腹膜平衡试验在腹膜透析水平衡中的作用

腹膜平衡试验在腹膜透析水平衡中的作用王蔚姚强钱家麒刘书成对于终末期肾功能衰竭患者，腹膜透析的作用除了清除肌酐等毒素外，还能通过一定的超滤量维持人体的水平衡。超滤，不仅是将潴留在体内过多的水分排出体外的过程，还是清除大量溶解于水中的溶质的一种方式。在决...     

改良腹膜平衡试验在腹膜透析患者中的应用

目的 观察改良腹膜平衡试验(改良PET)在腹膜透析(腹透)患者中的应用,初 步建立改良PET转运参数的参考值,探讨其评估腹膜溶质转运特性的准确性及临床意义。方法 97例腹透患者用高渗腹透液(4．25％葡萄糖)进行改良PET,分别测定4 h透析液肌酐与血肌酐 比值(4h D／Pcr)、计算物质转运面积系数(MTAC)、1 h透析液钠与血钠比值(1h D／PNa+)及记录 净超率量(nUF)。其中有14例患者在1个月内曾行标准腹膜平衡试验(标准PET),其结果与改 良PET进行自身比较。所有患者在研究时及研究前1个月内均无腹膜炎。结果 97例腹透患 者中有90例nUF大于400 ml,这些患者的转运参数经正态分布校正后建立了改良PET的参考 值。改良PET的4 hD／Pcr为0．70±0．15,标准PET4 hD／Pcr为0．68±0．13,两者非常接近,差异 无统计学意义。两种PET对患者腹膜转运特性分型结果相似。7例nUF小于400 ml的患者中有 5例有效腹膜表面积增大;2例存在水通道介导的水转运障碍,其中1例同时存在有效腹膜表面 积增大,还有1例患者改良PET转运参数在正常范围内。结论 与标准PET相比,用高渗腹透 液进行改良PET能够准确地评估腹膜小分子溶质转运特性,此外还能提供更多更敏感的液体转 运信息,为临床诊断超滤衰竭,以及进一步鉴别其原因提供了有力的手段。     

重新评价腹膜平衡试验以确定腹膜透析患者的溶质转运类型

目的 确定由Twardowski提出的腹膜平衡试验（PET）的转运类型评判值是否适合本中心患者。方法 选取我院自1995年来首次进行PET测试的患者158例。首先依据Twardowski的评判标准（值）判断患者的转运类型,再根据本组患者实际4hD/Pcr的χ±s来确定患者的溶质转运类型,然后将患者重新分组:按两种数值均符合高转运为H1组,均符合平均转运为A组,均符合低转运为L1组,部分高转运患者经重新评价后符合平均转运为H2组,部分平均转运患者经重新评价后符合低转运为L2组。通过与临床情况（溶质和水的清除）进行对照,以进一步评价更适合本中心患者的评判标准。结果 按照Twardowski的标准,高转运、高平均转运、低平均转运及低转运患者的比例分别为21.5％、44.9％。27.8％及5.7％。本研究患者群中4hD/Pcr的均值和标准差为0.70和0.14,据此重新评判后,各组的比例分别为14.6％、33.5％、33.5％及18.4％。经与临床结果相对比,L2组对水份的清除能力明显高于A组（P<0.005）,与L1组差别无显著性意义。结论4hD/Pcr在不同的地区和人群中表现出不同的均数和标准差值,因而产生了不同的腹膜转运类型。根据本中心患者人群确定的值更适合本中心患者的临床情况。     

腹膜平衡试验在临床中应用及护理

随着腹膜透析（ＰＤ）装置的不断改进，ＰＤ合并感染虽明显减少，但透析不充分、营养不良等问题却日益突出。腹膜平衡试验（ＰＥＴ）提供了秀好的解决办法。它使ＰＤ剂量和方式个体化。通过临床应用２８例，其中高转运３例占１０．６％，后改行间隙透析（ＩＰＤ）；高于平均转运１９例占６７．９％；低于平均转运５例占１７．９％；低转运１例占３．６％，后改行ＨＤ。在ＰＥＴ过程中，护士应准确无误的采集标本，教会患者正确配合；     

连续性卧床腹膜透析充分性的评价

对于连续性非卧床腹膜透析充分性评价的指标．近年来的许多研究表明，不能仅以几个孤立的参数来衡量。必须根据患者尿毒症的症状和体征、接受透析治疗后的自我感觉、以及ＫＴ／Ｖ、肌酐清除率，蛋白分解率和腹膜平衡试验等指标作综合的评价，本文仅就有关指标的研究进展及应用价值作一文献复习。     

