of breast cancer, MD assessment methods need to be accurate and reproducible for widespread clinical use in stratifying patients based on their risk. In addition, a number of breast MRI biomarkers using contrast‐enhanced and noncontrast‐enhanced techniques are also being investigated as risk predictors. The validation and standardization of these breast MRI biomarkers will be necessary for population‐based clinical implementation of patient risk stratification, as well. This review provides an update on MD assessment methods, breast MRI biomarkers, and their ability to predict breast cancer risk.     

MicroPure成像技术鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性肿瘤

目的评价MicroPure成像技术检测乳腺肿瘤微钙化及鉴别乳腺良恶性肿瘤的价值。方法对经钼靶x线检查证实存在微钙化灶的110例乳腺肿瘤患者（125个肿瘤）进行常规高频超声及配有MicroPure成像技术的超声检查,记录微钙化灶检出率,对乳腺肿瘤进行BI-RADS分级。以术后病理结果为金标准,比较常规高频超声及MicroPure成像技术诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的准确率;绘制ROC曲线,比较两种方法诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的能力。结果MicroPure成像技术对于微钙化的检出率（125／125,100％）高于常规高频超声（97／125,77．60％,χ2=29．32,P〈0．05）。对低回声病灶的微钙化,MicroPure成像技术的检出率（69／69,100％）与常规高频超声（67／69,97．10％）差异无统计学意义（χ2=0．507,P〉0．05）;而对非低回声病灶的微钙化,MicroPure成像技术的检出率（56／56,100％）明显高于常规高频超声（30／56,53．57％,χ2=31．31,P〈0．05）。MicroPure成像技术诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的特异度、敏感度及准确率分别为86．21％（50／58）、95．52％（64／67）、91．20％（114／125）,常规高频超声则分别为86．21％（50／58）、74．63％（50／67）和80．00％（100／125）,二者诊断敏感度和准确率差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。MicroPure成像技术诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤ROC曲线下面积（0．944）大于常规高频超声（0．859）。结论MicroPure成像技术可提高乳腺病灶微钙化的检出率,进而提高诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的敏感度和准确率。     

Evaluation of aspiration biopsy cytology and combined preoperative tests in the diagnosis of breast cancer

This study was conducted to investigate the use-fulness of aspiration biopsy cytology (ABC) and other combined tests for the preoperative diagnosis of breast cancer. In an analysis of 599 aspirates of breast tumors, suspicious cases were included among the positive, while borderline cases were considered to be negative. The sensitivity of ABC was 87.3%, the specificity was 92.3%, and the predictive value of a postive diagnosis was 92.8%. A total of 207 cases of breast cancer were evaluated to determine the diagnostic significance of breast cancer, particularly for tumors less than 2.0 cm by means of a quadruple test including physical examination, mammography (MMG), ultrasonography (US), and ABC. The combined tests of MMG or US, and ABC resulted in a sensitivity of 96.2% and 94.9%, respectively, and were considered to complement each other in the diagnosis of small breast cancer. Surgical biopsy is thus not always necessary in malignant cases that are conclusively diagnosed by the combined quadruple test.     

Geographic variation and physician specialization in the use of percutaneous biopsy for breast cancer diagnosis

Background

Preoperative diagnosis of breast cancer is a standard of care. We conducted a population-based study to determine the factors associated with the use of percutaneous needle biopsy to diagnose breast cancer in Ontario.

Methods

We identified a total of 3644 women who underwent breast tissue sampling (percutaneous needle biopsy or surgical excision) that yielded a diagnosis of cancer between Apr. 1, 2002, and Dec. 31, 2002, and for whom we were able to obtain complete data. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses to examine the association between a number of variables and the use of percutaneous biopsy or surgery for diagnosis and the performance of biopsy with or without image guidance. The variables were age, local health integration network (LHIN), income quintile, urban or rural residence, access to a primary care provider, prior mammogram, prior regular screening mammography, screen-initiated biopsy, and surgeon and radiologist specialization in breast disease.

Results

A total of 2374 women (65%) underwent percutaneous biopsy to diagnose breast cancer. The use of percutaneous biopsy varied from 22% to 81% among LHINs. On multivariate analysis, no patient variables were associated with the use of percutaneous biopsy for diagnosis. Only the LHIN and surgeon and radiologist specialization were predictive of whether a woman received a percutaneous biopsy. These 2 variables, along with income quintile and screen-initiated biopsy, were associated with the use of image-guided biopsy as the method of choice.

