国产甲磺酸左氧氟沙星体外抗菌活性研究

测定国产甲磺酸左氧氟沙星体外抗菌活性,并与进口左氧氟沙星作比较,以临床常用的氧氟沙星和环丙沙星为对照。结果表明,国产甲磺酸左氧氟沙星与进口左氧氟沙星体外抗菌活性无差异。甲磺酸左氧氟沙星抗菌谱广抗菌活性强,对革兰氏阴性肠道杆菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、肠杆菌属细菌、变形杆菌及嗜血杆菌和不动杆菌ＭＩＣ５０值是氧氟沙星的１／２,与环丙沙星一致,分别为＜０．０３、＜０．０３、＜０．０３、０．１２５和０．０３ｍｇ／Ｌ;它对大肠埃希氏菌、金葡球菌、肺炎链球菌、肠球菌、厌氧菌的ＭＩＣ５０值是氧氟沙星和环丙沙星的１／２～１／４;对铜绿假单胞菌ＭＩＣ５０为１ｍｇ／Ｌ,是氧氟沙星的１／２,但稍高于环丙沙星。该产品体外抗菌活性受细菌接种量、血清含量和ｐＨ值影响不明显。研究还表明该产品为一杀菌剂,对临床常见致病菌如大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌、葡萄球菌、肠球菌、肺炎链球菌、厌氧菌均有良好的杀菌作用。     

洛美沙星与4种喹诺酮类和8种抗生素的体外抗菌活性比较

洛美沙星与４种氟喹诺酮药物以及８种抗生素体外抗菌活性比较结果显示：洛美沙星对多数革兰氏阴性菌具有良好的体外抗菌活性，其ＭＩＣ９０大都≤２μｇ／ｍｌ，对痢疾杆菌、伤寒杆菌、大肠杆菌、肺炎杆菌、哈夫尼亚菌、枸椽酸杆菌和产气肠杆菌的抗菌作用尤强，对金葡球菌亦具有一定的抗菌活性，对肺炎球菌和绿脓假单胞菌的抗菌作用较弱。与氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星的抗菌作用相似，稍优于依诺沙星，略逊于环丙沙星。与丁胺卡那霉素、头孢     

国产洛美沙星的体内抗菌作用研究

口服国产洛美沙星对金萄球菌、大肠杆菌、克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌及绿脓假单胞菌各２株感染小鼠的ＥＤ５０。值分别为５．５９和６．４２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，０·６７和０．８２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，１．２７和１．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ以及４６．１３和２８．６４ｍｇ／ｋｇ．比对照药诺氟沙星治疗的相应ＥＤ５０值低，其差异均有显著意义。静脉注射洛美沙星对金葡球菌、大肠杆菌、克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌及绿脓假单胞菌各１株感染小鼠的ＥＤ５０值分别为３．２９、１．２５、０．３３、２９．６１ｍｇ／ｋｇ．与对照药依诺沙星相比，其疗效高于或相当于临床效果已肯定的依诺沙星。     

国产克林霉素磷酸酯体外抗菌作用研究

国产、进口克林霉素磷酸酯与盐酸克林霉素对革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌及厌氧菌具有相似的体外抗菌活性，克林霉素磷酸酯经碱性磷酸酯酶水解后，对金葡球菌、表葡球菌抗菌活性与红霉素及氯唑西林相似，ＭＩＣ＿（５０）分别为０．０６２和０．１２５ｍｇ／Ｌ，低于盐酸林可霉素。对一些红霉素耐药的金葡球菌、表葡球菌也有一定抗菌活性，最低ＭＩＣ＿（５０）分别为０．０６２和０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，对肺炎链球菌、化脓性链球菌具有较好的抗菌活性，ＭＩＣ＿（５０）分别为０．０３１和０．０６２ｍｇ／Ｌ，对革兰氏阳性、阴性厌氧菌具有较强的抗菌活性，ＭＩＣ＿（５０）分别为０．０６２～０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＭＩＣ＿（９０）为０．２５～４ｍｇ／Ｌ。结果表明，克林霉素磷酸酯对金葡球菌、表葡球菌、肺炎链球菌、化脓链球菌ＭＢＣ＿（５０）较其ＭＩＣ＿（５０）高１～４倍，其它结果显示克林霉素磷酸酯不受ｐＨ或接种量影响。     

