肘管尺神经显微减压术治疗糖尿病性上肢周围神经病

目的探讨肘管尺神经显微减压术治疗糖尿病性上肢周围神经病的疗效。方法应用肘管尺神经显微减压、肌下转位术治疗6例（9侧手）糖尿病性上肢周围神经病患者。结果平均随访20个月。6例糖尿病性上肢周围神经病患者9侧手部麻木、、疼痛症状术后100％缓解，手部力弱、运动功能不良症状术后缓解率55．6％（5／9），随访期间症状无复发。并发症有手术切口愈合不良1侧（11．1％，1／9）。结论周围神经显微减压术是治疗糖尿病性上肢周围神经病的有效方法，其改善手部感觉障碍的疗效好于改善运动功能不良的疗效。     

MR在尺神经卡压综合征诊疗中的应用

目的探讨MR在尺神经卡压综合征(CuTS)术前评估、术式选择、术后疗效评估中的应用价值。方法对470例CuTS患者,按Dellon术式对卡压神经行尺神经显微松解减压术。所有患者术前4周病侧组和健侧组尺神经行MR检测对照,术前、术后病侧组尺神经MR检测指标对照。结果 MR显示受累神经肿胀、增粗,信号减低,神经内线状结构消失,肿胀部位(内上髁沟、穿尺侧腕屈肌处)明显受到旋前圆肌、指浅屈肌、肘管、屈肌总腱等组织卡压;神经横截面积(CSA)相比较于健侧差异显著;术前、术后对照:MR尺神经检测结果提示神经卡压明显缓解。结论 MR能够从形态学角度提供神经卡压程度、部位等信息,同时可以清晰显示卡压神经周围解剖,适用于辅助术前评估,指导手术操作,评价手术效果。     

肘关节骨性关节炎合并尺神经卡压综合征临床分析

目的 报告一组继发于肘关节骨性关节炎的尺神经卡压综合征的诊治经验.方法 对56例骨性关节炎合并尺神经卡压综合征患者的临床资料和术中所见进行研究分析.结果 49例肘管弓状韧带存在肥厚增生,占本组病例的87.5%;56例均发现尺神经沟骨性增生、骨赘形成及关节囊肥厚,卡压尺神经.48例术前进行肌电图检查,均发现不同程度的尺神经损害.结论 肘部的反复轻微创伤及慢性劳损可以导致肘关节骨性关节炎,引起尺神经卡压磨损,多见于重体力劳动者.治疗可采用保守和积极手术的方法,如果出现手部功能的减退,应高度可疑有继发尺神经卡压的可能,一旦确诊,手术治疗要持积极的态度.     

45例正中神经腕管卡压神经电生理检测与临床分析

目的探讨正中神经腕管卡压(CTS)神经电生理检测价值。方法对临床的症状及体征符合CTS的45例患者行正中神经运动神经的传导速度与尺神经运动神经的传导速度检测;桡神经与正中神经拇指-腕感觉潜伏期时差值;正中神经与尺神经无名指-腕感觉潜伏期时差值;双侧正中神经F波的检测;拇短展肌、小指展肌的肌电图检测。结果 45例患者中63只异常,双侧病变18例,单侧病变27例,正中神经运动末端潜伏期延长或(及)传导速度减慢异常率31.5%,波幅减低异常率28.3%;正中神经拇指-腕感觉神经潜伏期延长异常率71.5%;合并波幅减低者异常率占79.3%;正中神经环指-腕感觉神经传导潜伏期延长异常率81.6%,合并波幅减低异常率89.4%;正中神经F波异常率33.6%;拇短展肌呈神经源性改变异常率20.1%。结论神经电生理的常规检测联合运用感觉神经潜伏期时差值法对CTS有更敏感、更精确的诊断价值。     

尺神经肘段卡压的早期诊断和综合治疗

尺神经肘段卡压是较常见的周围神经卡压性疾病，发病率仅次于正中神经腕部卡压。由于该病临床表现不易引起重视，故早期诊断较困难。尺神经肘段卡压的治疗方法多样，包括保守治疗和手术治疗，手术治疗又有多种术式可供术者根据病人情况选择，现就尺神经肘段卡压的早期诊断和综合治疗作一综述。     

儿童晚期尺神经、桡神经损伤手术疗效分析

目的：报告并评价儿童晚期尺神经、桡神经损伤的手术治疗效果。方法：报道12岁以下儿童尺神经、桡神经损伤18例26条（尺神经17条，桡神经9条）。手术时间为神经损伤后的1－7．6年。采用神经外膜对端缝合术11条，神经松解减压术12条，自体神经移植术3条。结论：全部病例随访1－16年（平均3．8年），优良率65．4％。结论：对儿童晚期尺神经、桡神经损伤，应积极手术修复且效果满意。     

