致心律失常性右室心肌病一例

患者男,56岁,主因＂阵发性心悸伴胸闷、气短2年＂收住入院。心悸发作时心电图示室性心动过速（简称室速）。心脏彩超示右房右室内径增大,右室流出道内径增宽。心脏核磁共振示右室室壁信号不均匀,呈高、等、低混杂信号改变,心室游离壁及下壁变薄,右室流出道扩张,右室室壁运动减弱,左室如常,符合致心律失常性右室心肌病。给予埋藏式心脏转复除颤器治疗,术后抗心动过速起搏治疗1次。     

致心律失常性右室心肌病

本文就致心律失常性右室心肌病的遗传因素、形态学特征、病因、心电图（ECG）及临床表现、诊断、治疗等方面做一综述。     

致心律失常性右室心肌病新观点

随着对致心律失常性右室心肌病(arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy,ARVC)研究的进展,目前已不再认为ARVC只是桥粒蛋白基因突变引起的一种累及右室的遗传性心肌病.ARVC可以由非桥粒蛋白的多种基因突变或非遗传因素引起,并且可以首先累及左室.因此,2019年制定ARVC诊断标准的国际专家组提出了该病的新的临床分型,并对2010年的诊断标准作出了新的评价.本文就ARVC的临床分型、致病基因、诊断及治疗研究进展等方面进行综述.     

致心律失常性右室心肌病一例

患者女,38岁,因"反复心悸1年"入院。心悸发作时ECG示室性心动过速。否认家族猝死史。体格检查未见异常。ECG可见V2导联延迟向上的S波,心脏彩超示右室流出道增宽,心脏核磁共振示右室壁内脂肪信号影,符合致心律失常性右室心肌病。由于经济原因,未植入埋藏式心脏转复除颤器,口服胺碘酮治疗。随访半年,未再有室性心律失常发作。     

致心律失常性右室心肌病超声心动图的诊断进展

超声心动图诊断致心律失常性右室心肌病(ARVC)技术有三维超声、组织多普勒、斑点追踪;三维超声能更好的评价右室容积及射血分数,组织多普勒能更准确反映心肌收缩舒张功能变化,而斑点追踪则能定量描绘室壁节段运动异常。这些技术的运用为ARVC的早期诊断提供了更多有用信息。     

国内致心律失常性右室心肌病文献病例分析

目的探讨国内致心律失常性右室心肌病(ARVC)的发病现状、临床特征和诊治情况。方法在CNKI、万方数据库、维普数据库、Pubmed中以"ARVC/D"为自由词或关键词,检索国内1986~2008年发表的ARVC病例42例。采用回顾性方法,对资料进行汇总分析。结果 ARVC患病率男女比为3.2∶1;首发症状年龄为(31.3±13.2)岁,3例有家族猝死史,均为兄弟关系。心悸为最常见症状(73.2%),其次为晕厥(56.1%)。52.0%患者心界扩大,32例(76.2%)出现室性心动过速,Epsilon波检出率为38.1%。33例(78.6%)患者超声心动图提示右室增大,右室壁瘤样膨出占31.0%(13例)。5例进行了右室心肌活检,全部有不同程度的心肌脂肪浸润、心肌纤维化等改变。23例使用抗心律失常药物治疗,3例患者抗心律失常药物+室性心动过速射频消融治疗,仅1例安装埋藏式心脏转复除颤器(ICD)。结论国内ARVC患者以中青年多见,男性多于女性,晕厥、心悸为常见症状,可见多种心律失常,形态学异常以右室扩大、右室瘤样膨出较常见;ICD植入率低。     

致心律失常性右室心肌病诊断进展

摘要：致心律失常性右室心肌病,又称致心律失常性右室发育不良,是一种遗传性心肌病,其特征为右心室心肌进行性被纤维脂肪组织所替代,临床常表现为右心室扩大、心律失常和猝死。致心律失常性右室心肌病的具体发病机制不十分明确,在此病的临床诊断方面仍值得进一步探讨。     

致心律失常性右室心肌病的诊断和治疗

致心律失常性右室心肌病（ＡＲＶＣ）,又称致心律失常性右室发育不良（ＡＲＶＤ）,是一种主要累及右心室,表现为右室游离壁心肌的部分或全部为脂肪组织所替代,其特征性的临床表现为起源于右室的室性心律失常或右心功能衰竭。１病因及病理致心律失常性右室心肌病,是由...     

