心内直视手术中右腋下直切口的应用及体外循环插管的策略

目的探讨右腋下直切口在体外循环(CPB)心内直视手术中的应用.方法1999年3月-2005年6月,采用右腋下直切口经右第3肋床进胸行心内直视手术,其中房间隔缺损(ASD)67例,室间隔缺损(VSD)141例,ASD加VSD 15例,共计223例.结果心肌阻断时间为22.0min±5.5 min,1/3病人不输血,无死亡,术后住院时间6.0 d±4.5 d.结论采用右腋下直切口在CBP心内直视手术治疗单纯ASD、VSD,创伤小,恢复快,住院时间短,输血量少,术后并发症少以及切口隐蔽、美观.     

微创右腋下直切口与胸骨正中切口在心内直视手术中的对比

目的:比较右腋下直切口与胸部正中切口两种手术路径,在心内直视手术治疗常见先天性心脏病(先心病)的临床结果。方法:回顾性分析2012年5月至2014年2月,常见简单先心病房间隔缺损、室间隔膜部缺损、部分性心内膜垫缺损行微创右腋下直切口心内直视手术33例,选取既往相同疾病行传统胸部正中切口41例。对比两组患者手术时间、体外循环时间、输血量、术后引流量、术后呼吸机使用时间、术后住院时间及预后并进行总结。结果:两组患者均无死亡、出血致二次手术等重大并发症,在体外循环时间、术后呼吸机使用时间上两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而在手术时间、输血量、术后引流量和术后住院时间方面微创右腋下直切口组均优于传统胸骨正中切口组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后随访6个月,两组患者超声心动图(UCG)均未发现残余分流、心包积液等并发症,传统胸部正中切口组4例患者出现鸡胸畸形,而微创切口组均恢复良好。结论:在常见先心病心内直视手术治疗中,微创右腋下直切口安全美观,并不增加术后并发症的发生,在术后恢复上显著优于传统胸骨正中切口。     

右腋下直切口心内直视手术166例

目的:总结166例右腋下直切口心内直视手术的外科治疗经验。方法:选择性地对先天性心脏病(先心病)、房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损及肺动脉瓣狭窄等患者采用右腋下直切口心内直视手术。结果:全组患者无手术死亡病例。术后引流量明显减少,1例2次开胸止血,余均顺利出院。术后出院天数和住院费用均减少。结论:对先心病采用右腋下直切口,手术失血少、损伤轻、术后恢复快、切口隐蔽并美观。     

右胸部小切口矫治先天性心脏病641例分析

目的探讨右胸部小切口在先天性心脏病心内直视手术中的临床应用评价。方法自1995年12月至2008年1月，共经右胸部小切口行先天性心脏病手术641例，其中男性347例，女性294例，经右胸前外侧小切口587例，右腋下小切口54例。选择同期正中切口心内直视手术治疗的先天性心脏病患者350例为对照组。结果小切口组手术切口长度（13．7±4．7）cm，术后呼吸机辅助时间（4．2±2．2）h，术后引流量（175±95）ml，术后输血量（350±101）ml，术后切口感染及胸骨畸形发生率均明显少于对照组（P〈0．05）。小切口组的手术死亡率（0．47％）、手术时间及术后住院时间和对照组相比差异无统计学意义。结论右胸部小切口适用于简单的先心病手术，具有切口隐蔽美观、术后渗血少、切口感染发生率低、无胸骨畸形等优点，但必须要选择适合的病例，应用必要的措施改善显露和熟练的手术技巧，才能取得良好的手术结果。     

先天性心脏病右腋下小切口心内直视术的围术期护理

目的对先天性心脏病右腋下小切口心内直视术的围术期护理措施进行分析。方法选取我院2014年1月~2015年1月收治的先天性心脏病患儿90例作为研究对象,将其随机分为对照组与观察组,各45例。所有患儿均行右腋下小切口心内直视术。对照组患儿行常规护理干预,观察组患儿行综合性护理干预。观察患儿的手术效果,对比两组患儿的胸液引流量、呼吸机辅助时间及住院时间。结果患儿均顺利完成手术治疗,切口愈合良好。观察组患儿的胸腔引流量明显少于对照组,且呼吸及辅助时间、住院时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对先天性心脏病右腋下小切口心内直视术患儿加强围术期护理干预,能够确保手术顺利开展,提高手术效果,值得临床推广与应用。     