神经肌电图在合并周围神经病变的Ⅱ型糖尿病患者中的意义

目的主要探讨的是神经肌电图在Ⅱ型糖尿病患者周围神经病变的早期诊断中的价值。方法分析2011年7月至2014年1月在我院治疗的Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的临床资料。入组的Ⅱ型糖尿病患者根据患者的病程进行分组,包括A组（病程〉10年）、B组（病程1-10年）和C组（病程〈1年）。比较三组患者的临床资料,正中、尺神经、腓总神经的MCV（运动传导速度）,SCV（感觉传导速度）以及胫神经H反射和尺神经f波的情况。结果本研究共纳入研究对象180例,其中A组57例,B组65例,C组58例。三组患者的正中神经（χ2=9.104,P=0.011）、尺神经（χ2=9.335,P=0.009）、腓总神经（χ2=9.898,P=0.007）的MCV异常比例均存在着显著的差异,且病程越长,异常率越高;三组患者的正中神经（χ2=13.44,P=0.001）、尺神经（χ2=13.56,P=0.001）、腓总神经（χ2=24.09,P=0.000）的SCV异常比例均存在着显著的差异,病程越长,异常率越高;三组患者胫神经H反射异常比例存在显著的差异（χ2=19.12,P=0.000）,且病程越长,异常率越高。而尺神经F波异常比例并无统计学差异（χ2=3.152,P=0.207）。结论Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的病程越长,相应的尺神经、正中神经、腓总神经的MCV、SCV中的异常比例,以及胫神经的H反射异常检出率越高。结合尺神经F波可早期客观检测到糖尿病周围神经病神经近端损害,提高早期诊断。     

正中神经显微减压术治疗糖尿病性上肢周围神经病

目的探讨正中神经显微减压术治疗糖尿病性上肢周围神经病的疗效。方法应用正中神经显微减压术治疗12例糖尿病性上肢周围神经病患者（19侧手）。结果平均随访35个月。12例糖尿病性上肢周围神经病患者19侧手部麻木、疼痛症状术后100%缓解,手部力弱、运动功能不良症状术后缓解率58.8%,随访期间症状复发1侧手（6%）。并发症：手术切口愈合不良2侧（12%）。结论周围神经显微减压术是治疗糖尿病性上肢周围神经病的有效方法,其改善手部感觉障碍的疗效好于改善运动功能不良的疗效。     

神经电生理联合MRI在尺神经卡压综合征诊疗中的应用

目的 探讨神经电生理联合MRI在尺神经卡压综合征中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析470例尺神经卡压综合征病人的临床资料,均采用尺神经显微减压术治疗.病人手术前后进行神经电生理及MRI检查,检测并分析不同时间点病侧、健侧的感觉传导速度(sensory conduction velocity,SCV)、运动传导速度(movement conduction velocity,MCV)和尺神经横截面积(cross sectional area,CSA).采用MRI观察健侧和病侧尺神经结构.结果 健侧和术前病侧的MCV、SCV、CSA差异均具有统计学意义(均P ＜0.05).术前和术后4周病侧的MCV、SCV、CSA差异均具有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).MCV与CSA呈负相关(r=-0.813),SCV与CSA呈负相关(r=-0.844).MRI显示:受损尺神经明显肿胀,神经呈现高低不等的信号,肿胀部位(内上髁沟、尺侧腕屈肌)明显受到旋前圆肌、指浅屈肌、肘管、屈肌总腱等组织卡压.结论 神经电生理适用于早期诊断尺神经卡压综合征,MRI适用于制定手术方案,两者联合有助于评价手术效果,提高手术疗效.     

应用外周神经减压术治疗2型糖尿病性周围神经病

目的 探讨应用外周神经减压术治疗2型糖尿病性周围神经病的疗效.方法 采用腓总神经、腓深神经及胫后神经三处外周神经减压术治疗46例临床表现为双下肢对称性麻木、疼痛及感觉异常的2型糖尿病性周围神经病患者,并进行回顾性分析.结果 术后下肢麻木症状明显缓解69.6%（32例）,缓解23.9%（11例）,无变化6.5%（3例）.术后下肢疼痛症状明显缓解36.8%（14例）,缓解57.9%（22例）,无变化5.3%（2例）.结论 外周神经减压术对于2型糖尿病性周围神经病的自发性疼痛、麻木有较好疗效.     

