2-氨基磷酸茚处理对新疆紫草悬浮细胞次生代谢物积累的影响

用不同浓度2-氨基磷酸茚(AIP),并结合茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)处理新疆紫草悬浮细胞,测定不同处理组、不同处理时间细胞中迷迭香酸及乙酰紫草素、脱氧紫草素、β,β'-二甲基丙烯酰紫草素、异戊酰紫草素等次生代谢物的含量,考察AIP抑制苯丙氨酸通路后对紫草悬浮细胞中次生代谢物合成、积累的影响。结果显示Me JA处理能够明显促进新疆紫草细胞中次生代谢物的合成积累;AIP处理能够抑制新疆紫草细胞中上述次生代谢物的积累,并在二者联合处理时能一定程度上抵消Me JA的促进作用,且抑制作用的强弱与处理剂量、处理时间存在正相关性。表明苯丙氨酸途径在紫草素类化合物生物合成中具有重要作用,可为通过细胞培养方式生产紫草素类化合物的代谢调控及紫草素类化合物生物合成等进一步研究提供参考。     

新疆软紫草四种溶媒系统提取物紫草素含量测定及急性毒性的实验研究

目的:通过4种溶媒石油醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇、水系统提取新疆软紫草.考察各溶媒提取物中紫草素的含量及小鼠的最大耐受量.方法:室温下渗漉法系统提取软紫草,用紫外分光光度仪测定4种溶媒系统提取物中紫草素的含量,并对各提取物进行急性毒性实验.结果:软紫草4种溶媒中紫草素含量的高低依次为石油醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇提取物,水提取物中基本不含紫草素;且各提取物最大耐受量(顺序同上)分别为:2.0g/kg、12.5g/kg、19.5g/kg、23.4g/kg.结论:4种溶媒系统提取物中,石油醚提取物中紫草素含量最高.     

用四川紫草提取紫草素的工艺优化研究

目的 以四川紫草为原料,研究紫草素的提取工艺.方法 采用正交实验,考察提取温度、提取时间、提取的料液比(95%乙醇/四川紫草,ml/g)、提取次数4因素对砂紫草素提取效果的影响.结果 影响紫草素提取效果的因素次序是:提取时间＞提取温度~提取次数＞提取的料液比.结论 提取紫草素的最优工艺条件:温度50℃;时间3 h;料液比为:7 ml 95%乙醇/g四川紫草;提取次数为3次.     

紫草软膏处方筛选及其体外渗透性

目的:筛选紫草软膏处方。方法:建立体外经皮渗透试验方法,采用高效液相色谱法对紫草软膏样品的体外透皮速率进行考察,并以左旋紫草素累积透过量作体外透皮曲线,与Higuchi方程进行拟合。结果:透皮速率以O/W型软膏为最高,平均J值达到14.797μg.(h.cm2)-1,Higuchi方程线性较好。结论:最佳处方为O/W型软膏处方。     

RP-HPLC法测定紫草中左旋紫草素的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定紫草中左旋紫草素含量的方法。方法采用Shimpack C18柱（4.6×250 mm,5μm）,甲醇：0.1%磷酸溶液（85：15）为流动相,流速为1.0 m L·min^-1,柱温：25℃,检测波长：515 nm。结果左旋紫草素浓度在5.3-106μg·m L-1之间与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999,8;平均回收率为99.5%,RSD为1.98%。结论本法操作简便,重复性好,可用于紫草中左旋紫草素的质量控制。     

紫草素对宫颈癌Hela细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移的影响

目的:研究紫草素(shikonin)对人宫颈癌Hela细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移能力的影响,并对其机制进行初步探讨。方法:体外培养Hela细胞,分为对照组和紫草素组(浓度分别为4,8,16,32,64μmol·L-1),采用MTT法检测紫草素对Hela细胞增殖的抑制作用;紫草素处理Hela细胞24h后,采用流式细胞术观察细胞凋亡率的改变;Transwell小室法检测细胞侵袭和迁移力的变化;Western blotting法分析黏着斑激酶(FAK)蛋白表达及FAK磷酸化水平的变化;实时荧光定量PCR技术检测FAK mRNA表达的情况。结果:紫草素对Hela细胞的增殖具有抑制作用,且具有浓度和时间依赖性;细胞凋亡率随着紫草素浓度的增加而逐步增高,其中32,64μmol·L-1的紫草素可明显抑制细胞增殖并诱导其凋亡(P<0.001)。4,8,16μmol·L-1的紫草素作用于Hela细胞后,能够显著降低Hela细胞的穿膜细胞数(P<0.05)。紫草素能够呈浓度依赖性的下调Hela细胞中FAK蛋白和mRNA的表达,使FAK磷酸化水平降低。结论:紫草素可显著抑制Hela细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移能力,其机制可能与抑制FAK磷酸化水平有关。     

