老年冠心病介入治疗的疗效和安全性评价

目的 评价老年和高龄老年冠心病(CHD)患者冠脉介入治疗(PCI)的有效性和安全性.方法　比较青中年(45～60岁,33例)、老年(60～74岁,92例)和高龄老年(75～89岁,76例)CHD患者的临床和冠脉介入治疗特点、PCI即刻成功率及并发症、PCI术后6月～2年内主要心脏事件(MACE)和终点事件的发生.结果 老年和高龄老年组合并多种疾病和/或危险因素的发生高于轻中年组患者(P<0.05,P<0.01).老年和高龄老年组单支和简单病变少于青中年组,而双支、多支及复杂病变明显增多.从青中年组、老年组到高龄老年组,Gesini积分逐渐增高.对应的PCI参数显示:与青中年组相比,老年组、高龄老年组预扩张比例增高,平均每例置入支架数、治疗病变数增加. 除1例发生冠脉内急性血栓、1例发生冠脉穿孔破裂外,整组对象PCI的即刻成功率为99.01%(199/201),其中高龄老年组即刻总成功率为98.68%,与青中年组(100%)、老年组(98.91%)相比无统计学差异. 高龄老年组完全血运重建的比例低于老年组(P<0.05)和青中年组(P<0.01),其MACE的发生风险为轻中年组的5.47倍.Logistic回归分析显示,仅不完全血运重建(OR=2.14,95%CI=1.37～5.72)是不良事件的独立危险因素.结论 有适应证的老年和高龄老年患者能耐受PCI,PCI即时成功率、院内无事件生存率与年轻患者相当,高龄不是PCI的禁忌证,且高龄CHD患者完全血运重建可能明显改善预后.     

75岁以上老年冠心病患者的介入治疗及疗效观察

目的探讨老年冠心病介入治疗特点和近、远期疗效。方法回顾性分析2001年4月至2004年4月间519例行经皮冠状动脉(冠脉)介入治疗的患者,统计老年组(≥75岁)和年轻组(≤60岁)的临床及冠脉病变特点,即刻手术成功率和近、远期主要不良心脏事件。结果老年组(81例)合并高血压病、心功能、肺功能、肾功能减退及脑血管病的比例高于年轻组(196例)。老年组多见冠脉多支病变(46.9%比15.3%,P<0.01)和复杂病变(67.3%比44.6%,P<0.01)。老年组即刻治疗成功率92.5%(99/107)。年轻组即刻治疗成功率95.2%(239/251)。住院期间及远期随访严重不良心脏事件老年组均高于年轻组(分别为9.9%比3.6%,P<0.05;34.7%比17.8%,P<0.01)。结论老年冠心病患者常合并多种疾病,冠脉病变严重而复杂,虽然介入治疗即刻成功率与年轻者相仿,但近期及远期主要不良心脏事件发生率高。     

高龄老年患者择期冠脉介入治疗的长期预后

目的随访高龄老年患者择期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后的长期临床事件,与普通老年患者比较,探讨其预后的影响因素。对象与方法将年龄≥80岁定义为高龄老年,年龄在60～79岁定义为普通老年,选择冠脉择期PCI术史的患者,详细记录PCI前冠脉造影结果,血运重建策略,支架植入数目,随访其长期主要心血管事件和非心血管临床事件。结果两组患者临床特征,除高龄老年组高血压的比例(76.85%)有高于普通老年组(67.08%)的趋势(P=0.061)以外,二组性别构成,糖尿病,高脂血症,不稳定心绞痛,吸烟史,慢性肾功能不全情况没有显著差异,二组造影结果冠脉病变部位没有显著差异,在病变支数上,高龄老年组的单支病变要少于普通老年组,(12.96%vs.24.31%,P=0.013),双支病变(31.48%vs.29.85%,P=0.749)及三支病变上(55.56%vs.45.85%,P=0.081)差异没有显著性。在冠脉策略选择上,高龄老年组完全血运重建较少(43.01%vs.59.30%,P=0.005)。随访结果,包括全因死亡(21.29%vs.6.15%,P0.001),心血管死亡(16.67%vs.4.01%,P0.001),心衰住院(6.56%vs.2.77%P0.001),心绞痛住院(33.33%vs.18.15%,P0.001),所有心血管原因住院(50.93%vs.27.08%,P0.001)的差异具有统计学意义。结论高龄老年冠心病患者长期主要心脏不良事件发生率较普通冠心病患者高,年龄是其独立的危险因素,高血压病也提示长期预后不良。     