致心律失常性右室心肌病患者的心电图aVR导联特征

目的探讨致心律失常性右室心肌病(ARVC)患者的心电图aVR导联特征。方法分析60例ARVC患者的体表心电图aVR导联的波形特征,并与71例正常人心电图作对照。结果 ARVC患者aVR导联呈QR型、rSr型及rSR型的比例明显高于对照组(分别为23.3%vs 5.6%,26.7%vs 8.5%,6.7%vs 0,P<0.01);而呈Qr型者所占的比例明显低于对照组(13.3%vs 46.5%,P<0.01),与对照组相比ARVC患者aVR导联呈碎裂QRS波明显增多(33.3%vs 8.5%,P<0.01);ARVC患者aVR导联Q波或S波振幅减小(0.42±0.26 mV vs 0.62±0.25 mV,P<0.01);且R/S比值明显增大(0.52±0.67 vs 0.21±0.23,P<0.01)。结论 ARVC患者的体表心电图aVR导联特征性改变可作为ARVC的诊断线索。     

评价致心律失常性右室心肌病右室功能超声指标与磁共振的相关性

目的用目前公认的5个超声指标评价致心律失常性右室心肌病（ARVC）患者的右室功能,研究其与磁共振（MRI）结果的相关性。方法对11例ARVC患者行超声及MRI检查,测量右室功能指标并行相关分析。本研究除了运用传统的心尖四腔心法测量右室面积改变分数（RVFAC 4C）外,增加了胸骨旁右室三腔心切面法测量右室面积改变分数（RVFAC RV 3C）。结果 5个指标中胸骨旁短轴RVFAC RV 3C、三尖瓣环收缩峰值速度、三尖瓣环收缩位移与MRI结果相关,r值分别为0.72、0.65、0.67。结论胸骨旁短轴RVFAC RV3C是评价ARVC患者右室功能的重要指标并且其与MRI测量的结果具有高度的相关性。     

Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a progressive, genetically determined fibro-fatty infiltrative myocardial disease with an estimated prevalence in the general population to be 1:5,000 to 1:10,000. ARVD leads to electrical instability that may predispose to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure, and sudden death. We reviewed the pathological substrate for ventricular arrhythmias, ECG findings and treatment modalities in ARVD. Importantly, novel techniques such as electroanatomic and voltage mapping has greatly improved the identification of the scared substrate in the settings of ARVD and have improved safety and efficacy of VT ablation procedures associated with this entity.     

致心律失常性右室心肌病七个家系调查

目的调查致心律失常性右室心肌病(ARVC)家系,提供国人ARVC的遗传学资料及家系成员的患病情况.方法调查就诊16例ARVC患者的家族史,包括询问家系成员病史,做心脏检查.根据欧洲心脏病协会的诊断标准作出诊断.结果16例患者中7例有家族史(44%),该7个家系中查出ARVC患者31例,平均年龄(38.9±15.0)岁.所有家系均表现为显性遗传.除先证者外,家系患者有症状者占19%.每个家系各有发病特点.右胸导联QRS波后部切迹在家系患者中多见.家系患者心室晚电位阳性者占74%.超声心动图显示3个家系的所有22例患者都有右室肌小梁增粗.右室的变化多集中于发育不全三角.病变部位室壁变薄伴有室壁瘤样收缩期膨出及运动障碍相当多见.病变严重者,右房、右室普遍扩大.结论国人ARVC多为显性遗传,有遗传异质性,临床表现复杂,多见于青壮年.     

