腭垂腭咽成形术加舌根部改良Y-V整形术治疗OSAS临床疗效分析

目的探讨应用腭垂腭咽成形术加舌根Y-V改良整形术治疗口咽、下咽舌根平面联合阻塞所致的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)。方法对经muller动作检测确定的上咽和下咽舌根平面联合阻塞所致的睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者进行了腭垂腭咽成形术加舌根Y-V改良整形术18例。并进行了术前和术后6个月、1年多导睡眠观测。结果按照杭州会议标准,6个月有效率为100%,1年有效率为94.44%,各组与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论腭垂腭咽成形术加舌根Y-V改良整形术式对OSAS可能会达到更好疗效。     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的护理

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）系因上气道阻塞，频发睡眠呼吸暂停、通气不良，引起血氧饱和度下降，伴有打鼾、睡眠结构紊乱、白天嗜睡、乏力等综合病症。悬雍垂腭咽成形术（UPPP）是目前治疗OSAHS有效的手术方法之一，通过手术，增加咽腔有效截面积，提高血氧饱和度，改善睡眠质量。本院自2003年以来．开展悬雍垂腭咽成形术22例，效果满意。现将护理报告如下。     

OSAHS发病机制的研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS)是指睡眠时因上气道塌陷阻塞引起的呼吸暂停和通气不足并伴有打鼾、睡眠结构紊乱、频繁发生血氧饱和度下降、白天嗜睡等病征[1].OSAHS是睡眠呼吸障碍的最常见形式,在人群中发病率较高.OSAHS作为一种众多系统的源头性疾病正日益受到临床医师及社会的关注和重视.目前普遍认为,OSAHS是一种全身性疾病,所有导致鼻腔、咽腔和喉腔任何部位狭窄的原因都可以成为OSAHS的致病因素.现笔者针对已知的OSAHS发病机制作一综述.     

舌骨悬吊术加UPPP治疗重度OSAHS的疗效观察与护理

目的探讨舌骨悬吊术加悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)治疗重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的疗效及护理。方法对34例重度OSAHS患者实施舌骨悬吊术加UPPP,术后加强护理及并发症观察。结果34例伤口愈合良好,无1例行气管切开术,无大出血及发音异常。术后1年有效率为88.2%,呼吸暂停低通气指数较术前显著降低,血氧饱和度显著升高,最长呼吸暂停时间明显缩短,中、下咽径明显扩大(均P<0.01)。结论舌骨悬吊术加UPPP手术提高了治疗的有效率,良好的护理对此项治疗有着重要的意义。     

等离子辅助下悬雍垂腭咽成形术式探讨

目的:探讨低温等离子辅助下悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)治疗方式和临床效果。方法:选择阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hyopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者87例,随机分成治疗组45例和对照组42例。治疗组采用低温等离子辅助下悬雍垂腭咽成形术,对照组进行传统的悬雍垂腭咽成形术,观察两组手术时间、出血量及术后治愈率。结果:等离子辅助组与传统的术式组比较其手术时间、出血量明显减少(P<0.05)。随访3个月,两组治愈率无明显统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:等离子辅助的UPPP为治疗0SAHS的有效方法,其临床效果明显优于传统的术式。     

改良腭咽成形术联合鼻腔扩容术治疗阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的:探讨改良腭咽成形术联合鼻腔扩容术治疗阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)的疗效。方法:选取笔者医院2014年12月-2019年12月收治的OSAHS患者60例,采用随机数表法将其分为观察组与对照组,各30例。对照组患者采用鼻腔扩容术,观察组采用改良腭咽成形术(H-uvu-lopalatopharyngoplasty,H-UPPP)联合鼻腔扩容术。比较两组患者术后治疗效果;比较患者术前、术后6个月的夜间平均动脉血氧饱和度(Mean arterial oxygen saturation,MSpO_2)、血氧饱和合度90%所占夜间睡眠时间比(The percent of the total recorded timespent below 90% oxygen saturation,TS90%)及鼻阻力评分、嗜睡评分(Epworth sleepiness scale,ESS)、鼻塞程度视觉模拟评分(Visual analogue score,VAS)以及鼾声评分(Snoring score,SOS)、梯形鼻孔面积、梯形鼻头面积、梯形鼻孔面积占比;比较术后6个月两组患者并发症发生率。结果:观察组治疗总有效率为93.33%明显高于对照组73.33%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后MSpO_2显著高于治疗前及对照组术后,TS90%及鼻阻力明显低于治疗前及对照组术后,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后ESS评分、VAS评分及SOS评分显著低于术前及对照组术后,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。术前及术后两组患者梯形鼻头面积、梯形鼻孔面积、梯形鼻孔面积占比比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者术后并发症总发生率分别为10.00%、20.00%,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:改良腭咽成形术联合鼻腔扩容术治疗OSAHS的临床效果以及术后恢复情况都更优,且安全性较好,值得推广使用。     