Azithromycin对临床常见致病菌的体外抗菌作用研究

研究了国产ａｚｉｔｈｒｏｍｙｃｉｎ及红霉素等５种大环内酯类抗生素对５２１株临床分离致病菌的体外抗菌作用。结果表明：ａｚｉｔｈｒｏｍｙｃｉｎ对敏感的金葡球菌、肺炎链球菌、化脓性链球菌、淋球菌、嗜血流感杆菌、粪链球菌及脆弱拟杆菌等均具有较好的抗菌作用（ＭＩＣ５０＜０．０１６～０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ）。对敏感的金葡球菌ＭＩＣ５０与ＭＩＣ９０分别为０．０１６与０．０３１ｍｇ／Ｌ，对脆弱拟杆菌ＭＩＣ５０与ＭＩＣ９０分别为０．０１６与０．１２５ｍｇ／Ｌ。ａｚｉｔｈｒｏｍｙｃｉｎ对所测试的多数致病菌的抗菌作用与红霉素相似或稍强，本品与红霉素有交叉耐药性。     

Du6859a及其他新的氟喹诺酮类药物的体外抗菌活性

用琼脂稀释法测定Ｄｕ６８５９ａ对１２０６株临床分离菌的抗菌作用，并与其同类品种（司帕沙星、托舒沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、左氟沙星、环丙沙星）比较。Ｄｕ６８５ｑａ对金葡球菌不产酶株、ＭＳＳＡ、ＭＲＳＡ、ＭＲＳＥ，溶血性链球菌和肺炎球菌的ＭＩＣ＿（９０）均为０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ；对肠球菌的ＭＩＣ＿（９０）为２ｍｇ／Ｌ，优于其同类品种。多数肠杆菌科细菌可为０．２５ｍｇ／Ｌ，铜绿假单胞菌可为０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的本品所抑制，其抗菌活性与司帕沙星和托舒沙星相似。Ｄｕ６８５９ａ对各种厌氧菌亦具良好作用，多数菌株可为０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的浓度抑制。因此认为本品具有良好的临床应用前景，值得进一步临床试验。     

Rufloxacin体内和体外抗菌活性研究

检测了ｒｕｆｌｏｘａｃｉｎ（ＲＦＬＸ）对１０４０株致病菌的ＭＩＣ，其总的ＭＩＣ５０为２ｍｇ／Ｌ，低于该药在体内可能达到的峰浓度（Ｃｍａｘ）。与诺氟沙星比较其体外抗菌活性与之相近或略低。体内药效研究显示ＲＦＬＸ对金葡球菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌和不动杆菌等引起的小鼠感染有明显的治疗效果，其疗效与氧氟沙星和洛美沙星相近或略优。建议建立体内药效指数ＥＤ５０／ＭＩＣ，以比较ＭＩＣ不同时不同药物的体内疗效。     

大肠杆菌DNA旋转酶的分离及喹诺酮类药物对其抑制作用

应用溶菌酶溶菌、硫酸铵沉淀蛋白质及新生霉素琼脂糖ＣＬ－６Ｂ相结合的方法，成功地从大肠杆菌ＫＬ－１６分离到ＤＮＡ旋转酶的Ａ、Ｂ亚单位。单独的Ａ、Ｂ亚单位均无ＤＮＡ旋转酶活性，以Ａ、Ｂ亚单位重组的酶能将松弛的质粒（ｐＢＲ３２２）ＤＮＡ转变为超旋型。各种喹诺酮类药物均对其活性具有抑制作用。萘啶酸、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、司帕沙星、环丙沙星及ＤＵ－６８５９抑制该酶活性６０％所需浓度（ＩＣ＿（５０））分别为６７．４９、１．８８４、１．３７５、０．６１３、０．３６１和０．１７８μｇ／ｍｅ。各药物ＩＣ５０与其最低抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ）平行。     

乙酰吉他霉素临床前药理学研究

乙酰吉他霉素对临床分离的革兰氏阳性球菌有较好的抑菌活力，其对金葡球菌、β－溶血性链球菌、表葡球菌的ＭＩＣ_（５０）分别为１、０．２２和４ｍｇ／Ｌ，对耐红霉素、青霉素的金葡球菌、表葡球菌半数以上较敏感，与吉他霉素相似，但其对革兰氏阴性菌无明显作用。乙酰吉他霉素对小鼠实验性细菌感染有明显保护作用。对金葡球菌、肺炎双球菌感染小鼠口服用药的ＥＤ_（５０）分别为７９．６和２５．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ。其疗效与吉他霉素、麦白霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素相似。乙酰吉他霉素小鼠１次口服的ＬＤ_（５０）＞１５ｇ／ｋｇ，与吉他霉素相比毒性无差异。     