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: Screening, diagnosis, and treatment

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) is a heart muscle disorder characterized pathologically by fatty or fibrofatty replacement and electrical instability of the right ventricular myocardium. Clinical manifestations include structural and functional malformations (fatty infiltration, dilatation, aneurysms) of the right ventricle, ECG abnormalities, and presentation with ventricular tachycardias with left bundle branch block pattern or sudden death. The disease often is familial with an autosomal inheritance. The typical hallmarks of ARVD/C are distributed in the so-called "triangle of dysplasia." The functional and morphologic characteristics are relevant to clinical imaging approaches such as contrast angiography, echocardiography, radionuclide angiography, ultrafast computed tomography, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Evident forms of the disease are straightforward to diagnose based on a series of diagnostic criteria proposed by the International Task Force for Cardiomyopathy. However, the diagnosis of early and mild forms of the disease often is difficult. Treatment is directed toward preventing life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in which radiofrequency ablation and implantable defibrillators play an increasing role. Despite new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in ARVD/C, uncertainties about the etiology of the disease, the genetic basis, the appropriate diagnosis and therapy, and the clinical course of patients with ARVD/C have resulted in several registries to increase our knowledge of this intriguing disease.     

37例致心律失常性右心室心肌病患者PKP2基因检测

目的 调查单中心致心律失常性右心室心肌病(ARVC)患者PKP2突变发生率.方法 对50例考虑诊断为ARVC的患者采用2010年新诊断标准进行重新评估.采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增PKP2基因各外显子片段并测序,结果与200例正常对照组进行比对分析.结果 37例被确诊ARVC,9例为临界诊断,另4例为疑似诊断.确诊患者中有10例(27％)携带7个新突变和3个已报道突变,包括7个无义突变和3个错义突变,临界诊断及疑似诊断患者均未检测出PKP2基因突变.携带PKP2突变的患者与未携带突变的患者临床特征差异无统计学意义.结论 本组ARVC患者PKP2基因突变发生率与欧美国家相似,但突变谱存在差异.     

Review on the genetics of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a clinical and pathologic entity whose diagnosis rests on electrocardiographic and angiographic criteria; pathologic findings, replacement of ventricular myocardium with fatty and fibrous elements, preferentially involve the right ventricular (RV) free wall. There is a familial occurrence in about 50% of cases, with autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance and polymorphic phenotypic expression, and is one of the major genetic causes of juvenile sudden death. When the dysplasia is extensive, it may represent the extensive form of ARVCM (arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy). In this review, we focus on the some candidate genes mutations and information on some genotype-phenotype correlation in the ARVD. Our findings are in agreement with those of European Society of Cardiology who stated that: genetic analysis is usefull in families with RV cardiomyopathy because whenever a pathogenetic mutation is identified, it becomes possible to establish a presymptomatic diagnosis of the disease among family members and to provide them with genetic counseling to monitor the development of the disease and to assess the risk of transmitting the disease offspring. On the basis of current knowledge, genetic analysis does not contribute to risk stratification of arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy.     

Prognostic value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with suspected arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Background

Early recognition and accurate risk stratification are important in the management of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Identification of predictors of outcome by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in patients undergoing evaluation for ARVC is limited. We investigated the predictive value of morphological abnormalities detected by CMR for major clinical events in patients with suspected ARVC.

Methods

We performed a longitudinal study on 369 consecutive patients with at least one criterion for ARVC. Abnormal CMR was defined by the presence of one of the following: increased right ventricular (RV) volumes, reduced RV ejection fraction, RV regional wall motion abnormalities, myocardial fatty infiltration, and myocardial fibrosis. The end-point was a composite of cardiac death, sustained ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and appropriate ICD discharge.

Results

Twenty patients met the composite end-point over a mean follow-up of 4.3 ± 1.5 years. An abnormal CMR was an independent predictor of outcomes (p < 0.001). The presence of multiple abnormalities heralded a particular high risk of events (HR 23.0, 95% CI 5.7–93.2, p < 0.001 for 2 abnormalities; HR 35.8, 95% CI 9.7–132.6, p < 0.001 for 3 or more abnormalities). The positive predictive value of an abnormal CMR study was 21.0% for an adverse event, whilst the negative predictive value of a normal CMR study was 98.8% over the follow-up period.

