卡托普利介入99mTc-双半胱氨酸肾动态显像对肾血管性高血压患者的价值

目的研究卡托普利介入^99mTc-双半胱氨酸（^99mTc-EC）肾动态显像对高血压患者的肾血管性原因的诊断准确性,并评价其对肾血管性高血压（RVH）患者血管成型术后肾功能改善的预测价值。方法55例临床疑似RVH的患者,口服卡托普利50mg,60min后进行^99mTc-EC肾动态显像,结果异常患者次日再进行基线水平肾动态显像。按照显像结果将RVH的诊断分为高度可能组、不确定组和低度可能组。结果高度可能组的22例患者中20例有肾动脉狭窄（RAS）;不确定组10例中的5例有RAS;低度可能组23例均证实没有RAS。如果将不确定诊断组和低度可能组归为阴性,诊断RAS的灵敏度为80%,特异度为93.3%,阳性预测值为90.9%,阴性预测值为84.8%;如果将高度可能组和不确定诊断组归为阳性,则灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为100%、77.7%、78.7%、100%。22例RVH患者进行介入治疗,高度可能组的18例患者中16例治疗有效,不确定组中3例无效、1例有效。结论卡托普利介入^99mTc-EC肾动态显像是诊断RVH的有效手段,同时能预测患者血管成形术治疗效果。     

氯沙坦肾显像对肾血管性高血压的诊断价值

目的　探讨氯沙坦肾显像对肾血管性高血压的诊断价值。方法　 4 6例疑为肾血管性高血压患者 ,基础肾显像后均进行开博通和氯沙坦肾显像 ,并于肾显像后 7d内行肾动脉造影检查。结果　开博通肾显像和氯沙坦肾显像对肾血管性高血压诊断的灵敏度分别为 6 0 .0 %和 84 .0 % ,特异性分别为 95 .5 %和 97.0 % ,准确性分别为 85 .8%和 93.4 % ,阳性预测值分别为 83.3%和 91.3% ,阴性预测值分别为 86 .4 %和 94 .2 % ,两组比较 ,灵敏度和准确性差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,余指标差异无显著性。结论　氯沙坦肾显像对肾血管性高血压诊断的灵敏度和准确性明显高于开博通肾显像     

巯甲丙脯酸肾显像与肾血管性高血压

RVH(肾血管性高血压)是一种低发性,可治性疾病。要求具备较高灵敏度和特异性的检查方法方能获得准确的诊断结果。常规核素肾显像存在较高的假阳性和假阴性率,不宜成为检测RVH的适当方法,而巯甲丙脯酸肾显像诊断和评价RVH的价值已得到公认,并成为肾动脉造影前的一种常规过筛试验。     

巯甲丙脯酸肾显像与肾血管性高血压

RVH（肾血管性高血压）是一种低发性，档治性疾病。要求具备较高灵敏度和特异性的检查方法方能获得准确的诊断结果。常规核素肾显像存在较高的假阳性和假阴性率，不宜成为检测RVH的适应方法，而巯甲丙脯酸肾显像诊断和评价RVH的价值已得到公认，并成为肾动脉造影前的一种常规过筛试验。     

主动脉夹层动脉瘤术前肾动态显像研究

目的　探讨主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者术前行肾动态显像的必要性。方法　正常受检者2 5例 ;主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者 5 4例 ,其中DebackeyⅠ型 2 4例、DebackeyⅢ型 30例 ,据肾功能情况分为 3组。均行99Tcm 双半胱氨酸 (EC)肾动态显像 (坐位 )并计算肾功能参数 ,包括 :①高峰时间 (Tp) ;②半排时间 (T1 2 ) ;③ 2 0min清除率 [CR2 0min(% ) ]。结果　 2 5例正常人肾动态显像示 ,腹主动脉显影后 2s双肾显像 ,双肾位置、形态正常 ,大小一致 ,Tp 为 (2 .89± 0 .76 )min ,T1 2 为 (7.2 4± 1.6 4 )min,CR2 0min为 (6 9.87± 5 .4 5 ) %。主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者组 1双肾显像时间及各项肾脏功能指标在正常范围内 ;组 2双肾大小差异明显 ,异常 (缩小 )侧肾显影时间明显延迟 ,各项肾功能指标明显异常 ;组 3双肾血流灌注时间均明显延缓 ,各项肾功能指标明显异常 ,各值与对照组和组 1相比 ,差异均有显著性。结论　肾动态显像可早期反映主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者肾血管 (特别是单侧 )受累和肾功能异常情况。此与手术方式的选择及预后有密切关系。     