Bilateral intraneural perineurioma presenting as ulnar neuropathy at the elbow

We describe a 36-year-old woman with progressive bilateral ulnar neuropathy. Sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging studies revealed extensive focal ulnar nerve enlargement at the elbow. Histological studies gave evidence of an intraneural perineurioma. Because intraneural perineurioma usually appears as a single mass lesion at sites other than typical entrapment sites, this mode of presentation is unusual. We discuss the nature of this benign tumor and the differential diagnosis of nerve enlargement. Knowledge of possible causes of nerve thickening is crucial when performing imaging in patients with neuropathies.     

A case of diabetic polyneuropathy complicated with entrapment neuropathy of the bilateral ulnar nerves due to osteoarthrosis at the elbow]

We report a 61-year-old man with diabetic polyneuropathy and bilateral ulnar nerve palsy due to osteoarthrosis in the elbow. He was diagnosed as having non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (DM) at 40 years of age. At 56 years of age, he developed muscle atrophy and weakness predominantly in the distal parts of his upper limbs. A neurological examination showed him to have severe atrophy and weakness in the muscles innervated by the ulnar nerve bilaterally. He also had paresthesia on the distal parts of all four limbs. Superficial and deep sensory deficits were observed in the lower limbs. A motor nerve conduction study showed a marked reduction in the motor conduction velocity as well as in the amplitude of the action potentials of both ulnar nerves. Roentgenograms of the elbow joints and grooves for the ulnar nerve revealed marked osteophyte formation bilaterally. The bilateral ulnar nerve palsy was thus considered to be due to the entrapment of the nerve by the osteophyte. Since several studies have suggested the existence of a relationship between DM and osteoarthropathy, it is important to check for the possible presence of osteoarthrosis in cases of diabetic neuropathy complicated with entrapment neuropathy.     

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies in a Turkish patient (HNPP): a rare cause of entrapment neuropathies in young adults

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) is an autosomal dominant nerve disease usually caused by 1,5 Mb deletion on chromosome 17p11.2.2-p12, the region where the PMP-22 gene is located. The patients with HNPP usually have relapsing and remitting entrapment neuropathies due to compression. We present a 14-year-old male who had acute onset, right-sided ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow. He had electrophysiological findings of bilateral ulnar nerve entrapments (more severe at the right side) at the elbow and bilateral median nerve entrapment at the wrist. Genetic tests of the patient demonstrated deletions in the 17p11.2 region. The patient underwent decompressive surgery for ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow and completely recovered two months after the event. Although HNPP is extremely rare, it should be taken into consideration in young adults with entrapment neuropathies.     

Submuscular transposition of the ulnar nerve: review of safety, efficacy and correlation with neurophysiological outcome.

OBJECTIVE: The surgical management of ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow is a controversial topic, with each surgeon believing his/her technique to be the best. The authors routinely perform submuscular transposition (SMT) of the ulnar nerve to treat entrapment neuropathy at the elbow. The aims of this review are (1) to review the results of SMT with respect to safety and complications, (2) to compare the efficacy of SMT with other studies previously published, and (3) to compare the clinical results with the neurophysiological outcome. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients who underwent SMT for ulnar nerve entrapment between April 2000 and May 2003 was performed. Forty-five ulnar nerves in 44 patients were operated, of which 40 nerves were first time operation (primary group), and 5 nerves had previously undergone a simple decompressive procedure elsewhere (redo group). All patients were graded using the Louisiana State University Medical Centre (LSUMC) system for grading of ulnar nerve entrapment. Pre- and post-operative nerve conduction studies were performed, and these results compared to clinical recovery post-operatively. RESULTS: For the primary group, function improved by one grade in 32.5%, two grades in 37.5% and three grades in 12.5% of patients. There was no change in 17.5%, and no patient deteriorated post-operatively. In the redo group there was improvement of at least one grade in 60% of patients. When clinical improvement was compared with electrophysiological improvement, no clear correlation was demonstrated. CONCLUSION: Submuscular transposition of the ulnar nerve is a safe, effective treatment for ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow. When performed by trained peripheral nerve surgeons, good results are achievable for both primary and redo surgery.     

Lumbrical-interossei motor studies localize ulnar neuropathy at the wrist

Ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist (UNW) is uncommon and often difficult to localize electrophysiologically. The difference between the motor latencies to the median-innervated second lumbrical (2L) and ulnar-innervated palmar interosseous (PI) (Diff 2L-PI) has been shown to be of localizing value in patients with median neuropathy at the wrist. In the last year, we evaluated 2 patients with clinically definite ulnar neuropathy at the wrist. We performed motor studies to the 2L-PI on the 2 patients and 12 disease controls with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow as follows: Using the same electrodes to record both the 2L and PI, the median and ulnar nerves were each stimulated supramaximally above the wrist using identical distances. In the disease control subjects, the Diff 2L-PI was essentially the same as normal controls (mean [0.13], range [(−0.3)−0.4]). In both patients with UNW, the Diff 2L-PI clearly supported the routine electrophysiological studies in localizing the lesion (ulnar latencies were 1.1 and 1.8 ms longer than the median latencies). We conclude that the lumbrical-interosseous latency difference is useful in localizing ulnar nerve entrapment to the wrist. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Segmental mixed nerve conduction studies in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.

