Usefulness of 3-Dimensional Reconstruction Images of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiogram in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention After Bentall Operation

Anastomotic complications of the coronary arteries were observed in approximately 5% of patients undergoing Bentall-type surgery. Given the high surgical risk of reoperation, percutaneous coronary intervention could be a treatment for anastomotic complications but is challenging because of the complicated anatomy after Bentall-type surgery. Here, a 70-year-old man underwent a Bentall operation during which the left main coronary artery was accidentally injured. Therefore, coronary artery bypass using a saphenous vein graft was performed. The saphenous vein graft was anastomosed from the right side of the aortic graft to the left main coronary artery. Three years later, the patient presented with an anterior non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Because his unusual anatomy, the saphenous vein graft could not be cannulated with diagnostic catheters, even after perusing the surgical record of the Bentall surgery. Subsequently, coronary computed tomography angiography was performed. Three-dimensional reconstructed images visualized the positional relationship between the saphenous vein graft and anatomical landmarks, such as the implanted surgical valve prosthesis. The angiogram angle was adjusted using these landmarks and projection angles estimated by the images. Then, the ASAHI Hyperion Judkins right 4 catheter could be easily inserted, and percutaneous coronary intervention was successfully performed. Three-dimensional reconstruction images were useful for performing percutaneous coronary intervention by aiding in the identification of the anatomic location of the saphenous vein graft and the positional relationship between the saphenous vein graft and anatomic landmarks. In patients with unusual anatomy, as in this case, coronary computed tomography angiography should be strongly considered.     

光学相干断层成像在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗前后的应用

目的:探讨光学相干断层成像(OCT)在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)前后应用的指导作用。方法:入选40例于我院行冠状动脉造影患者,根据罪犯血管狭窄程度分为两组:A组(狭窄程度≤75%,n=20)冠状动脉造影后行OCT检查,观察有无富含脂质斑块、薄帽纤维粥样斑块、斑块破裂、血栓,并测定病变狭窄程度;如需置入支架,则在术后即刻复查OCT,观察有无支架杆贴壁不良、血管夹层、组织脱垂等。B组(狭窄程度75%,n=20)仅在支架置入术后即刻行OCT检查。结果:A组20例患者的20支罪犯血管中,15支(75%)病变狭窄程度70%,其中3支为支架内再狭窄,6支血管发现斑块破裂,3支血管发现血栓形成,共发现富含脂质斑块22处、薄帽纤维粥样斑块9处(平均纤维帽厚度0.06 mm);共置入支架19枚,术后即刻行OCT检查,13枚支架(68.4%)可见不同程度的组织脱垂,平均最大组织脱垂面积为0.16±0.05(0.09~0.21)mm2,4枚支架(21.1%)中8个支架杆贴壁不良。B组20例患者的20支罪犯血管共置入34枚药物洗脱支架,术后即刻行OCT检查,有28枚支架(82.4%)存在不同程度的组织脱垂,平均最大组织脱垂面积为0.40±0.31(0.06~1.02)mm2。有9枚支架(26.5%)共20个支架杆贴壁不良。所有患者随访6个月以上,未发生严重心脏缺血事件。结论:OCT技术在支架术前可清晰显示冠状动脉结构、辨别不同斑块、斑块破裂及血栓,精确测量管腔狭窄程度。在支架术后可清晰显示血管夹层,组织脱垂及支架杆贴壁情况,可以指导及评价介入治疗。     

Assessment of Demineralization Inhibition Effects of Dentin Desensitizers Using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of action and the inhibiting effects of two types of desensitizers against dentin demineralization using pre-demineralized hypersensitivity tooth model in vitro. In this study, we confirmed that a hypersensitivity tooth model from our preliminary experiment could be prepared by immersing dentin discs in an acetic acid-based solution with pH 5.0 for three days. Dentin discs with three days of demineralization were prepared and applied by one of the desensitizers containing calcium fluoro-alumino-silicate glass (Nanoseal, NS) or fluoro-zinc-silicate glass (Caredyne Shield, CS), followed by an additional three days of demineralization. Dentin discs for three days of demineralization (de3) and six days of demineralization (de6) without the desensitizers were also prepared. The dentin discs after the experimental protocol were scanned using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) to image the cross-sectional (2D) view of the samples and evaluate the SS-OCT signal. The signal intensity profiles of SS-OCT from the region of interest of 300, 500, and 700 µm in depth were obtained to calculate the integrated signal intensity and signal attenuation coefficient. The morphological differences and remaining chemical elements of the dentin discs were also analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. SS-OCT images of CS and NS groups showed no obvious differences between the groups. However, SS-OCT signal profiles for both the CS and NS groups showed smaller attenuation coefficients and larger integrated signal intensities than those of the de6 group. Reactional deposits of the desensitizers even after the additional three days of demineralization were observed on the dentin surface in NS group, whereas remnants containing Zn were detected within the dentinal tubules in CS group. Consequently, both CS and NS groups showed inhibition effects against the additional three days of demineralization in this study. Our findings demonstrate that SS-OCT signal analysis can be used to monitor the dentin demineralization and inhibition effects of desensitizers against dentin demineralization in vitro.     