基于SPR技术的表皮生长因子受体与新疆紫草中4种活性成分的相互作用

目的:以人表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)为靶标,从左旋紫草素,乙酰紫草素,β,β-二甲基丙烯酰紫草素,β-乙酰氧基异戊酰紫草素等新疆紫草所含的4种柰醌类活性成分中筛选潜在的EGFR抑制剂。方法:利用表面等离子体共振(SPR)技术,首先通过预吸附实验,优化固定的p H和浓度,选择最佳条件,构筑EGFR生物芯片。在此基础上,以p H 7.4,浓度10 mmol·L-1的磷酸缓冲溶液(含0.005%聚山梨酯-20)作为相互作用时的缓冲溶液,实时动态研究EGFR与4种单体的相互作用。通过软件计算动力学参数,基于结合动力学常数大小,筛选抑制剂。结果:选择p H 4.5,10 mmol·L-1的乙酸缓冲液、质量分数为10 mg·L-1的EGFR为其最佳的固定条件,最终固定量为250 RU。相互作用结果显示4种单体中,β,β-二甲基丙烯酰紫草素与EGFR有明显的结合作用,其他3种单体无明确响应。动力学参数计算结果显示,EGFR与β,β-二甲基丙烯酰紫草素相互作用的结合速率常数ka为1.27×104L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1),解离速率常数kd为2.92×10-2s-1,解离平衡常数KD为2.31×10-6mol·L-1,卡方值(Chi2)为3.25。KD1×10-5mol·L-1,表明他们有较强的亲和力。结论:β,β-二甲基丙烯酰紫草素可能为EGFR的一种抑制剂。     

紫草素诱导人前列腺癌PC-3细胞凋亡机制的探讨

目的:研究紫草素诱导人前列腺癌细胞(PC-3)凋亡及其作用机制。方法:以PC-3细胞为研究对象,以不同浓度的紫草素处理PC-3细胞,另设空白组,处理不同时间后,分别采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测紫草素对PC-3细胞增殖抑制情况;显微镜观察细胞形态变化;流式细胞仪检测细胞中活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的产生;蛋白质免疫印迹(Western blot)检测B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax),半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)和磷酸化-细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(p-ERK1/2)蛋白的表达。结果:不同浓度的紫草素对PC-3细胞的生长抑制呈时间和剂量依赖性;形态学观察结果显示紫草素作用PC-3细胞后可使细胞变圆,脱落,皱缩,细胞内出现空泡,周围出现凋亡小体;与空白组比较,不同浓度的紫草素明显升高Caspase-3和Bax蛋白的表达,明显降低Bcl-2蛋白的表达,不同浓度的紫草素作用细胞48 h后可诱导细胞产生ROS,ROS清除剂二硫苏糖醇(DTT)可以明显逆转紫草素诱导的PC-3细胞的生长抑制率,且0.2 mmol·L-1DTT可以抑制由紫草素诱导的Caspase-3和ERK1/2的活化。结论:紫草素通过ROS/ERK1/2信号通路诱导人前列腺癌PC-3细胞发生凋亡。     

紫草素在Caco-2细胞的摄取特性

目的:研究紫草素(SKN)在Caco-2细胞的摄取特性.方法:以Caco-2细胞单层模型研究紫草素的细胞摄取规律.采用高效液相色谱法测定细胞中SKN浓度,考察时间、pH、药物浓度及抑制剂对Caco-2细胞摄取SKN的影响.结果:SKN在Caco-2细胞中的摄取呈时间依赖性;SKN在0.2 ～3.2 mg·L-1内的摄取呈线性增加,符合被动扩散过程;pH 8.0条件下药物的细胞摄取量(0.350±0.004) mg·g-1显著低于pH 5.0[(0.450±0.008) mg·g-1,P＜0.01];加入维拉帕米,叠氮化钠及2,4-二硝基酚后,与对照组相比,SKN的细胞摄取量显著低,分别为(0.320±0.007),(0.340±0.003),(0.260±0.007) mg·g-1(P ＜0.01).结论:SKN的细胞摄取机制主要是被动转运;P-糖蛋白未参与SKN的转运过程.     