低蛋白饮食对腹膜透析患者氮平衡的影响

目的 观察低蛋白饮食对腹膜透析（腹透）患者氮平衡及营养状况的影响,同时探寻保持腹透患者氮平衡的最低膳食蛋白摄入量（DPI）。 方法 将34例规律性腹透1个月以上、情况稳定的患者随机分为A、B、C 3组,DPI分别为1.2、0.9和0.6 g&#8226;kg－1&#8226;d－1。在研究第1、第7和第10天检测各组的氮平衡状况以及白蛋白、前白蛋白、钙、磷等指标。 结果 在第7、10天,A、B、C组平均DPI分别为（1.18±0.05）、（0.87±0.02）、（0.66±0.03） g&#8226;kg－1&#8226;d－1（P < 0.01）;平均能量摄入量（DEI）分别为129.29（117.57～133.89）、111.71（100.42～133.47）、146.8（128.03～163.18） kJ&#8226;kg－1&#8226;d－1;3组均呈正氮平衡,分别为2.99（2.15~4.72）、1.20（0.59~1.89）、0.24（－0.87~1.27） g。A组BUN和血磷有升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义。C组BUN在第7、10天显著下降（P < 0.01）。氮平衡与蛋白摄入量呈正相关（r = 0.712,P < 0.01）。 结论 在保证足够热量的基础上,规律腹透患者每天摄入0.65 g/kg的蛋白加上腹透液中丢失的蛋白量,既能保持氮平衡,又不增加透析的负荷。     

腹膜透析充分性评估指标的研究现状

充分透析是保证腹膜透析患者健康生存的关键因素。透析充分性是指评价透析疗法是否有效清除体内代谢产物与水分使患者内环境达到稳定状态的指标。正确评估透析充分性是确定透析剂量与频率以及透析疗效的基础。本文就目前腹膜透析充分性的评估进行综述。     

腹膜透析相关性腹膜纤维化及治疗

腹膜透析是终末期肾病的重要替代疗法,其所导致的腹膜纤维化也越来越引起人们的重视。本文就腹膜纤维化的机制及治疗作一综述。     

腹膜透析充分性评估指标的研究现状

充分透析是保证腹膜透析患者健康生存的关键因素.透析充分性是指评价透析疗法是否有效清除体内代谢产物与水分使患者内环境达到稳定状态的指标.正确评估透析充分性是确定透析剂量与频率以及透析疗效的基础.本文就目前腹膜透析充分性的评估进行综述.     

静脉滴注PGEl对腹膜透析溶质转运的影响

目的 探讨前列腺素El(PGE1)对腹膜透析患者腹膜溶质转的影响。方法 对正在进行CAPD的尿毒症患者,静脉滴注PGEl治疗;通过腹膜平衡试验观察肌酐D／P值,腹透液中葡萄糖、蛋白质的变化,并测定尿素清除指数(KT／V值)。结果 PGEl治疗后,患者肌酐D／P值明显提高,透析液的葡萄糖浓度明显降低而蛋白质丢失无明显差异;同时,患者透析KT／V和残余肾KT／V也明显改善。结论 静脉滴注PGE1有助于改善腹膜透析患者腹膜溶质转运功能,同时对残余肾功能增加有一定的作用。     

腹膜平衡试验与白蛋白及腹膜炎的关系

腹膜平衡试验对于判断腹膜溶质转运功能非常重要,影响它的因素很多,营养和腹膜炎是较突出的问题,国内有关此方面的研究尚少,我们着重研究白蛋白与腹膜平衡试验的关系及腹膜炎恢复期时腹膜功能的变化。 一、材料及方法 1.研究对象:我院腹膜透析患者35例共50次腹     

腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎抗生素初始治疗方案探讨

目的 探讨头孢唑啉联合头孢他啶与万古霉素联合头孢他啶作为腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎初始治疗的效果。 方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年5月在北京大学第三医院收治的合并腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的患者90例。其中37例次采用头孢唑啉+头孢他啶治疗,97例次采用万古霉素+头孢他啶治疗。比较其初始治疗的有效率、最终转归、细菌培养和药物敏感试验情况。 结果 头孢唑啉+头孢他啶组患者腹膜炎的初始治疗有效率为81.1%,万古霉素+头孢他啶组为86.2%,两组间差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;两组患者的G+细菌感染分别为56.8%和50.5%,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;两组患者在发病3周后治愈率分别为91.9%和97.9%,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。 结论 头孢唑啉联合头孢他啶与万古霉素联合头孢他啶均可以作为腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的初始治疗方案,且疗效相当。     