国产氟罗沙星体外抗菌活性研究

测定国产氟罗沙星对４９３株临床分离细菌的最低抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ），并与氧氟沙星、洛美沙星、环丙沙星和几种头孢菌素、氨基糖苷类抗生素作了比较。结果表明：氟罗沙星对革兰氏阴性细菌有强大抗菌活性，对肠杆菌科细菌的ＭＩＣ９０≤１μｇ／ｍｌ。对铜绿假单胞菌亦有较强抗菌活性，其ＭＩＣ５０、ＭＩＣ９０分别为２和４μｇ／ｍｌ。金葡球菌（含ＭＲＳＡ菌株）对氟罗沙星亦很敏感，ＭＩＣ９０≤１μｇ／ｍｌ。链球菌属对其基本耐药，ＭＩＣ９０为８～１６μｇ／ｍｌ。对大多数常见致病菌，氟罗沙星体外抗菌活性与氧氟沙星、洛美沙星相近，稍逊于环丙沙星。对革兰氏阴性菌，氟罗沙星与头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、阿米卡星相当，优于头孢唑林、氨苄西林、哌拉西林、庆大霉素。耐庆大霉素、头孢菌素菌株对氟罗沙星仍敏感。细菌对氟罗沙星单步自发耐药突变频率极低，但通过连续传代培养可以培育出对氟罗沙星高度耐药菌株。     

国产洛美沙星的体内抗菌作用研究

研究国产洛美沙星对３种致病菌感染的体内保护作用。小鼠灌胃洛美沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌感染的保护作用为诺氟沙星的３倍，环丙沙星的２倍；对大肠杆菌感染的保护作用是诺氟沙星的８倍，而略逊于环丙沙星；对绿脓杆菌的保护作用则是诺氟沙星的３～４倍，与环丙沙星相似或略差。小鼠静注洛美沙星亦表现明显的抗菌活性，并优于口服给药。结果显示，本品对３种细菌感染的保护作用明显优于诺氟沙星而具有良好的体内抗菌作用。     

司帕沙星和妥舒沙星的体内外抗菌作用研究

目的观察国产司帕沙星、妥舒沙星及其它四种氟喹诺酮类抗菌药对成都地区780株临床分离菌的体外抗菌活性，并比较司帕沙星、妥舒沙星和环丙沙星对金葡球菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌感染小鼠的体内抗菌活性。方法用琼脂稀释法测定国产司帕沙星和妥舒沙星的MIC50和MIC90，并与其它四种氟喹诺酮类抗菌药进行了比较。本文还测定了抗菌药对金葡球菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌感染小鼠治疗的ED50结果体外试验表明司帕沙星和妥舒沙星能有效抑制或杀灭革兰阳性、革兰阴性菌及厌氧菌，显示了广谱抗菌活性。司帕沙星和妥舒沙星对革兰阳性菌的抗菌活性是环丙沙星的2～8倍，氧氟沙星和氟罗沙星的4～16倍，是诺氟沙星的16～32倍。司帕沙星对MRSA的抗菌活性与妥舒沙星相似，但优于环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、氟罗沙星和诺氟沙星。司帕沙星对大多数革兰阴性菌的抗菌活性与环丙沙星和妥舒沙星相似，是氧氟沙星、氟罗沙星和诺氟沙星的2～8倍。两药对厌氧菌的抗菌活性也较环丙沙星强。口服或皮下注射司帕沙星对金葡球菌和大肠埃希菌所致小鼠全身性感染的保护作用优于环丙沙星和妥舒沙星。同一给药途径下司帕沙星对铜绿假单胞菌所致小鼠全身性感染的保护作用与妥舒沙星和环丙沙星相似。三种受试药对金葡球菌和大肠埃希菌所致小鼠全身性感染的保护作用优于铜绿假单胞菌所致感染。结论司帕沙星和妥舒沙星对革兰阳性菌和厌氧菌的体外抗菌活性优于环丙沙星和其它药物，对大多数革兰阴性菌的抗菌活性与环丙沙星相似，但优于其它受试药。司帕沙星对金葡球菌和大肠埃希菌所致小鼠全身性感染的体内保护作用优于环丙沙星和妥舒沙星。同一给药途径下司帕沙星对铜绿假单胞菌所致小鼠全身性感染的保护作用与妥舒沙星和环丙沙星相似。     