紫草工业生产中左旋紫草素的损失与检测合理性研究

目的:研究紫草渗漉液浓缩过程中左旋紫草素的损失原因并建立合理检测方法。方法:以左旋紫草素为指标,采用优化的色谱条件进行测定,分析检测环节中供试液含醇量、供试液生药浓度等对左旋紫草素含量测定的影响,在此基础上考察供试液合理制备方法及含量测定方法学,以建立合理的检测方法。结果:优化的色谱条件为:甲醇∶水(82∶18)为流动相,流速:1.0 mL/min,柱温为35℃,检测波长为516 nm,将分析时间由40 min缩短为24 min;供试液的含醇量显著影响左旋紫草素的含量测定结果,同等浓度的左旋紫草素,在低含醇量(<40%)供试液中的峰面积仅约为高含醇量(>70%)的20%～30%;供试液最好用40%以上乙醇配制,合理浓度范围为0.0167～0.083 g生药/mL;改进的检测方法具有良好的精密度、重现性和准确性。结论:研究首次发现供试液含醇量与左旋紫草素的色谱峰面积密切相关,并由此揭示紫草渗漉液回收乙醇过程中巨大损失的另一重要原因是:在检测环节中,供试液含醇量过低导致左旋紫草素的测定结果显著偏低,未能客观反映实际含量。新方法较现有方法能更有效、合理、客观的检测左旋紫草素,监测工艺过程,同时具有高效率、低成本的优...     

Pharmacological and analytical aspects of alkannin/shikonin and their derivatives: An update from 2008 to 2022

Alkannin/shikonin (A/S) and their derivatives are naturally occurring naphthoquinones majorly found in Boraginaceae family plants. They are integral constituents of traditional Chinese medicine Zicao (roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon). In last two decades significant increase in pharmacological investigations on alkannin/shikonin and their derivatives has been reported that resulted in discovery of their novel mechanisms in various diseases and disorders. This review throws light on recently conducted pharmacological investigations on alkannin/shikonin and their derivatives and their outputs. Various analytical aspects are also discussed and brief summary of patent applications on inventions containing alkannin/shikonin and its derivatives is also provided.     

Shikonin derivatives inhibited LPS-induced NOS in RAW 264.7 cells via downregulation of MAPK/NF-kappaB signaling

AIM OF THE STUDY: Shikonin/alkannin (SA) derivatives, analogs of naphthoquinone pigments, are the major components of root extracts of the Chinese medicinal herb (Lithospermum erythrorhizon; LE) and widely distributed in several folk medicines. In the present study, the effect and the underline molecular mechanism of shikonin derivatives isolated from root extracts of Lithospermum euchroma on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Effects of five SA derivatives, including SA, acetylshikonin, beta,beta-dimethylacrylshikonin, 5,8-dihydroxy-1.4-naphthoquinone, and 1,4-naphthoquinone on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells were examined. RESULTS: Data suggested that SA derivatives inhibited LPS-induced NO and PGE(2) production, and iNOS protein expression. RT-PCR analysis showed that SA derivatives diminished LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression. Moreover, the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was concentration-dependently suppressed by SA derivatives. SA inhibited NF-kappaB activation by prevention of the degradation of inhibitory factor-kappaB and p65 level in nuclear fractions induced by LPS. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of SA derivatives might result from inhibition of iNOS protein expression through the downregulation of NF-kappaB activation via suppression of phosphorylation of ERK, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.     

Cellular pharmacology studies of shikonin derivatives

The naphthoquinone pigment, shikonin, isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc.(Boraginaceae) and its derivatives are the active components isolated from the Chinese herbal therapeutic, Zicao. Historically, Zicao root extracts have been used to treat macular eruption, measles, sore-throat, carbuncles and burns. Multiple pharmacological actions have been attributed to shikonin, e.g. antiinflammatory, antigonadotropic and anti-HIV-1 activity. In this review, several therapeutic applications of shikonin will be summarized including its pleiotropic, antiinflammatory and antitumour effects. Widely diverse and sometimes conflicting activities have been attributed to shikonin, e.g. wound healing, enhanced granuloma formation, suppression of local acute inflammatory reactions, inhibition of angiogenesis, inhibition of select chemokine ligands, inhibition of DNA topoisomerase activity, inhibition of platelet activation and antimicrobial activity. Comparison of the various reported mechanisms of action for shikonin lead us to hypothesize that shikonin is an effective inhibitor of protein-protein interaction with multiple targets in both the intracellular and extracellular compartments. This general inhibitory effect can account for the broad spectrum of shikonin biological and pharmacological activities.     