低蛋白饮食对腹膜透析患者氮平衡的影响

Objective To observe the influence of different dietary protein intake (DPI) on nitrogen balance and nutritional indices in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and explore the minimal DPI to maintain nitrogen balance. Methods Thirty-four PD patients were randomly divided into group A, B and C with DPI as 1.2, 0.9 and 0.6 g·kg-1·d-1 respectively. All the patients admitted into our hospital and completed a 10-day assessment for nitrogen balance, as well as nutritional status including serum albumin (Alb), pre-albumin at baseline, the 7th and 10th day. Results The DPI of group A, B and C was (1.18±0.05), (0.87±0.02), (0.66±0.03) g·kg-1·d-1, whose differences were significant (P<0.01). The dietary energy intake (DEI) was 129.29 (117.57-133.89), 111.71 (100.42-133.47), 146.86 (128.03-163.18) kJ·kg-1·d-1 respectively. Nitrogen balance was positive in group A, B, C [2.99 (2.15-4.72) g, 1.20(0.59-1.89) g, 0.24 (-0.87-1.27) g]. The BUN decreased at the 7th and 10th day (P<0.01) in group C. The BUN and phosphorus in group A increased, but without significant difference as compared to baseline. No significant differences of nutritional status were found among three groups throughout the trial. Conclusion Minimal DPI 0.65 g·kg-1·d-1 plus the supplement of protein loss in dialysate can maintain the nitrogen balance in peritoneal dialysis patients.     

低蛋白饮食对腹膜透析患者氮平衡的影响

Objective To observe the influence of different dietary protein intake (DPI) on nitrogen balance and nutritional indices in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and explore the minimal DPI to maintain nitrogen balance. Methods Thirty-four PD patients were randomly divided into group A, B and C with DPI as 1.2, 0.9 and 0.6 g·kg-1·d-1 respectively. All the patients admitted into our hospital and completed a 10-day assessment for nitrogen balance, as well as nutritional status including serum albumin (Alb), pre-albumin at baseline, the 7th and 10th day. Results The DPI of group A, B and C was (1.18±0.05), (0.87±0.02), (0.66±0.03) g·kg-1·d-1, whose differences were significant (P<0.01). The dietary energy intake (DEI) was 129.29 (117.57-133.89), 111.71 (100.42-133.47), 146.86 (128.03-163.18) kJ·kg-1·d-1 respectively. Nitrogen balance was positive in group A, B, C [2.99 (2.15-4.72) g, 1.20(0.59-1.89) g, 0.24 (-0.87-1.27) g]. The BUN decreased at the 7th and 10th day (P<0.01) in group C. The BUN and phosphorus in group A increased, but without significant difference as compared to baseline. No significant differences of nutritional status were found among three groups throughout the trial. Conclusion Minimal DPI 0.65 g·kg-1·d-1 plus the supplement of protein loss in dialysate can maintain the nitrogen balance in peritoneal dialysis patients.     

低蛋白饮食对腹膜透析患者氮平衡的影响

Objective To observe the influence of different dietary protein intake (DPI) on nitrogen balance and nutritional indices in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and explore the minimal DPI to maintain nitrogen balance. Methods Thirty-four PD patients were randomly divided into group A, B and C with DPI as 1.2, 0.9 and 0.6 g·kg-1·d-1 respectively. All the patients admitted into our hospital and completed a 10-day assessment for nitrogen balance, as well as nutritional status including serum albumin (Alb), pre-albumin at baseline, the 7th and 10th day. Results The DPI of group A, B and C was (1.18±0.05), (0.87±0.02), (0.66±0.03) g·kg-1·d-1, whose differences were significant (P<0.01). The dietary energy intake (DEI) was 129.29 (117.57-133.89), 111.71 (100.42-133.47), 146.86 (128.03-163.18) kJ·kg-1·d-1 respectively. Nitrogen balance was positive in group A, B, C [2.99 (2.15-4.72) g, 1.20(0.59-1.89) g, 0.24 (-0.87-1.27) g]. The BUN decreased at the 7th and 10th day (P<0.01) in group C. The BUN and phosphorus in group A increased, but without significant difference as compared to baseline. No significant differences of nutritional status were found among three groups throughout the trial. Conclusion Minimal DPI 0.65 g·kg-1·d-1 plus the supplement of protein loss in dialysate can maintain the nitrogen balance in peritoneal dialysis patients.     