改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术的围手术期护理

目的探讨改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合症患者的围手术期护理。方法回顾性分析行改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术的30例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合症患者的围手术期护理方法及情况。结果通过围手术期有效措施患者术后恢复良好,无并发症发生。结论合理的围手术期护理能够减少改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术患者的并发症,提高患者的睡眠质量及生活状态。     

多部位射频等离子消融术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的探讨多部位射频等离子消融术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypoventilation syndrome,OSAHS）的疗效。方法 2003年8月～2009年5月对30例轻、中、重度OSAHS,局麻下采用ENTCoblator等离子手术系统治疗仪和Reflex45、Reflex55刀头,分别对阻塞部位的下鼻甲、软腭、悬雍垂、舌根、扁桃体等进行消融术和射频等离子辅助下H-UPPP。术后6、12个月复查多导睡眠监测,判定疗效。结果中下鼻甲、肥厚咽侧索、扁桃体、软腭、悬雍垂、舌根1次射频消融21例,2次射频消融6例,3次射频消融3例。均未出现严重并发症。术后6个月治愈7例,显效16例,有效5例,无效2例,有效率93.3%（28/30）;术后12个月疗效：治愈5例（16.7%）,显效13例（43.3%）,有效7例（23.3%）,无效5例（16.7%）,有效率83.3%（25/30）。结论多部位低温等离子射频消融术是治疗OSAHS安全有效,患者易接受且可重复治疗,但其远期疗效尚有待观察。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的麻醉体会

对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的治疗，近年来多主张在全麻下行悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)。由于患者具有肥胖的外表和与其不相符的狭窄气道，在全麻下行UPPP对气管插管和麻醉管理及术后处理都具有一定的风险和并发症。我院自2001年2月～2004年3月共实施134例UPPP手术，取得良好效果，现总结如下。     

软腭菱形切除缩短术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的 探讨一种治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)的手术方法.方法 1998年1月至2006年8月共收治OSAHS患者12例,经软腭正中菱形切除部分软腭组织短缩软腭,扩大咽腔,保留悬雍垂.结果 术后随访6个月至5年,12例中显效9例,有效2例,无效的1例行舌部分切除术后治愈,均未见食物返流和语音改变等并发症.结论 软腭菱形切除缩短术可以有效治疗OSAHS,并且减少了并发症的发生.     

Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypopnea Syndrome, Electrocardiogram, and Pulmonary Arterial Pressure

Background: We evaluated the impact of surgically-induced weight loss on Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS), electrocardiographic changes, pulmonary arterial pressure and daytime sleepiness in morbidly obese patients. Methods: 16 women and 13 men (n=29) underwent bariatric surgery in a 3-year period. The following tests were performed before and 1 year after surgery: nocturnal polysomnography, daytime Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), and echocardiogram. Results: Mean age was 37.9±11 years (range 20-56). Preoperative body mass index was 56.5±12.3 kg/m² and it was 39.2±8.5 kg/m² at 13.7±6.6 months follow-up. Performed surgical procedures included: vertical banded gastroplasty in 6, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in 12, and Distal Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in 11. Weight loss induced by surgery eliminated OSAHS in 46% of obese patients with an important improvement in oxygen saturation. Neck, thorax, waist and hip circumferences decreased significantly after surgical intervention but only neck circumference correlated significantly with the apnea/hypopnea index (Spearman rho=0.63, P <0.0001). Electrocardiographic abnormalities were present in 9 patients (31%) before surgery (sinus arrhythmia, ventricular arrhythmias, and sinus arrest). The number of electrocardiographic abnormalities decreased after surgery but new abnormalities appeared in some patients. Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure significantly decreased in the group of patients in whom OSAHS disappeared after surgery. Daytime sleepiness persisted after surgery in most patients. Conclusion: Bariatric surgery effectively reduces respiratory disturbances during sleep and improves pulmonary hypertension. Electro cardiographic abnormalities change after surgery. Daytime sleepiness appeared not to be related to respiratory disturbances during sleep.     

Revision uvulopalatoplasty by Z-palatoplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effectiveness of Z-palatoplasty (ZPP) for patients with persistent obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) after previous uvulopharyngopalatoplasty (UP3). SETTING: Prospective study of 31 subjects who sought revision surgery in university-affiliated medical center. STUDY DESIGN: In accord with Institutional Review Board approval, 40 consenting adult patients with persistent, progressive, or recurrent OSAHS of moderate/severe severity despite previous UP3 surgeries were enrolled. All patients had preoperative subjective assessment of daytime sleepiness, quality of life, and snoring level. All patients underwent revision ZPP, radiofrequency tongue-base reduction, and often repair of nasopharyngeal stenosis. Follow-up continued for 6 months. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients completed the study. No patient demonstrated clinically significant postoperative velopharyngeal incompetence after 14 weeks. No major perioperative complications occurred. Subjective improvement was achieved in all patients, and objective cure was achieved in 21 patients (67.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Z-palatoplasty is safe and effective for selected patients who have failed UP3.     