老年冠心病患者冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变介入治疗及预后分析

目的:探讨老年冠心病患者合并冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变(CTO)行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院经冠脉造影检查证实CTO并行PCI治疗的患者232例,按年龄分组,对比分析老年组108例,年龄≥60岁,平均(66.6±5.4)岁,中青年组124例,年龄60岁,平均(51.3±6.3)岁患者的临床特征、冠状动脉造影血管病变特点、闭塞血管开通率、围术期并发症及预后情况。结果:老年组患者冠心病家族史比例低于中青年组,与PCI相关的心肌梗死的发生率较中青年组高(P0.05)。但2组患者的闭塞病变血管支数及部位、平均造影剂用量、手术时间、应用导丝数量及球囊数量、支架植入数、闭塞病变开通率、随访术后心功能改善情况、主要不良心血管事件发生率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结果:老年冠心病患者合并CTO病变行介入治疗的手术成功率以及主要不良心血管事件发生率与中青年CTO患者比较无差异,但术后心功能明显改善。     

老年急性心肌梗死患者临床特点和直接经桡动脉介入治疗疗效评价

目的分析老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者临床和冠脉病变特点,评价经桡动脉直接介入治疗的可行性和安全性。方法选取2011年1月至2015年5月因STEMI在我院行冠状动脉介入治疗的患者,年龄≥65岁为老年组共105例,年龄65岁为对照组,共102例。观察2组临床特征和冠脉病变特点以及直接经桡动脉介入治疗效果。结果 (1)临床特征:老年组典型胸痛症状比例低于对照组(P0.05),明确诱因比例高于对照组(P0.05),发病至入院时间长于对照组(P0.05),术中行临时起搏和电复律的比例高于对照组(P0.05);(2)冠脉病变特点和手术效果:老年组多支病变和球囊预扩张比例高于对照组(P0.05),单支病变、血栓抽吸和使用糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体抑制剂(GPI)的比例低于对照组(P0.05);桡动脉穿刺成功率、手术成功率和手术时间组间比较无统计学差异(P0.05),门-球囊时间长于对照组(P0.05),但2组间门-球囊时间90 min的患者比例并无差异(P0.05);(3)并发症和心脏不良事件:2组出血和支架内血栓发生率无统计学性差异(P0.05),老年组心脏功能Killip≥Ⅲ级者多于对照组(P0.05),术后24 h左室射血分数(LVEF)低于对照组(P0.05),但住院期间2组病死率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论虽然老年STEMI患者临床和冠脉病变特点与年轻患者相比有所不同,但经桡动脉直接冠状动脉介入治疗与年轻患者一样是安全有效的。     

75岁以上老年冠心病患者介入治疗临床分析

目的评价高龄(≥75岁)冠心病(CAD)患者冠脉介入治疗(PCI)的疗效和安全性。方法分析2005年5月至2009年10月在我科行PCI治疗的年龄≥75岁的冠心病患者(72例)与<75岁冠心病患者(68例)的临床和冠脉介入治疗特点、PCI即刻成功率及并发症、通过电话和/或门诊随访PCI术后1年内心脑血管事件及出血事件的发生。COX回归模型分析影响PCI安全性的主要预测因素。结果年龄≥75岁组三支病变,弥漫及钙化病变高于年龄<75岁组(P<0.05);病变部位2组无明显差异;置入支架数较年龄<75岁组少,手术即刻成功率无明显差异。住院期间心绞痛复发、亚急性支架血栓、造影剂肾损害、长期随访主要出血并发症、脑卒中2组比较无明显差异;年龄≥75岁组发生心因性病死率增高(5.5%)。多因素分析LVEF是心因性死亡的独立预测因子(OR=0.911,95%可信区间0.868～0.954,P=0.032)。结论高龄(年龄≥75岁)冠心病患者接受冠脉介入治疗相对安全、有效。     

高龄患者支架内慢性完全闭塞介入治疗

目的探讨高龄患者冠状动脉支架内慢性完全闭塞(ISCTO)病变经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗的预后及安全性。方法 2006年1月至2011年1月入院复查造影发现有ISCTO病变的38例老年患者(年龄≥70岁)及53例非老年患者(年龄70岁)行再次PCI治疗。对两组患者的临床资料、PCI治疗结果以及围术期并发症和随访期间主要不良心脑血管事件(MACE)发生率进行回顾性分析。结果老年组糖尿病,高血压,高脂血症及心力衰竭的比例高于非老年组(均P0.05)。老年组ISCTO中绝对性闭塞、刀切状病变、长度≥15 mm、直径≤2.5 mm、病变处弯曲≥45°或有分支发出的病变比例均高于非老年组(均P0.05)。两组病变手术成功率无统计学差异(90%vs 92%)。两组术中无死亡病例,术后住院期间无MACE发生,无患者进行急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)。老年组和非老年组分别随访(12±4)个月和(13±5)个月,老年组心绞痛复发率低于非老年组(P0.05),两组MACE事件发生率无统计学差异。结论对老年患者的ISCTO病变行PCI治疗是安全而有效的。     