右后外侧小切口剖胸治疗冠状动脉右心室和/或右心房瘘

目的:总结经右外侧腋下小切口入胸体外循环辅助直视下治疗冠状动脉右心室右心房瘘的手术经验及效果。方法:选取本院2002年1月至2018年12月,行冠状动脉右心室和/或右心房瘘矫治术患儿31例,其中经胸骨正中开胸完成手术矫治的患儿16例(正中组),男性9例,女性7例,中位年龄11.8个月(6～32)个月,中位体质量12.7 kg(7.5～29 kg)。其中右冠状动脉右心室瘘9例,左冠状动脉右心室瘘5例,右冠状动脉右心房瘘2例;经右外侧小切口剖胸(右侧组)行手术矫治的患儿15例,男性9例,女性6例。中位年龄10.8个月(5～28个月),中位体质量11.6 kg(5.6～18)kg。右冠状动脉右心室瘘9例,左冠状动脉右心室瘘4例,右冠状动脉右心房瘘2例。均在全身麻醉体外循环辅助下完成冠状动脉右心室和/或右心房瘘矫治术。结果:右侧组术后无死亡。术后残余瘘2例。正中死亡1例,死于低心排出量综合征(低心排);术后残余瘘2例。右侧组手术时间、切口长度、ICU停留时间、术后引流量、术后输血量、术后呼吸机辅助时间以及住院时间都显著低于正中组;主动脉阻断时间差异无统计学意义。随访3～38个月,心脏功能恢复良好。结论:经右侧腋下小切口直视下行冠状动脉右心室右心房瘘矫治手术,手术安全可靠,术野清晰,创伤小,术后恢复良好。     

右腋下小切口心脏不停跳修补房间隔缺损的临床经验

目的 总结经右腋下直切口行体外循环直视、心脏不停跳下房间隔缺损修补手术的临床经验,探讨其适应证及技术要点。 方法 2011年1月至2016年12月我们共完成92例经右腋下直切口的体外循环心脏直视手术,其中男52例、女40例,患者年龄12个月至28岁,平均(5.2±3.3)岁,体重8.5～52.0(17.9±8.6)kg。其中2例合并部分型肺静脉异位引流,6例存在中度以上肺高压,同期行三尖瓣成形39例。所有手术均在全身麻醉、体外循环心脏不停跳下进行。患者取左侧卧位,切口位于腋中线与腋前线之间,皮肤切口长度约5～8cm,约经第3或第4肋间进胸,切开并悬吊心包,行升主动脉及上、下腔静脉插管建立体外循环,经右心房切口修补房间隔缺损及三尖瓣成形。结果 全组手术均顺利完成,无手术死亡;术中无恶性心律失常和气栓发生,术后无脑部并发症,2例术后出现少量气胸、皮下气肿,1例出现肺不张,1例随访有1～2mm残余分流。结论 右腋下小切口心脏不停跳下心内修补房间隔缺损手术具有安全、可靠,美容效果好、创伤轻、手术时间短以及术后恢复快等优点,患者及家属满意率高,值得临床推广。     

右侧腋下小切口直视手术治疗小儿先天性心脏病的临床应用

目的:探讨先天性心脏病(先心病)患儿行右侧腋下小切口直视手术临床应用效果。方法:把给予右侧腋下小切口直视手术的患者纳入研究组,行胸骨正中切口直视手术的患者纳入对照组。记录两组患儿手术情况、预后情况、随访结果。结果:研究组先心病患儿手术时间、辅助通气时间(术后)、引流量(术后24h)、住院时间(术后)均显著少于对照组(P<0.05);两组体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、术后不良反应发生率(分别为11.8%、8.2%)对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组给予1年随访可知心功能均恢复正常(P>0.05),研究组"鸡胸"发生率显著低于对照组(21.2%,P<0.05)。结论:先心病患儿经右侧腋下小切口直视手术治疗效果显著,有利于患儿尽快恢复健康并保障其生活质量。     