全肾平均通过时间测定在2型DM中的初步应用

利用反卷积分析可获得全肾平均通过时间 (ＷＫＭＴＴ)参数 ,笔者就 48例 2型糖尿病 (ＤＭ)患者肾动态显像获得的ＷＫＭＴＴ等参数进行了分析 ,现将结果报道如下。一、资料与方法1.研究对象。对照组 :健康志愿者15例 ,男 9例 ,女 6例 ,平均年龄 (4 0 .41± 11.41)岁 ,经临床及实验室检查证实无糖尿病、高血压、心肾等疾病。患者组 :按ＷＨＯ专家委员会制定的诊断标准确诊 2型ＤＭ患者 48例 ,其中男 2 7例 ,女 2 1例 ,平均年龄 (5 2 .11± 15 .89)岁 ,既往均无心、肾病史。分为 2个亚组 :①蛋白尿组 :尿蛋白定性阳性 ,尿蛋白定量>0 .3ｇ 2 4ｈ…     

肾血管性高血压动物模型建立及指标监测

目的　评价单侧肾动脉套管结扎法建立肾血管性高血压的动物模型的效果。方法　将实验狗随机分为正常对照、狭窄对照、肾栓塞和肾切除 4组 ,后 3组行单侧肾动脉套管结扎术建立肾血管性高血压模型。使用颈动脉皮鞘法监测血压。通过对血压、血浆肾素活性、血肌酐和尿素的监测以及肾动脉造影表现对肾血管性高血压动物模型的建立进行分析、比较和讨论。结果　正常对照组及其它各组狗术前正常血压为 (142 .5± 2 .6 ) / (87.6± 2 .5 )mmHg。肾动脉狭窄术后 6d达到稳定的高水平 ,为(195 .6± 14.7) / (135 .6± 10 .5 )mmHg ,肾动脉狭窄术后狗血压显著高于正常 (P <0 .0 1)。造影示肾动脉平均狭窄程度为 80 %。结论　实验中使用单侧肾动脉套管结扎法可成功建立肾血管性高血压动物模型。该动物模型可模拟人类单侧肾动脉狭窄所致的高血压病变 ,重复性强 ,成功率高。     

99Tcm-DMSA肾皮质显像诊断小儿肾发育不良

目的 探讨^99Tc^m—二巯基丁二酸(DMSA)肾皮质显像诊断小儿肾发育不良的价值。方法 疑为肾发育不良患儿29例，行常规^99Tc^m—DMSA肾皮质显像和腹部B超检查。图像分析：将发育不良肾分为0～4级。结果 ^99Tc^m—DMSA肾皮质显像示29例患儿中24例为单侧肾发育不良，其中11例1级，7例2级，6例3级，余5例患肾未显影为0级，结合其他：检查诊断为肾发育不良。患肾分肾功能为0～24．9％(平均6．3％)。29例患儿中24例患肾肾皮质显像诊断为肾发育不良，5例患肾未显影，由其他影像学方法确诊，诊断灵敏度为82．76％。29例中19例经手术治疗，病理检查证实为肾发育不良。结论 ^99Tc^m—DMSA肾皮质显像诊断肾发育不良灵敏度高、可靠，可确定发育不良肾部位和判断肾功能。     