In vitro antibacterial activity of prulifloxacin, a new oral quinolone, and comparative susceptibility rate at clinical breakpoint MIC

In vitro drug sensitivity of clinically isolated bacteria against prulifloxacin (PUFX), which is a new quinolone, was investigated, and the antibacterial activity and susceptibility rate at clinical breakpoint were compared with those of norfloxacin, ofloxacin (OFLX), ciprofloxacin, tosufloxacin, fleroxacin, sparfloxacin and levofloxacin (LVFX). The following results were obtained. 1) PUFX showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 2) MIC80 of PUFX was 0.25 and 1 microgram/ml, against methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, respectively and below 0.125 microgram/ml against Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae. MIC90 of PUFX against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has MIC not exceeding 4 micrograms/ml to OFLX, was 0.5 microgram/ml. 3) PUFX was judged as active against the bacteria under the criteria proposed presented by "the Sensitivity Determination Committee for Antibiotics, Japan Society of Chemotherapy: Break Point for Respiratory Infectious Diseases and Sepsis". It is suggested that the sensitivity of each bacterial species to PUFX was high. 4) From the correlation analysis of MIC, PUFX was shown to have two to eight times higher antibacterial acitivity than LVFX for Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 5) PUFX showed potent short-time bactericidal activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.     

妥舒沙星的体内外抗菌作用研究

测定妥舒沙星的体内外抗菌活性。以同类氟喹诺酮类及其他抗菌药物为对照,测定了６８９株临床分离菌对药物的敏感性,结果显示,妥舒沙星对需氧革兰氏阳性球菌（除ＭＲＳＡ外）均有良好的抗菌作用,对金葡球菌、肺炎球菌和溶血性链球菌的抗菌活性高;妥舒沙星对需氧革兰氏阴性菌具强大的抗菌作用,对肠杆菌科细菌、流感杆菌和淋球菌的抗菌作用尤强;妥舒沙星对脆弱拟杆菌等厌氧菌亦具良好抗菌作用。妥舒沙星对需氧革兰氏阳性球菌及厌氧菌的作用明显优于环丙沙星、氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星,对需氧革兰氏阴性杆菌的作用与其他受试氟喹诺酮类相仿。妥舒沙星对小鼠实验性细菌感染具有明显保护作用,口服或静注妥舒沙星对金葡球菌的体内抗菌作用明显优于环丙沙星;对大肠埃希氏菌的抗菌作用优于或与环丙沙星相似;对铜绿假单胞菌的作用与环丙沙星相似。     

In vitro activity of seven gyrase inhibitors of a group of heterocyclic carbonic acids against nonfermenting gram negative rods (nonfermenters)

MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) determinations for nalidixic acid, cinoxacin, pipemidic acid, norfloxacin, enoxacin, and ciprofloxacin were done by agar dilution on isosensitest agar (oxoid). Bacterial strains investigated were 189 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 164 Acinetobacter lwoffii, 4 Ps. maltophilia, 3 Ps. putrefaciens and 3 Ps. odorans. The results in summary are: Ciprofloxacin is the most active gyrase inhibitor against Ps. aeruginosa as well as against other nonfermentative gram-negative rods, versus Ps. aeruginosa norfloxacin is a little more active than ofloxacin, against nonfermentative gram-negative rods other than Ps. aeruginosa norfloxacin is markedly less active than ofloxacin. Problems concerning cross-resistance of new gyrase inhibitors are discussed.     

国产头孢拉宗钠对临床分离致病菌的体内外抗菌作用研究

目的 研究国产注射用头孢拉宗钠(CFB)的体内外抗菌效果.方法 体外实验采用琼脂二倍稀释法计算细菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),体内实验用临床分离大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,小鼠腹腔注射最小致死量菌液造成全身感染,静脉注射不同剂量的受试药物,观察7d或14 d内小鼠的死亡情况,用NDST程序的Bliss法计算ED50.结果 CFB对G-菌中的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌抗菌作用良好,MIC50为0.25～0.5 μg·mL-1,对G+菌中的金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌呈强抗菌作用,MIC50均为0.5 μg· mL-1,对不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌无抗菌活性,体内保护实验显示:国产CFB对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的ED50为5.71、45.00 mg·kg-1.结论 国产注射用CFB对体外多数G+菌效果良好,对金黄色葡萄球菌有强抗菌作用,对G-菌大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌有较强抗菌作用.对腹腔感染大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的小鼠也有显著抗菌效果.     