Conclusion

Geographic variation in the use of percutaneous biopsy, particularly image-guided biopsy, for the diagnosis of breast cancer exists across Ontario. The frequency of such biopsies may be a useful quality indicator. Strategies to improve uptake of organized evidence-based care may increase the use of percutaneous biopsy.     

Reliability of histologic diagnosis of breast cancer with stereotactic vacuum-assisted biopsy

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of 11-gauge stereotactic vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (SVAB) for the diagnosis of breast cancer. Percutaneous biopsies of 426 suspicious breast lesions in 365 patients using 11-gauge SVAB were performed between September 1996 and June 1998. Of these biopsies 59 (13.8%) resulted in a diagnosis of breast carcinoma and 56 (95%) were surgically excised. These 56 lesions constitute the basis of this study. Pathology of SVAB and surgically excised tissue of the 56 carcinomas as well as imaging findings were correlated. At percutaneous biopsy 34 (61%) lesions demonstrated ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 22 (39%) invasive carcinomas. Surgical excision demonstrated the presence of an invasive cancer in three lesions percutaneously diagnosed as DCIS (9%; confidence interval 2-24%). No residual carcinoma was surgically demonstrated in seven (12.5%) lesions. Sensitivity of 11-gauge SVAB for the diagnosis of invasion in breast cancer was 88 per cent. Using SVAB the diagnosis of invasive carcinoma is reliable. However, a percutaneous finding of DCIS does not exclude the presence of invasion in 9 per cent of cases as confirmed by subsequent surgery. Using SVAB 12.5% of carcinomas are completely excised.     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer. Experience of the Rome Breast Cancer Study Group

We report our multicentric experience with sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer patients. Patients with breast cancer operated on from January 1999 to March 2005 in 6 different institutions in the Rome area were retrospectively reviewed. All patients gave written informed consent. 1440 consecutive patients were analysed, with a median age of 59 years (range: 33-81) and a median tumour diameter of 1.3 cm (range: 0.1-5). Patients underwent lymphatic mapping with Tc99 nanocolloid (N = 701; 49%), with Evans Blue (N = 70; 5%), or with a combined injection (N = 669, 46%). The majority of patients were mapped with an intradermal or subdermal injection (N = 1193; 84%), while an intraparenchymal or peritumoral injection was used in 41 (3%) and 206 patients (13%), respectively. Sentinel lymph nodes were identified in 1374/1440 cases (95.4%), and 2075 sentinel lymph nodes were analysed (average 1.5/patient). A total of 9305 additional non-sentinel lymph-nodes were removed (median 6/patient). Correlations between sentinel lymph nodes and final lymph node status were found in 1355/1374 cases (98.6%). There were 19 false-negative cases (5%). Lymph node metastases were diagnosed in 325 patients (24%). In this group, micrometastases (< 2 mm in diameter) were diagnosed in 103 cases (7.6%). Additionally, isolated tumour cells were reported in 61 patients (4,5%). In positive cases, additional metastases in non-sentinel lymph-nodes were identified in 117/325 cases after axillary dissection (36%). Axillary dissection was avoided in 745/1440 patients (52%). At a median follow-up of 36 months, only 1 axillary recurrence has been reported. Sentinel lymph node biopsy improves staging in women with breast cancer because it is accurate and reproducible, and allows detection of micrometastases and isolated tumour cells that would otherwise be missed. Our multicentric study confirms that this is the preferred axillary staging procedure in women with breast cancer.     

超声乳腺影像学报告及数据系统鉴别诊断乳腺小肿块

目的探讨超声乳腺影像学报告及数据系统(BI-RADS)标准化描述术语鉴别诊断乳腺小肿块(最大直径均≤1.5cm)的价值。方法利用BI-RADS超声术语对159例患者共186个乳腺小肿块进行描述,并对这些超声征象进行二分类Logistic回归分析。结果良性肿块123个(123/186,66.13%),恶性肿块63个(63/186,33.87%)。超声对恶性肿块诊断的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为71.43%(45/63)、87.80%(108/123)、82.26%(153/186)。单因素分析显示乳腺良恶性小肿块的形态、边缘、生长方向、后方回声、内部微钙化差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素分析显示边缘毛刺和内部微钙化进入回归模型(P0.05)。结论边缘毛刺及肿块内部微钙化对鉴别乳腺良恶性小肿块最具价值。