单肾动脉狭窄性离血压123I-Hipp检查时肾脏对速尿的减朋性反应

对23例特发性高血压(EH)、57例单肾动脉狭窄所致肾性高血压(RVH)患者和50例正常对照组进行了123I-Hipp肾动态检查     

肾血管性高血压的诊断与治疗

肾血管性高血压系指真肾血管性高血压 ,为一侧或双侧肾动脉主干或分支狭窄、阻塞所造成的高血压。及时解除动脉狭窄或阻塞 ,高血压可以逆转。它与原发性高血压合并肾动脉阻塞或肾硬化不同 ,后者系长期高血压的后果 ,即使解除阻塞也不能使血压复原。1　诊　断主要依据临床表现、相关检查和鉴别诊断等确诊。1 1　临床表现1 1 1　病史特点　 (1)无高血压病家族史 ;(2 )病程短 ,病情进展较快或病程较长 ,突然发生恶性高血压而无其他病因可解释 ;(3)大动脉炎及ＦＭＤ(肾动脉纤维肌性结构不良 )均好发于女性 ,动脉粥样硬化则多见于 5 0岁以上的男…     

Single-dose captopril scintigraphy in the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension

Renal scintigraphy with [99mTc]diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and/or sodium-iodine-131-o-iodohippurate (HIP) was performed before and after an oral dose of captopril (50 mg) in 18 patients with renovascular hypertension (RVH) due to renal artery stenosis (RAS) and 18 controls. In every patient with RVH, captopril induced, enhanced or sustained abnormal findings on HIP scintigraphy depending on the degree of RAS. With DTPA scintigraphy, renal function decreased after captopril in ten kidneys with RVH-related RAS and adequate baseline renal function, but this phenomenon was not evident in 11 kidneys with RVH and poor renal function. Captopril did not influence HIP or DTPA studies of kidneys with patent renal arteries (patients after successful renal angioplasty, patients with essential hypertension, contralateral kidneys of patients with unilateral RVH) or ipsilateral kidneys with mild and subcritical (less than 60%) RAS in patients without hypertension and/or normal renal vein renin activity. When HIP and DTPA scintigraphy were compared in the same patients, HIP demonstrated greater sensitivity and specificity than DTPA, particularly in patients with poor renal function. HIP scintigraphy before and after a single dose of captopril may provide a rapid sensitive and minimally invasive test for screening patients with hypertension.     

Evaluation of renovascular hypertension: comparison of functional MRI and contrast-enhanced MRA with a routinely performed renal scintigraphy and DSA

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to evaluate a clinically suspected renovascular hypertension (RVH) by means of MRI. It was to find out if functional MRI (fMRI) is able to provide adequate results with regard to MAG3 captopril scintigraphy and if contrast-enhanced MR angiography (MRA) is able to provide adequate results in the stenosis grading compared with the nonselective digital subtraction angiography (DSA). METHODS: This open, monocentric, prospective, phase 3 study included patients with a clinically suspected RVH. For fMRI a dynamic TurboFLASH sequence and for MRA a single-shot breath-hold flash 3D sequence was performed. Gadodiamide was injected as contrast medium. RESULTS: Sixty patients were included in the study. The correlation between fMRI and scintigraphy had an accuracy, a sensitivity, and a specificity of 69%, 5%, and 92%, respectively, and correlations between MRA and DSA of 95%, 92%, and 96%. CONCLUSION: The noninvasive MRA can replace DSA in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis. However, fMRI can not replace renal scintigraphy.     

Quantitative static and dynamic renal scintigraphy with diuresis stimulation in renovascular hypertension

The results of computer-assisted static and dynamic renal scintigraphy in 57 patients with renovascular hypertension (RVH) and 23 patients with essential hypertension (EH) are presented. The following parameters were quantified: renal size (RS), count density (CD), relative unilateral renal clearance (RRC), mean parenchymal transit time (PTT), difference of time-to-peak of activity (tmaxd) to stenosed minus non-stenosed side, effect of frusemide (FE) and renal parenchymal radionuclide retention (RI). Among 57 stenosed renal arteries we detected 54 (true-positive cases) and missed three (false-negative cases); among 23 patients with EH and no significant haemodynamic renal artery stenosis, we found 21 cases correctly negative and two patients falsely positive. These data yielded a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 92%. The quantification of renal radionuclide studies in renal artery stenoses minimizes false-positive results and increases their specificity. This study shows that, because of its sensitivity, quantitative renal scintigraphy reliably allows the assessment of the functional haemodynamic effects of a renovascular lesion (significant stenosis) in the diagnostic work-up and during follow-up after surgical reconstruction or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). The evaluation of renal function is in general greatly supported by the quantitative parameters, yet particularly after medication with converting enzyme inhibitors and after intervention.     