6种氟喹诺酮类药物对临床分离金葡萄的抗菌活性比较

目的：观察临床分离金葡萄对6种氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药情况。方法：用琼脂稀释法测定诺氟沙星（NFLX）、氧氟沙星（OFLX）、氟罗沙星（FLRX）、环丙沙星（CPFX）、司帕沙星（SPFX）、托舒沙星（TFLX）6种2、3代氟喹诺桐类药物对成都地区155株临床分离金葡菌的体外抗菌活性。结果：金葡菌对6种药物的耐药率分别为诺氟沙星35.5%。氟罗沙星34.19%,环丙沙星27.75%,托舒沙星27.75% ,氧氟沙星25.81%,司帕沙星25.81%。结论：氟喹诺酮类药物的广泛应用已使细菌的耐药性明显增高,各药MIC90均超过16mg.L^-1,比以往文献报道的本地区金葡萄耐药性明显升高,提示要合理应用氟喹诺酮类药物,减少耐药菌株的增加。     

Correlation of in vitro activities of the fluoroquinolones to their in vivo efficacies

The new fluoroquinolones have activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In order to differentiate between the compounds, the authors have compared their in vitro activities and correlated these results with their in vivo efficacies. Norfloxacin (N), pefloxacin (P), enoxacin (E), ofloxacin (O), difloxacin (D), ciprofloxacin (C), fleroxacin (F), A-61827 (A), temafloxacin (T) and lomefloxacin (L) were used in these studies. In vitro, C was the most active compound against Gram-negative aerobic bacteria and A was the most active compound against Gram-positive cocci and anaerobic bacteria. In mouse protection tests, C, D, A, O, T and F had similar activities against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. D, T and A were the most active quinolones against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes and Strep. pneumoniae in mouse protection tests. D was the most active agent against intracellular infection with Salmonella typhimurium, followed by O, T, A and F. The other compounds were ineffective in this test. All the quinolones were effective in treating E. coli pyelonephritis in mice. The doses required to treat P. aeruginosa pyelonephritis in mice were four times greater than those required to treat E. coli. Resistant P. aeruginosa mutants could be isolated from the kidneys after quinolone treatment. Systemic infections with E. coli, Staph. aureus and P. aeruginosa in neutropenic mice required high doses of the fluoroquinolones and F, T and A were ineffective at doses of 100 mg/kg against P. aeruginosa in this model. Differences in in vitro potencies were not reflected in in vivo efficacies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

4种氟喹诺酮药物的耐药性

调查了４８８株常见致病菌对４种氟隆诺酮药物的耐药情况。结果：２６．８％对１种或多种氟喹诺酮药物耐药；革兰阳性球菌的耐药率为３５．１％，革兰阴性杆菌的耐药率为２３．７％。各菌株对诺氟沙星耐药率最高，对环丙沙星耐药率最低。造成耐药菌增多的原因与广泛和不合理用药有关。因此，氟喹诺酮药物在临床治疗中获得性耐药问题应引起重视。     

黄芩茎叶活性部位抗菌作用的研究

目的研究黄芩茎叶活性部位(SLSBGAF)的抗菌作用。方法体外试验观察黄芩茎叶活性部位对金黄色葡萄球菌、葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、甲型溶血性链球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、大肠埃希菌、绿脓假单胞菌、变形杆菌、伤寒沙门菌、甲型副伤寒沙门菌、乙型副伤寒沙门菌、福氏志贺菌、卡它布郎汉姆菌等13种38株细菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC);体内试验观察黄芩茎叶活性部位对金黄色葡萄球菌感染所致小鼠死亡的保护作用。结果黄芩茎叶活性部位对所试13种38株细菌中的36株表现了不同程度的抑菌作用,对31个菌株表现了不同程度的杀菌作用。其中对金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌活性较强,抑菌浓度范围0.24~1.88g.L-1,MIC50为0.94g·L-1,MBC可达0.94g·L-1;54.3、108.5、217mg·kg-1黄芩茎叶活性部位体内给药,24、48h2个时间点的小鼠死亡率均低于感染对照组,其中217mg·kg-1组与感染对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01),108.5mg·kg-1组24h与感染对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论黄芩茎叶活性部位有明显的抗菌作用,提示可用于有关细菌感染疾病的临床治疗。