Conventional nerve conduction and electromyography may not be adequate in localizing ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, particularly in longstanding lesions with severe axon loss. Ratios of wrist to elbow and elbow to axilla segmental ulnar mixed nerve amplitudes were determined in 11 patients with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. In 20 control subjects, the mean ratio was 1.06 +/- 0.25 (standard deviation). All patients had ratios less than two standard deviations of the control mean ratio. This method is a useful adjunct to conventional nerve conduction techniques in the localization of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.     

Variations in anatomy of the ulnar nerve at the cubital tunnel: pitfalls in the diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.

Two processes account for most instances of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: compression in the retroepicondylar groove, and compression by the humeroulnar aponeurotic arcade joining the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris. While conventional electrodiagnostic criteria may localize an ulnar neuropathy to the elbow, separating retroepicondylar compression from humeroulnar arcade compression is more difficult. In 130 cadaver elbows, we examined the relationships between the medial epicondyle, flexor carpi ulnaris, and ulnar nerve. The humeroulnar arcade lay from 3 to 20 mm distal to the medial epicondyle, the intramuscular course of the nerve through the flexor carpi ulnaris ranged from 18 to 70 mm, and the nerve exited the flexor carpi ulnaris 28 to 69 mm distal to the medial epicondyle. In 6 specimens, dense fibrous bands bridged directly between the medial epicondyle and the olecranon proximal to the cubital tunnel proper; accessory epitrochleoanconeus muscles were present in 14 specimens: both may cause ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Anatomical variations may contribute to the difficulty in separating causes of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.     

Entrapment neuropathy of the ulnar nerve by a constriction band: the role of MRI.

The diagnosis of ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow has relied primarily on clinical and electrodiagnostic findings. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used in the evaluation of peripheral nerve entrapment disorders to document signal and configurational changes in nerves. In this case report we review the MRI and operative findings of a rare constriction band causing ulnar nerve compression at the elbow. We review the sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow as defined by MRI findings.     

Involvement of motor fibers in the ulnar nerve syndrome at the elbow

In order to improve the diagnosis of the ulnar nerve neuropathy at the elbow, we have retrospectively analysed the data obtained in the course of the electrophysiological examinations of the ulnar nerve motor component in three groups of adult subjects of both sexes (210 control subjects; 111 patients with more or less marked clinical symptoms suggestive of ulnar nerve neuropathy; 21 patients who after our investigation have undergone an operation for an ulnar nerve neuropathy at the elbow). The comparison of the data obtained in the three groups permits us to propose the following parameters as signs of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: the proximal conduction time (stimulation in the axilla) greater than or equal to 12 msec for males and greater than or equal to 11 msec for females; motor conduction velocity of ulnar motor nerve fibers at the arm comprise in the range of normal values and similar to that measured on the contralateral ulnar nerve; conduction velocity of ulnar nerve motor fibers when it is measured on all the length of the upper limb less than 45 m/sec-1 (males) or less than 50 m/sec-1 (females).     

Sequential nerve conduction studies in a patient with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow treated by night athletic supporter]

Ulnar nerve can be stretched with the elbow flexed position. To avoid elbow flexed position in patients with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow we used an athletic elbow supporter. We herein demonstrate a 31-year-old man with right ulnar neuropathy at the elbow whose neuropathy was resolved by using this supporter only at night. He had complained of weakness and paraesthesia in the ulnar side of his right hand. Nerve conduction studies of right ulnar nerve revealed decrease in the amplitude of compound nerve action potentials and a severe motor nerve conduction block with apparent conduction delay around the ulnar groove. A diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow was done and we recommended him to wear an athletic elbow supporter at night. Paraesthesia of his right hand improved in a few days after starting this therapy. Three months later paraesthesia was resolved. One year later grip power of his right hand increased to 35 kg from 20 kg, and the conduction block at the elbow completely disappeared. Compound nerve action potentials, recorded at the segment of wrist to above elbow and wrist to finger, were improved equally. These observations suggest that the conduction block at the elbow entrapment site and the distal axonal degeneration gradually recovered together.