老年人多支冠状动脉病变的介入治疗

目的评估老年多支冠状动脉病变患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性对照分析沈阳军区总医院677例年龄≥60岁(老年组)和547例年龄<60岁(非老年组)接受PCI并获得完全血运重建的多支冠状动脉病变患者的临床资料、冠状动脉病变特点、手术成功率、并发症及近、远期临床随访结果。结果与非老年组比较,老年组女性、合并左主干病变、慢性闭塞病变、>20mm长病变、显著钙化病变和复杂病变(B2+C 型)患者的比例及平均植入支架数均较多。两组PCI手术成功率及手术并发症发生率无显著性差异。老年组住院期间主要不良心脏事件(MACE)发生率(3．8％ vs 1.8％)及总死亡率(3．0％ vs 1．1％)均高于非老年组(P<0．05)。平均随访(11．9±3．8)个月,两组总随访率、造影复查再狭窄率、心绞痛复发率、随访患者MACE发生率及总死亡率均无显著性差异。结论老年组多支冠状动脉病变患者PCI后住院期间MACE发生率及总死亡率高于非老年组,但其 PCI成功率、手术并发症、长期临床疗效与非老年组患者相似,提示PCI是治疗老年多支冠状动脉病变安全、有效的方法。     

依诺肝素抗凝对不同年龄患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后不良事件的影响

目的探讨依诺肝素抗凝对不同年龄患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后不良事件的影响。方法 2013年1月至2014年12月于该院行PCI术治疗的心脏疾病患者840例,按年龄分为中年组(46~59岁)、老年组(60~74岁)及高龄组(≥75岁),将各年龄组随机分为抗凝组和非抗凝组。抗凝组患者行PCI术加术后依诺肝素抗凝治疗,非抗凝组术后不进行依诺肝素抗凝。比较各年龄组患者一般资料、住院期间主要心脑血管不良事件(MACCEs)及出血事件的发生率,并对术后1年内MACCEs的发生情况进行随访。结果各年龄组患者女性所占比例、体重、C型病变比例及高血压病程比较差异显著(P0.05);住院期间及PCI术后1年内不同年龄组患者MACCEs发生率比较无统计学差异(P0.05),且各年龄组间的抗凝组与非抗凝组比较无统计学差异(P0.05);各年龄组患者中出血事件的发生率差异显著,且高龄组老年组中年组,老年组和高龄组中的抗凝组患者出血事件的发生率均高于非抗凝组(P0.05),而中年组中的抗凝组与非抗凝组比较无显著差异(P0.05)。结论依诺肝素抗凝不会降低PCI术后MACCEs的发生率,但会增加老年及高龄患者出血事件的发生,对PCI术中无高危因素的患者无需行依诺肝素抗凝治疗。     

影响老年急性心肌梗死病人PCI术近期预后的相关因素分析

目的分析影响老年急性心肌梗死病人急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术近期预后的相关因素。方法选取周口市中心医院心血管内科2011年1月—2015年7月收治的急性心肌梗死病人365例进行回顾性分析,建立Excel表格统计病人基本信息,包括年龄、性别、发病时间、既往病史(吸烟饮酒史、贫血、脑卒中、高血脂症、糖尿病、冠脉病变、高血压)、体格检查、实验室检查与超声心动图检查结果、发病-球囊扩张时间。根据病人预后不同分组,包括心功能正常组(245例)与心功能不全组(120例);心脏不良事件组(63例)及无事件组(302例),比较基本资料的差异。结果心功能不全组年龄≥70岁、合并糖尿病、合并冠脉病变病人所占比例高于心功能正常组,术前左室射血分数(LVEF)≥50%所占比例则更低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。心脏不良事件组年龄≥70岁、合并冠脉病变、术后无复流及发病-球囊扩张时间≥7h病人所占比例均高于无事件组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论高龄、高血糖、合并多支冠脉病变、术前心功能差、术后无复流、发病-球囊扩张时间≥7h等为老年急性心肌梗死病人PCI术近期预后的危险因素,易增加术后心功能不全及心脏不良事件风险,对预后不利。     