Tc-99m DTPA acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) renography in the detection of renovascular hypertension

PURPOSE: Prostaglandins play important roles in renal physiology and in the development of renovascular hypertension. In a recent study, inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis was found to be useful for detecting renovascular hypertension using renal scintigraphy. In the current study, the authors evaluated the role of aspirin (an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis) and compared it with Tc-99m DTPA captopril renal scintigraphy (CS). Materials and METHODS: Twenty-five patients were examined with Tc-99m DTPA in a three-step manner: a baseline study, CS, and aspirin scintigraphy (AS). Each scintigraphic study was interpreted visually and according to the renogram curve patterns. Semiquantitative parameters (Tmax, renal indices [%], 20-minute/max count ratio, glomerular filtration rate) were also calculated. Plasma renin activity was determined for each study. The blood pressures of all patients were measured during AS. All patients had a contrast-enhanced angiogram that was used as the reference test. RESULTS: Three groups of patients were observed based on the scintigraphic and angiographic results. In each group, no difference was observed in blood pressure after aspirin administration. In group 1, seven patients had normal angiographic and scintigraphic results. In group 2, eight patients had angiographically confirmed renal artery stenosis (RAS). In 6 patients (mean, 47% RAS), both AS and CS were negative for RVH. In the remaining two patients with RAS (mean, 83% stenosis), the kidneys were atrophic on the stenotic side, and thus the kidneys did not respond to the interventions. No difference was observed in plasma renin activity in groups 1 and 2. Group 3 included 10 patients who had angiographically confirmed RAS (mean, 86%). In 9 patients, both CS and AS were positive for RVH. In the remaining one patient, scintigraphic results were falsely negative. Statistical analyses performed for semiquantitative parameters did not reveal any significant difference in this group, although there was a tendency toward prolonged Tmax values after captopril and aspirin administration. In four cases, unexpected elevation of plasma renin activity was observed in group 3. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that AS with Tc-99m DTPA is an alternative for CS. It has the advantage of having no effect on blood pressure and does not require that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors be discontinued. Although in this study 9 of 10 patients had correct diagnoses of RAS, further studies, especially using tubular agents with the calculation of parenchymal transit time, might provide valuable information in this patient group. An ongoing study is being performed in the authors' institute.     

Captopril-enhanced renography using 99mTc-DTPA in renovascular hypertensive patients

Dynamic renal scintigraphy with 99mTc-DTPA before (baseline renography: BS-RG) and 1 hour after administration of 25 mg to 50 mg of captopril (captopril-enhanced renography: CP-RG) was performed in a selected series of 18 patients suspected of having renovascular hypertension. Final diagnosis was made by angiography and further clinical follow-up. Eight patients were considered as renovascular hypertension (RVH), 6 with bilateral renal artery stenosis (BRAS) and 2 with unilateral renal artery stenosis (URAS). The remaining 10 patients were non-renovascular (non-RVH). Two criteria were prospectively employed for evaluating positive response induced by captopril. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) on BS-RG (GFRbase) and on CP-RG (GFRcap) was estimated by early (120-180 seconds) DTPA uptake by the kidney, and then captopril response rate (CRR) was calculated in the following: CRR = (GFRcap-GFRbase)/GFRbase X 100 (%). CP-RG was considered positive when it was less than 20%. Renogram shape was also independently evaluated. CP-RG was also considered positive when either a delay of time to peak activity of more than 5 min or conversion of renogram shape to an obstructive or non-functioning pattern was observed. The sensitivity and specificity of CRR and change in renogram were 50% and 80%, 63% and 100%, respectively. In BRAS, positive response was observed in the unilateral kidney alone which maintained relatively a good renal function. CP-RG could not differentiate RVH with URAS from that with BRAS. Four patients were followed after the surgical or angioplastic treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Value of captopril renal scintigraphy in hypertensive patients with renal failure.