The Clinical Atlas of Intravascular Optical Coherence Tomography for iPad

The first comprehensive educational tool devoted exclusively to intravascular OCT is now available from PCR publishing.     

Usefulness of Frequency Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Compared with Intravascular Ultrasound as a Guidance for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objectives

To compare outcomes and rates of optimal stent placement between optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Background

Unlike IVUS‐guided PCI, rates of clinical outcomes and optimal stent placement have not been well characterized for OCT‐guided PCI.

Methods

The study enrolled 290 patients who underwent implantation of a second generation drug eluting stent under OCT (122 patients) or IVUS (168 patients) guidance. The two groups were compared after adjusting for baseline differences using 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) (114 patients in each group). Optimal stent placement was defined as achieving an adequate lumen (optimal minimum stent area [MSA > 4.85 mm² for OCT, >5 mm² for IVUS] or a final MSA ≥ 90% of the distal reference lumen area, without edge dissection, incomplete stent apposition, or tissue prolapse), or otherwise performing additional interventions to address suboptimal post‐stenting OCT or IVUS findings. The primary endpoint was one‐year cumulative incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE; cardiac death, myocardial infarction and target lesion revascularization). Definite or probable stent thrombosis (ST) rates were evaluated.

Results

In adjusted comparisons between OCT and IVUS groups, there was no significant difference in rates of MACE (3.5% vs. 3.5%, P = 1.000) and ST (0% vs. 0.9%, P = 1.000) at 1 year, optimal stent placement (89.5% vs. 92.1%, P = 0.492), and further intervention (7.9% vs.13.2%, P = 0.234), despite OCT significantly more frequently detecting tissue prolapse (97.4% vs. 47.4%, P < 0.001), and numerically more edge dissection (10.5% vs. 4.4%, P = 0.078) or incomplete stent apposition (48.2% vs. 36.8%, P = 0.082).

Conclusions

OCT guidance showed comparable results to IVUS in mid‐term clinical outcomes, suggesting that OCT can be an alternative tool for stent placement optimization. (J Interven Cardiol 2016;29:216–224)

     

Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging for Diabetic Retinopathy and Macular Edema

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging modality that uses low-coherent interferometry to visualize an optical cross-section of biological tissues. Over the past two decades, the ability to perform OCT imaging of the neural retina has afforded clinicians and researchers a highly reproducible method of diagnosing and following diabetic macular edema (DME) that compares favorably to other methods of DME assessment such as clinical examination and fundus photography. Although central subfield mean thickness has been the OCT parameter most commonly used to evaluate DME in clinical research trials, OCT also allows evaluation of morphologic changes that occur in DME, including compact retinal thickening, intraretinal cystic changes, subretinal fluid, and vitreomacular traction. OCT parameters have been shown to be only moderately correlated with visual acuity. However, improvements in technology leading to higher resolution, faster acquisition speed, image registration, and three-dimensional imaging that are available with newer spectral domain OCT models may allow future identification of valid OCT-derived surrogate markers for visual function in patients with diabetes.     

Optical Coherence Tomography-Guided Bifurcation Stenting of a Coronary Artery Dissection

Periprocedural guide wire-induced coronary artery dissection is a rare but potentially serious complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. Immediate stenting of the entry point is one of the therapeutic options but engaging the guide wire in the true lumen might be challenging. We report a case of a 55-year-old woman with a guide wire-induced coronary dissection that occurred during treatment of a bifurcation lesion. Optical coherence tomography was instrumental in distinguishing true from false lumen and thereby guide correct positioning of the guide wire to successfully treat the lesion using a dedicated bifurcation stent.     

Comparing Optical Coherence Tomography and Intravascular Ultrasound Guidance for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Trends and Outcomes 2010-2019

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) optimize percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) by characterizing lesion morphology, accurately measuring vessel dimensions, and optimizing stent characteristics. We sought to compare the utilization of OCT and IVUS to guide inpatient PCI and their relative association with in-hospital mortality and readmission rates. We queried the National Readmission Database to identify patients undergoing intracoronary imaging-guided PCI from 2010 to 2019 and compared outcomes and readmission rates between patients undergoing OCT-guided PCI and IVUS-guided PCI. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to generate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of adverse outcomes between the 2 groups. Of 3,71,450 intracoronary imaging-guided PCI admissions, OCT (n = 12,808) was used less frequently than IVUS (n = 358,642). The use of OCT-guided PCI increased from 0.1% in 2010 to 0.6% in 2019 while the rate of IVUS-guided PCI increased from 7.2% in 2010 to 9.4% in 2019 (both ptrend <0.001). Patients undergoing OCT compared to IVUS had lower in-hospital mortality (aOR 0.69, P = 0.015) and 30-day readmission rate (aOR 0.91, P = 0.040) with no statistical difference in 90-day readmission rate (aOR 0.93, P = 0.065). Heart failure was the most common cause of 30-day and 90-day readmissions in both cohorts. There was no difference in the rate of acute kidney injury between the 2 modalities. In this in-patient admission database of intracoronary imaging-guided PCI, OCT-guided PCI during index hospitalization appears to be associated with lower in-hospital mortality and 30-day readmission rates compared to IVUS-guided PCI with no difference in terms of the 90-day readmission rates.