腹腔镜袖状胃切除术对肥胖型阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征中期疗效的临床研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(LSG)对肥胖型阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)的疗效,并分析其影响因素。方法:回顾分析2017年1月至2018年7月行腹腔镜袖状胃切除术的37例肥胖型阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者的临床资料及随访资料,分析此术式对患者体重及OSAHS的控制情况,并采用单因素与多因素Logistic回归分析影响体重及OSASH控制效果的相关因素。结果:共37例患者完成手术并定期随访至术后12个月,患者术后体重指数呈下降趋势,额外体重减轻百分率达73.2%;阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征治疗有效率达91.89%,呼吸暂停低通气指数、夜间最低血氧浓度较术前均呈现明显改善趋势;单因素分析显示,性别、体重、额外体重减轻百分率、吸烟可影响LSG对OSAHS的疗效(P<0.05),额外体重减轻百分率、吸烟是影响LSG治疗病态性肥胖疗效的独立因素之一。结论:LSG可有效降低肥胖患者多余体重,具有可靠的减重疗效,同时对OSAHS患者具有良好的中期疗效,吸烟及额外体重减轻百分率可能是影响手术疗效的因素。     

Metabolic bariatric surgery as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome: review of the literature and potential mechanisms

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is closely related to obesity and can cause multiple organs and systems damage. Metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS) is presently the only long-term effective treatment and an important strategy for severely obese population, which also provides a novel therapeutic for obese patients with OSAHS, especially in patients with poor continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) adherence. To date, the resolution mechanism of OSAHS in obese patients after MBS has not been fully clarified. In addition, there is no specific metabolic bariatric surgical treatment of OSAHS guidelines. Therefore, this review provides an update on the relationship between OSAHS and MBS for highlighting the importance of weight loss strategies for obese patients with OSAHS.     

Obstructive Sleep Apnea–Hypopnea Syndrome—The Role of Bariatric and Maxillofacial Surgeries

Obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a complex disease with multifactorial etiology. It is marked by the occurrence of apnea and hypopnea events caused by repeated obstructions of the upper airways. OSAHS is strongly associated with obesity, and the prevalence of this disease in morbidly obese patients is very high. Nevertheless, not all patients with OSAHS are obese, and for this reason, there may be other anatomical predispositions to airway collapse. In obese patients, fatty deposition in the parapharyngeal region results in airway reduction and predisposes to airway collapse, worsened by neurologic loss of the normal dilator muscle tone of the neck. However, in nonobese patients, specific craniofacial characteristics such as posterior air pharyngeal space, tongue length, hyoid position, and maxillomandibular deficiencies may predispose some people to develop OSAHS. Treatment strategies for OSAHS patients vary from clinical treatment with continuous positive airway pressure, oral appliances, or medications for mild and moderate OSAHS patients, bariatric surgery for severe obese OSAHS patients to maxillomandibular advancement for obese or nonobese OSAHS patients.     

Decompression Only Versus Fusion Surgery for Lumbar Stenosis in Elderly Patients over 75 Years Old: Which is Reasonable?

As the population ages, more elderly patients suffer from spinal stenosis requiring lumbar fusion. However, there are few and conflicting results regarding the clinical outcome of lumbar fusion. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficiency of posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) in over 75-year-old patients and analyze the relative effectiveness of lumbar spinal fusion surgery compared with decompression surgery for spinal stenosis.This retrospective review evaluated 25 patients aged 75 to 93 who were diagnosed with spinal stenosis and underwent PLIF for 24 months. The control group included 25 patients who were matched for age, gender, level, race, and severity of stenosis, and who underwent decompressive laminectomy and flavectomy without fusion (DLF). The fusion rate in the PLIF group was 32.0%, 84.0%, and 96.0% at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. During the follow-up period, 4 (16%) and 2 (8%) patients underwent revision surgery in the DLF and PLIF groups, respectively. The back pain in the DLF group decreased from 5.6 to 2.1 at 6 months and then substantially increased to 3.4 at 24 months. The decrease in back pain score after treatment was greater in the PLIF group compared to the DLF group (P < 0.01) with a statistically significant difference in the trend in the two groups over time (P < 0.01). Even in elderly patients, lumbar surgery appears to be a safe and justifiable treatment for spinal stenosis. Lumbar fusion surgery rather than decompressive surgery was recommended for those patients who mainly complained of back pain.     

Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome: the Impact of Bariatric Surgery

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is characterized by successive episodes of cessation or decrease in respiratory airflow, in which obesity is an important risk factor. The prevalence of the disease in morbidly obese patients is ∼70%. Treatment is based on the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and weight loss in obese patients.Weight loss by dieting often produces unsatisfactory results, and the use of CPAP does not show good adherence because of being long-term and uncomfortable. Bariatric surgery has emerged as the treatment for morbid obesity and various associated co-morbidities. This article reviews the principal studies that evaluate the modifications in obstructive sleep apnea after bariatric surgery, showing that surgery is an effective treatment for the management of OSAHS in morbidly obese patients.     

甲状腺功能亢进合并甲状腺微小癌的外科诊治分析

目的　探讨甲状腺机能亢进 (甲亢 )合并甲状腺微小癌 (thyroidmicrocarcinoma ,TMC)的外科诊断和治疗。方法　分析 1990年 3月～ 2 0 0 3年 8月期间收治的 2 687例甲亢患者中合并甲状腺微小癌的 18例患者的外科诊断和治疗及其预后。结果　本组甲亢与甲状腺微小癌的并存率为 0 .67% ( 18/2 687)。术前确诊 4例 ,术中明确诊断 10例 ,术后病理确诊 4例。其中 2例患者行第二次手术 ,1例补切患侧残余腺体 ,另 1例除补切患侧残余腺体外并加功能性淋巴结清扫。术后随访 10个月～ 14年 ,3例患者再手术后无复发。结论　甲状腺机能亢进合并甲状腺微小癌术前确诊困难 ,术前应详细触诊 ,甲亢患者合并甲状腺结节者应常规作术中快速冰冻切片检查 ,甲状腺叶全切或次全切对治疗甲亢合并甲状腺微小癌具有良好的临床效果     

低温射频消融术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的近期生活质量研究

目的探讨低温射频消融术（temperature-controlled radiofrequency ablation,TCRF）对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）患者近期生活质量的改善情况。方法对经多导睡眠监测仪（polysomnography,PSG）确诊的70例OSAHS采用TCRF治疗,比较手术治疗前后Epworth嗜睡评分（Epworth sleepiness scale,ESS）和Calgary生活质量指数（Calgary sleep apnea quality of life index,SAQLI）并分析其相关性,从生活质量方面对TCRF治疗OSAHS进行疗效评价。结果术前ESS评分与BMI、AHI、LSaO2、SAQLI总分相关,相关系数分别为0.410、0.371、-0.441、-0.411,P值均〈0.01。SAQLI术前总分与年龄、ESS术前评分相关,相关系数分别为0.232、-0.411,P值均〈0.01。术后ESS评分及SAQLI总分与术后AHI、LSaO2均无相关性。术后6个月复查,ESS评分（3.8±3.0）分显著低于术前（9.3±4.9）分（t=-17.546,P=0.000）,SAQLI总分（4.5±1.2）分显著高于术前（3.8±1.2）分（t=13.132,P=0.000）,与术前比较差异均具有统计学意义。结论TCRF可提高OSAHS患者的近期生活质量,对TCRF治疗OSAHS的疗效评价宜结合主、客观指标。     

Conservative surgical therapy for leydig cell tumor

PURPOSE: We performed a long-term evaluation of conservative surgical treatment of benign Leydig cell tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicenter retrospective clinical study was performed at 6 European centers. Case files of all patients diagnosed with Leydig cell tumor and treated with conservative surgery were examined. Patients underwent physical examination, hormone and tumor marker assays, scrotal and abdominal ultrasound, chest x-ray, and an endocrinological examination. RESULTS: From 1987 to 2006, 22 patients with Leydig cell tumor underwent conservative surgery. Mean patient age was 35 years (range 5 to 61). Mean followup was 47 months (range 1 to 230). No local recurrence or metastasis was observed. Patients presented with a palpable testicular nodule (3 patients, 13.7%) or a nodule diagnosed by ultrasound (15 patients, 68.2%), gynecomastia (2 patients, 9.1%), precocious pseudopuberty (1 patient, 4.5%) or scrotal pain (1 patient, 4.5%). Three patients were monorchid after contralateral orchiectomy for inguinal hernia repair (1 patient, 28 years before surgery) and nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (2 patients, 1 month and 6 years before surgery). Diagnosis after frozen section examination was Leydig cell tumor in 20 of 22 cases (91.0%). Mean histological size of the nodule was 1.11 cm (range 0.5 to 2.5). Preoperative FSH and LH levels were high in 4 patients. Tumor markers were normal before and after surgery. Followup was conducted for all patients every 3 to 6 months with physical examination, tumor markers, scrotal and abdominal ultrasound, chest x-ray. Six patients (27.3%) underwent abdominal computerized tomography. CONCLUSIONS: When diagnosed early Leydig cell tumors present a favorable followup. In select cases with motivated patients, conservative surgery proved to be a feasible and safe choice.