The aims of this study were to show the value of captopril renal scintigraphy for detecting a renovascular cause in hypertensive patients with renal failure and to assess the ability to predict the beneficial effect of revascularization on renal function. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with renal failure (mean glomerular filtration rate = 35 mL/min) underwent renal scintigraphy after injection of 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine. Baseline scintigraphy was performed, and the test was repeated 24 h later after oral administration of 50 mg captopril given 60 min before the test. RESULTS: In 5 of 6 patients with a renovascular cause for renal failure, and 2 of 3 patients with a probable arterial pathology, scintigraphy had a high probability. The result was indeterminate in the other 2 patients. In 5 of 11 patients with negative arteriography and 14 of 18 patients with probable absence of renovascular pathology, we found a low probability of functional renal artery stenosis. Six revascularization procedures were performed and were predictive of a beneficial effect in 5 patients. Time of peak activity was an effective predictor in each case. CONCLUSION: In hypertensive patients with renal failure, captopril renal scintigraphy can detect hemodynamic dysfunction downstream from a renal artery stenosis and can predict the beneficial effect of revascularization in some cases.     

Percutaneous revascularization of the renal arteries: predictors of outcome

PURPOSE: To identify predictors of clinical outcome after percutaneous revascularization of the renal arteries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 63 patients, the therapeutic response was retrospectively assessed after percutaneous revascularization of the renal arteries indicated for hypertension (41.3%), renal failure (4.8%), or both (53.9%). All patients underwent percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty, complemented by stent insertion in 30 patients. The authors analyzed the role of clinical and imaging factors, including scintigraphy, Doppler sonography, and angiography for predicting clinical success. RESULTS: In the hypertensive population, there were three cures (5.6%), 26 improvements (48.1%), and 25 failures (46.3%). Among patients with renal insufficiency, 12 were improved (37.5%), 11 were stabilized (34.4%), and nine deteriorated (28.1%). Predictors of favorable outcome for hypertension were shorter duration of hypertension, higher diastolic blood pressure, fibromuscular dysplasia, abnormal Doppler study, higher percentage of angiographic stenosis, and lower grade of aortic atheromatous disease. Predictors of favorable outcome for renal failure were nondiabetic status, abnormal Doppler study, and higher percentage of angiographic stenosis. Abnormal Doppler and scintigraphic examinations predicted successful treatment of hypertension in 60% and 53.8% of cases, respectively, and renal insufficiency in 85% and 60% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: Clinical and angiographic variables were the best predictors of therapeutic success for hypertension. Doppler sonography was useful in patients with renal failure.     

Multidetector spiral CT renal angiography in the diagnosis of renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role and detection rate of multidetector spiral CT renal angiography (CTA) as compared with conventional angiography (CA), the commonly accepted gold standard, in the diagnosis of renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD). In addition, the role of CTA reconstructions (multiplanar reformatted images (MPR), maximum intensity projections (MIP) and shaded-surface display (SSD)) in the detection of FMD was also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CTA results were retrospectively reviewed in 21 hypertensive patients with CA-proven FMD. Clinical indications for referral included resistant hypertension (requiring greater than three antihypertensive medications), labile hypertension, hypertension in combination with renal impairment and the presence of abdominal bruits in the context of systemic hypertension. In some cases, these clinical indications were supplemented by positive results in other tests, including plasma renin assay, captopril scintigraphy and/or Doppler ultrasound. The findings of CA in these 21 patients were compared to CTA. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 62.33+14.32 years (range 24-85 years). CTA identified all 42 main renal arteries (100%) and all 10 accessory renal arteries (100%) visualized on CA. In the diagnosis of FMD, CTA detected all 40 (100%) lesions detected by CA. No single CTA reconstruction technique was able to detect all lesions noted on corresponding CA, however, upon review of all CTA reconstructions (MPR, MIP and SSD) in each case, every lesion was correctly identified by CTA. CONCLUSION: Our experience suggests that CTA is a non-invasive, reliable and accurate method for the diagnosis of renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia. Moreover, in our experience CTA has many advantages as a diagnostic screening tool over CA, including accessibility, speed, lower complication profile, versatility and cost-effectiveness. CTA shows great potential as a guiding tool for directing subsequent procedures such as CA+balloon angioplasty.