浅中低温体外循环不阻断心肌血流心内直视手术的临床对比研究

目的评价浅低温心脏不停跳及中低温不阻断心肌血流室颤性停搏下心内直视手术的临床对比效果。方法将263例患者分为中低温室颤性停搏组(94例)及浅低温心脏不停跳组(169例),常规插管建立体外循环,转机后阻断上、下腔静脉并降温,不阻断升主动脉(如手术位于主动脉根部的成人患者,则阻断升主动脉并经冠状静脉窦持续逆行灌注),不使用心脏停搏液;鼻咽温度分别于浅低温心脏不停跳(32±1)℃、中低温室颤性停搏(26℃～27℃)下行心内直视手术。结果浅低温组手术死亡4例,中低温组死亡3例。两组术中转机时间、术后呼吸机辅助时间、强心药物的使用及心律失常的发生情况等差异无统计学意义。无一例发生空气栓塞。结论浅低温心脏不停跳及中低温室颤性停搏下心内直视手术都具有较好的心肌保护效果,但在中低温下手术更有利于心内的操作,对血液的保护效果更优,可推荐成为一种安全、可行的心肌保护方法。     

右腋下剖胸小儿心内直视术

目的 :探讨右侧剖胸小切口的手术要点及手术指征。　　方法 :本组 10 2例患者经右腋下小切口剖胸及体外循环下行小儿心内直视术 ,其中房间隔缺损 2 4例 ,室间隔缺损 6 8例 ,法乐四联症 5例 ,室间隔缺损合并房间隔缺损 3例 ,右心室双出口、Ebstein畸形各 1例。合并畸形 :左上腔静脉 4例 ,右心室双腔及动脉导管未闭各 1例。　　结果 :全组患者无死亡。　　结论 :切口的正确选择是术野良好显露的前提 ,主动脉插管是手术成功的关键。该切口适用于大部分常见先天性心脏病的矫治。     

三种入径治疗先天性心脏病的比较

目的分析比较正中切口、右腋下直切口、胸腔镜三种不同人径治疗先天性心脏病的效果。方法随机选择正中切口组20例,其中房间隔缺损（ASD）3例,室间隔缺损（VSD）7例,VSD合并PFO8例（合并ASD2例）;右腋下直切口组14例,其中ASD6例（合并三尖瓣关闭不全1例）,VSD3例,VSD合并PFO4例;胸腔镜组17例,其中ASD6例,VSD9例,VSD合并PFO2例。比较三组患者的手术时间、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、引流量、呼吸机辅助时间、ICU时间、术后住院天数、总费用等指标,分析其疗效。结果三组手术时间、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;引流量正中切口组为（185．0±44.3）ml,明显高于腋下直切口组的（94．6±75．3）ml（P〈O．05）;呼吸机辅助时间正中切口组为（10．9±8．3）h,明显高于腔镜组的f4．2±2-3）h（P〈0．05）;正中切口组的ICU时间为（39．8±10．7）h,术后住院天数为（7．6±1.3）d,总费用（27943±2352）元,均明显高于腋下直切口组的（26．9±9．1）h,（6．5±1．2）d,（25786±1130）元（P〈O．05）和腔镜组的（20．0±2．2）h,（6．1±1．1）d,（25225±2900）元（P〈O．05）。结论右腋下直切口和胸腔镜治疗先天性心脏病具有创伤小、瘢痕隐蔽、术中及术后出血少、术后恢复快、住院天数短和费用低等优点,值得推广。     

Comparison of clinical outcomes and postoperative recovery between two open heart surgeries:minimally invasive right subaxillary vertical thoracomy and traditional median sternotomy