Homocysteine and coronary events in coronary disease patients

The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic value of serum homocysteine levels in patients with coronary heart disease. Homocysteine was assayed in 76 coronary patients with a mean age of 59.2 years hospitalized for myocardial ischaemia or myocardial infarction. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was performed in 47 (70%) of these patients during this hospitalization. The mean follow-up for these patients was 22 months (range: 11 to 67 months). In these patients, serum homocysteine levels were not correlated with the usual risk factors of coronary heart disease (age, sex, treated hypercholesterolaemia, smoking, diabetes) except for hypertension. It was strongly correlated with serum creatinine (R = 0.61; p = 0.0001). Eleven patients presented a major event during follow-up (8 deaths, 1 nonfatal myocardial infarction, 1 cardiac transplantation) and 16 underwent a revascularization procedure. The blood homocysteine level does not have any prognostic value for any coronary events. However, it is higher in patients who develop a major event than in those which do not (15.8 +/- 4 mumol/l versus 11.5 +/- 6.6 mumol/l, p = 0.05). Using multivariate analysis, taking into account age, serum creatinine and serum homocysteine, only serum homocysteine was predictive of major event-free survival (p = 0.02).     

Smoking cessation in coronary patients

Smoking is one of the main risk factors for coronary artery disease and its complications, including sudden death. In smokers, smoking cessation is associated with improved 5-year outcome. Consequently, smoking cessation should be one of the main goals of the clinician in patients hospitalized for a coronary event. Any health professional has the capacity to deliver a simple message: "do you smoke?" and "are you willing to quit?". Such simple questions have a positive impact on the smoker who knows he has coronary artery disease. In addition nicotine substitutes and bupropion are particularly useful to help the patient: their efficacy has been demonstrated in several well-conducted studies. Last, treating tobacco smoking requires long-term follow-up of the patient who will be asked to consult regularly to this purpose.     

115例冠状动脉闭塞病变介入治疗的临床分析

目的 探讨亚急性、慢性闭塞性冠状动脉病变经皮腔内冠状动脉成型术(PTCA)及支架置入术的临床疗效。方法对115例行PTCA术的冠状动脉闭塞病例(115支闭塞血管)的临床资料进行回顾性分析。根据冠状动脉闭塞的时间将病人分为二组:43例为亚急性闭塞组(1-30d),72例为慢性闭塞组(1-108月),均按常规行PTCA及支架置入术操作。结果两组病人的性别、年龄、冠心病的易患因素、病变支数、闭塞血管部位等无明显差异。亚急性闭塞组心肌梗死发生率为65％,明显高于慢性闭塞组9％;慢性闭塞组不稳定型心绞痛发生率为91％,明显高于亚急性闭塞组35％。亚急性闭塞组导丝通过率97％,球囊扩张率97％,支架置入率为95％。慢性闭塞组导丝通过率90％,球囊扩张率87％,支架置入率为85％。结论本研究表明闭塞血管的介入治疗是安全有效的,亚急性闭塞组成功率高于慢性闭塞组。急性并发症发生率很低。手术的成功与闭塞的时间、造影的特点、器械的选择以及术者的技术有关。     

老年冠心病患者的介入治疗

冠心病是目前中国老年人心脏病住院和死亡的第一位原因。由于年龄因素及合并其他慢性疾病,老年冠心病患者的治疗往往更加困难。随着技术的进步和经验的积累,越来越多的老年患者接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,且取得了很好的疗效。本期专栏所刊登的文章重点向大家介绍了我国老年急性心肌梗死和慢性完全闭塞病变等危重冠心病患者介入治疗方面的进展,以及血管内超声在老年冠心病患者介入诊治中的应用。因此,老年危重冠心病患者可以从介入治疗中受益。     

Distribution of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease

The distribution of coronary atherosclerosis has not been fully clarified. We measured coronary artery calcium score (CACS) in 624 consecutive patients for the right coronary artery (RCA), left main trunk (LMT), left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), and left circumflex coronary artery (LCx), then calculated total CACS. Coronary artery calcium score was measured using the Agatston method. We divided these patients into four groups: CACS 1–100 (Group A, n = 267), CACS 101–400 (Group B, n = 160), CACS 401–1000 (Group C, n = 110), and CACS >1000 (Group D, n = 87). In Group A, B, and C, the CACS in LAD was significantly higher than in the other three arteries (P < 0.0001). In Group D, the CACS was not significantly different between LAD and RCA (P = 0.6930). In Groups A, B, and C, coronary artery calcium (CAC) was more frequently found in LAD compared with other arteries (P < 0.0001). However, in Group D the prevalence of CAC was not significantly different among the three arteries (P = 0.4435). Coronary artery calcium was found more frequently in LAD than in the other coronary arteries in patients with mild to high CAC, but not in those with very high CAC.     