Conclusions

CMR provides important prognostic information in patients under evaluation for ARVC. A normal study portends a good prognosis. Conversely, the presence of multiple abnormalities identifies a high risk group of patients who may benefit from ICD implantation.     

致心律失常性右心室心肌病患者桥粒斑蛋白基因突变和单核苷酸多态性检测

目的 调查致心律失常性右心室心肌病（ARVC）患者桥粒斑蛋白（DSP）基因突变和单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）发生率.方法 对初步诊断为ARVC的50例患者采用2010年新诊断标准予以重新评估.应用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增DSP基因全部外显子片段并测序,病例组测序结果与198例正常对照组进行比对分析.结果 37例符合ARVC确诊病例,9例为临界诊断病例,另有4例为疑似诊断病例.确诊病例中有5例（14％）携带5种DSP基因突变,既往均未见报道,包括4种错义突变和1种无义突变,临界诊断与疑似诊断病例均未检出DSP基因突变.同时检出4个非同义SNPs位点,其等位基因频率在对照组和病例组间差异无统计学意义.结论 本组ARVC患者DSP基因突变检出率为14％,且均为新发现突变.DSP基因外显子区域的4个SNPs位点可能与ARVC的发病无相关性.     

Clinical profile in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and a recessive plakophilin-2 gene mutation

ObjectiveArrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is not an uncommon cause of cardiac morbidity in Kashmir valley. This study was designed to document various clinical features and to sequence exons 11 and 12 of plakophilin 2 (PKP2) gene in these patients.MethodsACM patients who attended cardiology outpatient department of our institute from January 2014 to April 2015 were included in the study. Their records were reviewed. Controls were randomly selected, who had no history or family history of cardiac illness and had a normal cardiac examination. A blood sample was also taken from both the groups for sequencing of exon 11 and 12 of PKP2 gene. ACM patients were followed up until July 2016.ResultsEleven ACM patients and seven controls were included in the study. Most common mode of presentation was ventricular tachycardia (VT). Two patients had left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. One patient had a splice site mutation in exon 12 of PKP2 gene and one patient died during follow-up. One of the controls had an intronic variation that has no pathogenic significance vis-à-vis ACM.ConclusionOur study describes various clinical parameters in ACM patients and a recessive plakophilin 2 mutation after a limited PKP2 gene sequencing.     

致心律失常性右室心肌病的临床诊断特点

致心律失常性右室心肌病(ARVC)是遗传性心肌病的一种,以右心室心肌细胞被纤维、脂肪组织代替为主要病理特征.临床主要表现为反复发生心律失常、心衰和猝死,在年轻人及运动员猝死中具有重要地位.因此,有必要进一步加深对该疾病的病理、生理和临床特征的认识和进一步研究.该文就ARVC的临床特点、心电图表现、超声心动图特点和核磁共振成像特点作一综述.     

Thromboembolic complications in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy.

AIMS: Incidence and clinical presentation of thromboembolic complications in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) were analysed. In reports on ARVD/C, thromboembolism is rarely mentioned. The possible risk factors are: right ventricle (RV) dilatation, aneurysms, and wall motion abnormalities. METHODS AND RESULTS: A group of 126 patients (89 male, 37 female, aged 43.6+/-14.3) with ARVD/C was retrospectively analysed for the presence of thromboembolic complications. The mean follow-up period was 99+/-64 months. Thromboembolic complications, i.e. pulmonary embolism (n=2), RV outflow tract thrombosis with severe RV failure (n=1), and cerebrovascular accident associated with atrial fibrillation (n=2) were observed in 4% of the patients. Spontaneous echogenic contrast was observed in seven patients with severe damage to RV. In four of them supraventricular arrhythmias resulting in heart failure were reported. Annual incidence of thromboembolic complications was 0.5/100 patients. CONCLUSIONS: (i) ARVD/C may be complicated by thrombosis. Annual incidence of such complications is significantly lower than reported for left ventricle failure. (ii) Anticoagulation should be used in ARVD/C patients with large, hypokinetic RV and slow blood flow. (iii) Patients with severe forms of ARVD/C, thrombus formation in the RV and/or spontaneous echocardiographic contrast are at higher risk of a poor outcome.