Objective:To compare the clinical outcomes of minimally invasive right subaxillary vertical thoracotomy and traditional median sternotomy through right atrium in treatment of common congenital heart diseases.Methods:Clinical data of 59 cases of common congenital heart diseases treated with minimally invasive right axillary vertical thoracotomv from May,2011 to February,2013 and 77 cases of same diseases with traditional median sternotomy in the past three years were retrospectively analyzed,including atrial septal defect,membranous ventricular septal defect and partial endocardial cushion defect.The results were compared from the two groups,including the time for operation and cardiopulmonary bypass,amount of blood transfusion,postoperative drainage,ventilation time,hospital stay,and prognosis.Results:No severe complications happened in both groups,like deaths or secondery surgery caused by bleeding.No significant differences were in CPB time and postoperative ventilator time between groups(P0.05),while for all of the operative time,the length of incision,postoperative drainage and hospital stay,minimally invasive right axillary vertical thoracotomy was superior to median sternotomy,with statistically significant differences(P0.05).In six-month lollowup after operation,no complications of residual deformity and pericardial effusion were found in both groups bv doing echocardiography,but mild pectus carinatum was found in X patients in the traditional median sternotomy group(traditional groupi.whereas patients in another group were well recovered.Conclusions:Minimally invasive right subaxillary vertical thoracotomv for common congenital heart diseases is as safe as traditional median sternotomy,without the increasing incidence of postoperative complications.Additionally,compared with traditional median sternotomy,minimally invasive right subaxillary vertical thoracotomv is better in the aspects of hidden incision,appearance,and postoperative recovery.     

体外循环心脏不停跳下瓣膜心脏病合并慢性心房颤动的外科治疗

目的 探讨改良迷宫术与体外循环心脏不停跳技术结合,治疗慢性心房颤动的成功率及安全性.方法 采用热凝及无水酒精注射方式,对33例心脏瓣膜病变合并慢性心房颤动患者于体外循环心脏不停跳下行瓣膜置换术的同时实施改良迷宫术.结果 33例全部存活,术后心房颤动全部消失;随访6～27个月,其中28例维持窦性心律,心房颤动复发5例.无房室传导阻滞,无出血及血栓复发.结论 浅低温心脏不停跳心内直视下的改良迷宫术操作简单、疗效确切、安全性高,值得临床推广应用.     

Metabolic and haemodynamic changes in the heart during the early phase of cardiopulmonary bypass: I. Clinical observations

Knowledge of the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on the myocardium and on cardiac function is limited. We therefore studied changes in haemodynamics and myocardial metabolism during the initial phase of cardiopulmonary bypass in two patient groups. In one group "normothermia" (34 degrees C) was used while on bypass, with an empty beating heart; in the other group hypothermia (range 27-33 degrees C) with ventricular fibrillation was used. Mean aortic pressure and myocardial oxygen consumption decreased significantly in both groups after instalment of CPB. The arterial-coronary sinus differences in lactate changed to negative values within 5 min of the start of bypass, indicating release instead of uptake of lactate. This release was maintained during the observation period and increased significantly in the hypothermic patient group when the ventricles were fibrillating. Therefore in patients undergoing aorto-coronary bypass surgery, detrimental changes in the myocardium must be anticipated during the initial phase of cardiopulmonary bypass prior to aortic cross clamping.     

常温和中低温体外循环对甲状腺素变化的影响

目的探讨常温及低温体外循环心脏直视手术对甲状腺素的影响。方法选择先天性心脏病患者80例,随机分为常温组及低温组,各40例,分别于术晨、体外循环结束时及术后6、12、24、48h抽取患者动脉血,测定血浆T3、T4和TSH。结果两组术前各项检查指标差异无统计学意义。常温体外循环下甲状腺素T3升高水平低于中低温,恢复时间比中低温明显缩短。结论常温体外循环心脏直视手术对甲状腺素的影响显著轻于低温组,因而术后机体的恢复优于低温方法。     

胸骨下段小切口心内直视手术40例

目的介绍胸骨下段小切口心内直视手术体会。方法选择10岁以下房间隔缺损3例、室间隔缺损20例,纵劈胸骨上至第二肋间;10岁以上房间隔缺损5例、室间隔缺损3例、风湿性二尖瓣狭窄9例,纵劈胸骨上至第二肋间并向右侧横断。常规体外循环,胸正中小切口第三胸肋关节水平至剑突根部,完成心内直视手术。结果无手术死亡,平均主动脉阻断时间、体外循环时间、术后24h胸液量与对照组无明显差异。切口长度约为常规胸骨正中切口的60%。结论胸骨下段小切口可以顺利完成部分心内直视手术,美观且保留了胸廓的连续性,无胸骨前凸畸形。     