Therapy of coronary vasoconstriction in patients with coronary artery disease

Patients with obstructive coronary artery disease and stable, exertional angina respond to the alpha adrenergic stimulus of the cold pressor test with an inappropriate increase in coronary vascular resistance. The clinical significance of this abnormal response and its possible role in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease are discussed. Comparison of the anti-anginal agents currently in use of undergoing investigation suggests that the calcium antagonists may be the most effective therapy for coronary vasoconstriction. Nifedipine, 10 mg buccally, successfully prevented the increase in coronary vascular resistance during the cold pressor test in 10 of 10 patients, whereas the response in placebo-treated patients was unaltered. This dose of nifedipine was without effect on systemic hemodynamics or myocardial oxygen consumption, suggesting a selective antivasoconstrictor effect on the coronary vasculature.     

Periodontal and coronary heart disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography

Periodontal inflammation has been implicated in atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD). Coronary angiography (CA) is used in the assessment of CHD; only a few studies have evaluated periodontal disease (PD) and angiographic measures of coronary atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between CHD and PD. In this prospective epidemiologic study, 466 patients underwent CA and were assessed for PD. All patients underwent physical, laboratory, cardiac, and dental examination including dental x-rays. Periodontal disease and coronary angiograms were evaluated blindly by a dentist and 2 cardiologists, respectively. A coronary stenosis greater than 50% was ruled as CHD. Periodontal disease was defined and measured with the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN); and if at least 2 sextants (segments dividing mandible and maxilla into 6) were recorded as having CPITN of at least 3 (signifying that sextant had periodontal pocket depth ≥3.5 mm), the patient was coded as having PD. Three-hundred forty-nine patients (74.9%) had CHD assessed by CA The CHD patients had PD in 55.6% vs 41.9% in the non-CHD patients (P < .01). The CPITN scores were significantly higher in patients with vs without CHD, 2.43 vs 2.16, respectively (P = .023). After adjusting for age, sex, and risk factors for atherosclerosis with additional inclusion of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, PD remained significantly related to CHD (odds ratio = 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.1). Other predictors for CHD were male sex, age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and diabetes. Our results demonstrate an increased odds ratio for angiographically determined CHD in patients with PD and that CHD and PD may cluster in particular groups of a population. Our data indicate that PD represents a potentially modifiable risk factor that is both preventable and treatable with predictable treatments that pose negligible risk.     

老年人冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗

随着我国逐渐步入老龄化社会,老年冠心病患者的人数日益增加。相对于非老年群体,老年冠心病患者心血管事件的危险因素更多,冠状动脉介入治疗术后的血栓和出血风险更大,因此老年冠心病患者的冠心病介入治疗需要得到更多的关注。本文回顾了老年冠心病患者接受冠状动脉介入治疗的相关进展,并提出老年冠心病介入治疗工作的改进建议。     

高龄冠心病患者的经皮冠状动脉介入治疗

目的 :总结高龄冠心病介入治疗的经验。方法 :回顾分析我院 1997年 2月至 2 0 0 1年 12月连续 12 6例 70岁以上的冠心病病人的介入治疗资料 ,其中多支病变占 89 7%。 193处靶病变行PTCA、冠状动脉支架、切割球囊扩张和旋磨 ,其中复杂病变占 86 5 %。结果 :病例成功率 95 2 % ,病变成功率93 3%。其中 33例急性心肌梗死介入治疗梗塞相关血管开通率 10 0 %。慢性闭塞病变 2 1处 ,成功率81 0 %。 112例病人行冠状动脉支架术 (占 88 9% )。术前靶血管平均狭窄 (85 6± 11 3) % ,术后平均残余狭窄 (5 2± 6 1) %。严重并发症率 4 0 % ,其中死亡率 2 4 %。 1例 (0 8% )行紧急冠脉架桥术 ;1例(0 8% )Q波心梗。急性闭塞 5例 (4 0 % ) ,心包填塞 1例 (0 8% ) ;5例 (4 0 % )病人出现消化道出血 ,1例(0 8% )病人发生脑出血。结论 :70岁以上的高龄冠心病人的介入治疗成功率高、并发症的发生率也是可以接受的