低蛋白饮食对腹膜透析患者氮平衡的影响

Objective To observe the influence of different dietary protein intake (DPI) on nitrogen balance and nutritional indices in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and explore the minimal DPI to maintain nitrogen balance. Methods Thirty-four PD patients were randomly divided into group A, B and C with DPI as 1.2, 0.9 and 0.6 g·kg-1·d-1 respectively. All the patients admitted into our hospital and completed a 10-day assessment for nitrogen balance, as well as nutritional status including serum albumin (Alb), pre-albumin at baseline, the 7th and 10th day. Results The DPI of group A, B and C was (1.18±0.05), (0.87±0.02), (0.66±0.03) g·kg-1·d-1, whose differences were significant (P<0.01). The dietary energy intake (DEI) was 129.29 (117.57-133.89), 111.71 (100.42-133.47), 146.86 (128.03-163.18) kJ·kg-1·d-1 respectively. Nitrogen balance was positive in group A, B, C [2.99 (2.15-4.72) g, 1.20(0.59-1.89) g, 0.24 (-0.87-1.27) g]. The BUN decreased at the 7th and 10th day (P<0.01) in group C. The BUN and phosphorus in group A increased, but without significant difference as compared to baseline. No significant differences of nutritional status were found among three groups throughout the trial. Conclusion Minimal DPI 0.65 g·kg-1·d-1 plus the supplement of protein loss in dialysate can maintain the nitrogen balance in peritoneal dialysis patients.     

低蛋白饮食对腹膜透析患者氮平衡的影响

Objective To observe the influence of different dietary protein intake (DPI) on nitrogen balance and nutritional indices in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and explore the minimal DPI to maintain nitrogen balance. Methods Thirty-four PD patients were randomly divided into group A, B and C with DPI as 1.2, 0.9 and 0.6 g·kg-1·d-1 respectively. All the patients admitted into our hospital and completed a 10-day assessment for nitrogen balance, as well as nutritional status including serum albumin (Alb), pre-albumin at baseline, the 7th and 10th day. Results The DPI of group A, B and C was (1.18±0.05), (0.87±0.02), (0.66±0.03) g·kg-1·d-1, whose differences were significant (P<0.01). The dietary energy intake (DEI) was 129.29 (117.57-133.89), 111.71 (100.42-133.47), 146.86 (128.03-163.18) kJ·kg-1·d-1 respectively. Nitrogen balance was positive in group A, B, C [2.99 (2.15-4.72) g, 1.20(0.59-1.89) g, 0.24 (-0.87-1.27) g]. The BUN decreased at the 7th and 10th day (P<0.01) in group C. The BUN and phosphorus in group A increased, but without significant difference as compared to baseline. No significant differences of nutritional status were found among three groups throughout the trial. Conclusion Minimal DPI 0.65 g·kg-1·d-1 plus the supplement of protein loss in dialysate can maintain the nitrogen balance in peritoneal dialysis patients.     

低蛋白饮食对腹膜透析患者氮平衡的影响

Objective To observe the influence of different dietary protein intake (DPI) on nitrogen balance and nutritional indices in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and explore the minimal DPI to maintain nitrogen balance. Methods Thirty-four PD patients were randomly divided into group A, B and C with DPI as 1.2, 0.9 and 0.6 g·kg-1·d-1 respectively. All the patients admitted into our hospital and completed a 10-day assessment for nitrogen balance, as well as nutritional status including serum albumin (Alb), pre-albumin at baseline, the 7th and 10th day. Results The DPI of group A, B and C was (1.18±0.05), (0.87±0.02), (0.66±0.03) g·kg-1·d-1, whose differences were significant (P<0.01). The dietary energy intake (DEI) was 129.29 (117.57-133.89), 111.71 (100.42-133.47), 146.86 (128.03-163.18) kJ·kg-1·d-1 respectively. Nitrogen balance was positive in group A, B, C [2.99 (2.15-4.72) g, 1.20(0.59-1.89) g, 0.24 (-0.87-1.27) g]. The BUN decreased at the 7th and 10th day (P<0.01) in group C. The BUN and phosphorus in group A increased, but without significant difference as compared to baseline. No significant differences of nutritional status were found among three groups throughout the trial. Conclusion Minimal DPI 0.65 g·kg-1·d-1 plus the supplement of protein loss in dialysate can maintain the nitrogen balance in peritoneal dialysis patients.