右腋下纵行直切口在未成年先天性心脏病患者手术中的临床应用

目的总结和分析我科在右腋下纵行直切口体外循环下,矫治房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损及肺动脉瓣狭窄未成年患者的临床资料,并对该径路的优缺点进行评价。方法：回顾性分析我科2011年1月-2012年10月,经右腋下纵行直切口治疗的280例未成年先天性心脏病（CHD）患者的临床资料,包括：体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间和主要并发症。结果：280例全部手术患者体外循环时间平均为52．35 min,主动脉阻断时间为22．36 min,无死亡及其它严重并发症,但术后80例有不同的并发症：心包积液19例、心包积气2例、右下肺感染27例、右肺感染2例、双肺感染1例、右侧胸膜增厚及黏连1例、右侧气液胸（胸腔积液）1l例、伴肺组织压缩3例、右侧气胸4例、右上叶不张3例、右侧胸壁皮下气肿2例、左侧胸腔积液3例、双侧胸腔积液1例及右侧肋骨骨折伴胸腔积液1例。结论：采用右腋下纵行直切口径路治疗CHD具有创伤小、出血少、关胸快,术后胸腔及心包引流量少、胸廓稳定性好、可避免术后胸骨裂开、鸡胸等并发症及美观效果好等优点。在充分判断患者体质量、年龄的基础上明确诊断,并可预见性地预防术后相关肺部并发症的发生,值得广泛应用。     

The Minimally Invasive Surgical Approach: A Critical Reappraisal

The use of minimally invasive techniques for cardiac surgery procedures has increased in the last 5 years. The term minimally invasive is used to describe cardiac procedures performed through a small incision or heart surgery performed without cardiopulmonary bypass. A review of the minimally invasive heart surgery literature is presented. According to the literature coronary bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass can be carried out with similar early and mid-term results when compared to coronary bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass. The same is true for LIMA to LAD bypass grafting performed through a lateral mini-thoracotomy. Controversial results are reported regarding morbidity after aortic and mitral valve surgery operated through a mini-incision. Some report less postoperative pain, earlier mobilization, shorter hospital stays, and lower costs. Others did not find any difference between full sternotomy and mini-incisions except a better cosmetic outcome. According to the literature there is no proven advantage of performing open heart surgery minimally invasively except in special situations, such as reoperation or polymorbid patients.     

Giving IV and oral amiodarone perioperatively for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: the GAP study

PURPOSES: We studied the use of perioperative IV and oral administration of amiodarone for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). BACKGROUND: In the United States, > 500,000 patients undergo CABG each year. Numerous studies to date have suggested that postoperative atrial fibrillation occurs in 30 to 50% of patients, leading to significant morbidity, including hypotension, heart failure, thromboembolic complications, prolonged hospital stay, and increased hospital costs. The objective of this study was to assess the use of IV amiodarone in combination with oral amiodarone to reduce the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. METHOD: From January 1999 to October 1999, 51 patients scheduled for CABG were randomly selected for participation in the amiodarone administration trial. IV amiodarone, 0.73 mg/min, was administered on call to the operating room for 48 h, followed by oral amiodarone, 400 mg q12h, for the next 3 days. The amiodarone group was case-control matched to the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in 92 patients undergoing CABG using conventional medical therapy during the same period. The primary end point of this study was the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation, length of hospital stay, and hospital costs, compared to the control group undergoing CABG during the same time. RESULTS: Atrial fibrillation occurred in 3 of 51 patients (5.88%) in the amiodarone group, compared to 24 of 92 patients (26.08%) in the control group. Length of hospital stay in the amiodarone group was less than in the control group (5.3 days vs 6.7 days), with a trend toward decrease in hospital costs. CONCLUSION: The administration of IV amiodarone in conjunction with oral amiodarone for a total dose of 4,500 mg over 5 days appears to be a hemodynamically well-tolerated, safe, and effective treatment in decreasing the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation, shortening length of stay, and a trend toward lowering hospital costs, even in patients with significantly reduced left ventricular function (< 30%). A large multicenter study using IV and oral amiodarone should be pursued prior to deciding whether its use should become standard therapy in all patients undergoing CABG in order to decrease the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation.