结直肠癌组织中CD44v6和survivin的蛋白表达及意义

为探讨结直肠癌组织中CD44v6和survivin蛋白表达及其与临床病理参数的关系。笔者采用微波-LSAB免疫组化染色法检测60例结直肠癌组织中CD44v6和survivin的表达情况，并分析其与结直肠癌浸润转移的关系。结果示CD44v6阳性表达主要在细胞膜和细胞质，survivin主要在细胞质。60例结直肠癌CD44v6和survivin蛋白阳性表达率分别为71.7%和65.0%。它们与肿瘤临床Dukes分期、浸润程度、淋巴结转移及术后复发有关(P<0.05)。提示分别检测CD44v6和survivin蛋白表达，对了解结直肠癌的生物学行为和判断患者的预后有一定价值     

结直肠癌组织中CD44v6和β-catenin蛋白的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨结直肠癌组织中CD44v6和β-catenin蛋白表达及其意义。方法采用微波-EliVisionTM免疫组化染色方法检测60例结直肠癌组织中CD44v6和β-catenin的表达情况,并分析其与临床病理参数尤其与结直肠癌浸润转移的关系。结果阳性表达物质CD44v6主要在细胞膜和细胞质,β-catenin主要在细胞质。60例结直肠癌CD44v6和β-catenin蛋白阳性表达率分别为71.7%和81.7%。两者均与肿瘤的临床TNM分期、浸润程度、淋巴结转移及术后复发有关;上述参数各分组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论联合检测CD44v6-和β-catenin蛋白表达对了解结直肠癌的生物学行为和判断患者预后有一定的实用价值。     

内镜活检组织CD44v6检测对结直肠癌转移诊断的价值

目的 探讨内镜活检组织CD44v6检测对结直肠癌转移诊断的价值。方法 采用免疫组织化学方法检测结直肠癌活检组织和对照组组织中CD44v6表达。结果 慢性结肠炎、结肠息肉、结肠腺瘤和结直肠癌活检组织中CD44v6的表达阳性率分别为10.0％、21.1％、23.2％和63.2％。结直肠癌穿破肠浆膜及转移组(Dukes分期B、C、D期)活检组织CD44v6阳性表达率为70.1％,高于无转移组36.7％(Dukes分期 A),差异具有显著性(P<0.05),癌前病变即开始逐渐出现高表达趋势。结论 CD44v6与肿瘤的转移相关,结直肠癌活检组织中CD44v6蛋白可作为一个新的预测结直肠癌转移潜能的生物学指标并在术前决策方面有很大临床价值。     

胆囊癌中survivin的表达及其与CD44v6和nm23基因表达的关系

为探讨胆囊癌中survivin，CD44v6，nm23基因表达的关系及其临床意义，笔者采用免疫组织化学技术检测39例胆囊癌及其癌旁组织、12例胆囊腺瘤性息肉组织标本中survivin，CD44v6和nm23的表达，分析它们与临床特征之间的关系。结果示：胆囊癌中26例survivin表达阳性，阳性率为66.7%；22例CD44v6表达阳性，阳性率为56.4%；15例nm23表达阳性，阳性率为38.5%。胆囊癌组织survivin和CD44v6的表达阳性率高于癌旁组织及胆囊腺瘤性息肉组织(P<0.05)。CD44v6和nm23的表达与胆囊癌肿瘤转移有关(P<0.05)。胆囊癌中survivin，CD44v6蛋白表达均上调，提示它们共同参与胆囊癌发生和发展；survivin与CD44v6和nm23有协同表达关系。     

结直肠癌早期肝转移的预测

目的研究CK20 mRNA、CD44v6、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）与结直肠癌肝转移的关系,探讨临床预测结直肠癌早期肝转移的有效的客观指标。方法应用荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）法检测50例结直肠癌患者回流门静脉血中CK20 mRNA,并同时应用免疫组织化学方法测定结直肠癌癌组织中CD44v6、VEGF的表达;并与良性病变对照组10例和正常组织对照组10例比较。结果结直肠癌患者门静脉血CK20 mRNA;癌组织中CD44v6、VEGF表达阳性率明显高于良性病变对照组（P〈0．01）和正常对照组（P〈0．01）;结直肠癌组织中CIM4v6及VEGF的表达与门静脉血中CK20 mRNA的表达有显著相关性（r．=0．933,r2=0．906,P〈0．05）;同时肝转移组CK20 mRNA、CD44v6、VEGF阳性表达率均高于非肝转移组（P〈0．05）。结论联合检测CD44v6、VEGF及CK20 mRNA预测结直肠癌肝转移,可提高预测的灵敏度及特异性,对于结直肠癌早期肝转移监测具有较高的临床价值。     

OPN和CD44V6在结直肠癌和结直肠腺瘤中的表达及意义

目的 探讨骨桥蛋白（OPN）和CD44拼接变异体6（CD44v6）在结直肠癌和结直肠腺瘤中的表达及意义.方法采用免疫组化法检测72例结直肠癌标本、60例结直肠腺瘤标本中OPN和CD44v6的阳性表达情况,分析两者与结直肠癌临床病理特征的关系.结果结直肠癌、腺瘤、正常组织OPN表达阳性率分别为81.9%、66.7%、2.8%,CD44v6表达阳性率分别为75.0%、56.7%、2.8%,各组OPN和CD44v6的表达阳性率差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.OPN的表达与肿瘤浸润深度、分化状态、有无淋巴结转移存在相关性（P＜0.05）,CD44v6的表达与肿瘤浸润深度、有无淋巴结转移存在相关性（P＜0.05）.OPN与CD44v6表达存在显著正相关关系（r=0.517,P＜0.05）.结论 OPN、CD44v6的表达与结直肠腺瘤-癌的转化及结直肠癌细胞的侵袭力等密切相关,通过检测两者水平可对结直肠癌的早期预防、诊断及预后评估提供重要依据.     

CD44v9和MMP-9在结直肠癌组织中表达的临床意义

目的研究CD44v9和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)在结直肠癌和癌旁组织中表达的临床意义。方法采用RT-PCR方法分别检测46例结直肠癌及癌旁组织CD44v9及MMP-9的阳性表达情况。结果46例结直肠癌组织中CD44v9和MMP-9的阳性表达率分别是58.7%和82.6%,明显高于癌旁组织(58.7%和47.8%),两者比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。CD44v9和MMP-9在结直肠癌组织的阳性表达率与肿瘤的大小、分化高低、浸润深度、临床分期及淋巴结转移相关,而且两者在结直肠癌中的表达呈正相关。结论CD44v9和MMP-9与结直肠癌侵袭和转移性有关,可作为预测肿瘤转移潜能的指标。     

肿瘤干细胞表面标记物CD44在胃癌中的表达及其意义

目的探讨肿瘤干细胞表面标记物CD44在胃癌中的表达及其意义。方法收集福建医科大学附属协和医院胃外科2006年12月至2007年12月间行根治性手术切除并经病理确诊的156例胃腺癌组织标本及对应的癌旁正常组织标本,采用免疫组织化学方法检测CD44家族成员CD44s、CD44v5和CD44v6蛋白的表达情况,并分析其与胃癌患者临床病理特征及预后的关系。结果CD44s在胃癌和癌旁组织中的表达率为50．0％（78／156）和40.3％（63／156）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。CD44v5和CD44v6在胃癌中的表达率分别为49．3％（77／156）和63．4％（99／156）,明显高于癌旁组织中的7．6％（12／156）和0（均P〈0．05）。3种蛋白在胃癌组织中的表达两两之间无明显相关性（均P〉0．05）。在胃癌组织中,CD44s的表达与胃癌浸润深度、淋巴结转移和TNM分期相关：CD44v5的表达仅与胃癌浸润深度相关;CD44v6的表达与浸润深度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期和Lauren分型相关。CD44s、CD44v5及CD44v6表达阳性组和阴性组的5年生存率分别为35．8％和52．5％（P〈0．05）、38．9％和49．3％（P〉0．05）及26．2％和75．4％（P（0．05）,仅CD44v6表达是胃癌的独立预后因素（RR=I．931,95％CI：1．183—3．152）。结论CD44参与胃癌浸润和淋巴结转移过程,CD44可能成为胃癌预后预测指标之一。     

结、直肠癌血行转移与肿瘤转移因子的关系

目的 研究结、直肠癌血行转移与肿瘤转移相关因子间的关系。方法 采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）技术，检测了50例结，直肠癌患者血液中CK20mRNA的表达。并用免疫组化方法检测了癌组织中CD44v6和p53的表达。结果 CK20mRNA阳性表达与癌组织中p53和CD44v6的表达之间存在着显著相关性。结论 手术前监测血液中CK20mRNA的表达并结合癌组织中p53和CD44v6表达的检测，对于预测结，直肠癌血行转移和指导术后治疗具有重要参考价值。     

胃癌不同中医证型的细胞粘附分子表达

目的：检测细胞粘附分子（CD44v6）在胃癌不同中医证型的表达，探讨CD44v6与中医证型的关系。方法：手术前至床边辨证并详细记录有关资料。术后标本常规病理检查，并用免疫组化S-P法检测脾胃虚弱、肝胃不和、痰瘀毒结3证型胃癌104例和对照组浅表性胃炎30例组织中CD44v6蛋白的表达，结合相关临床病理特征，以及CD44v6在各个证型的表达情况进行分析。结果：CD44v6蛋白在胃癌组织中的阳性表达率为66．3％（69／104）显著高于浅表性胃炎组0％（0／30）（P〈0．01）。CD44v6表达强度与胃癌浸润深度、淋巴结转移及病理分期呈正相关（P〈0．01），与肿瘤的大小、分化程度无明显相关（P〉0．05）。胃癌不同证型之间CD44v6蛋白表达水平有显著差异（P〈0．01）；在痰瘀毒结证组高于脾胃虚弱证组，差异非常显著（P〈0．01），在肝胃不和证组高于脾胃虚弱证组，差异显著（P〈0．05），在肝胃不和证组与痰瘀毒结证组间，无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：CD44v6可作为胃癌浸润、转移及预后的参考指标之一。CD44v6差异表达在不同证型转移的过程中所起作用不同，不同证型的转移机制可能存在差异。CD44v6高表达与肝胃不和证和痰瘀毒结证胃癌存在显著正相关。CD44v6是胃癌肝胃不和证和痰瘀毒结证的相关基因之一。     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.