紫草多糖对S_(180)荷瘤小鼠红细胞膜流动性与带3蛋白的影响

目的:观察紫草多糖对S180荷瘤小鼠瘤重、红细胞膜流动性和带3蛋白含量的影响。方法:采用荧光探针DPH标记法测定红细胞膜的荧光偏振度P,计算微黏度(η)与膜脂流动性(LFU);电泳法测定红细胞膜带3蛋白含量。结果:紫草多糖中剂量组抑瘤率达43.05%;且各剂量组对红细胞膜膜脂流动性、带3蛋白均有影响,以中剂量组效果最佳,与对照组相比P<0.01,P<0.05。结论:紫草多糖通过影响荷瘤小鼠红细胞膜流动性和带3蛋白恢复红细胞的正常功能发挥其抗肿瘤作用。     

黄独脱毒苗快繁技术的研究

目的 以黄独脱毒苗为试材,研究不同因素对黄独带芽茎段芽增殖和生根的影响,以期对黄独脱毒苗的快繁技术进行优化.方法 采用植物组织培养的方法 进行茎尖培养和快繁研究,采用RT-PCR法对茎尖脱毒植株进行病毒检测.结果 黄独脱毒苗带芽苇段的最佳培养基是MS+KT 2 mg/L+6-BA 1 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L;黄独脱毒苗带芽茎段增殖的最佳蔗糖质量浓度和琼脂质量浓度分别是30和0 g/L;黄独脱毒苗带芽茎段生根的最佳培养基是1/2 MS+IBA 0.1 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+PP_(333) 1 mg/L;黄独试管苗移栽的最好基质是珍珠岩:蛭石(2:1);黄独试管苗移栽时最佳的PP_(333)质量浓度是50 mg/L.结论 首次成功建立了黄独脱毒苗的快繁技术,为黄独脱毒苗的工厂化生产奠定了技术基础.     

Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by Lithospermi radix in mouse peritoneal macrophages

Lithospermi radix (LR, root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold. et Zuccarinii) has been used to treat various conditions, such as septic shock, eczema and burns. In this study, the effect of LR on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were examined using mouse peritoneal macrophages. At 0.01-1 mg/ml, LR inhibited the LPS/rIFN-gamma-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and TNF-alpha release. To clarify the mechanism involved, the effect of LR on the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB was examined. The LPS/rIFN-gamma-induced activation of NF-kappaB was almost completely blocked by LR at 1mg/ml without cytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that the inhibition of the LPS/rIFN-gamma-induced production of NO and TNF-alpha by LR involves the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation.     

铁皮石斛快繁技术体系研究

目的以铁皮石斛Dendrobium officinale带芽茎段为材料,对铁皮石斛的组织培养进行系统研究,以期建立铁皮石斛的快繁技术体系。方法采用植物组织培养的方法对铁皮石斛外植体的消毒方法、原球茎的诱导、增殖、分化、幼苗生根及瓶苗移栽等进行研究。结果铁皮石斛外植体最佳的消毒方式为75%乙醇消毒30 s,再用0.1%HgCl2消毒10 min;铁皮石斛带芽茎段原球茎诱导的最佳培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA+2 g/LAC,诱导率达到34.98%;原球茎增殖的最佳培养基为MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.8 mg/L 2,4-D+2 g/LAC,增殖率达到89.6%;原球茎分化的最佳培养基为MS+1.2mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L IBA+2 g/L AC,分化率达到89.6%;幼苗生根的最佳培养基配方为1/2 MS+2.5 mg/L NAA+15%土豆汁+2 g/LAC,生根率达到90.4%～92.8%;瓶苗移栽最佳方式为大苗、树皮块苔藓草做基质、基质中添加0.03 mg/L赤霉素,并接种适量菌根真菌Epulorhiza sp.。结论建立了铁皮石斛的快繁技术体系,为铁皮石斛的工业化生产奠定技术基础。     

知母组织培养的初步研究

目的以知母种子为试验材料,对知母的组织培养进行了初步研究,以期建立知母的再生体系。方法采用植物组织培养和单因子试验的方法对知母无菌体系的建立、分蘖芽的增殖、分蘖愈伤组织的诱导和再分化以及再生苗的移栽进行研究。结果 知母种子最佳的消毒方式是75%酒精处理30 s后用0.1%HgCl2处理15 min;知母分蘖芽增殖的最佳培养基是MS+KT 1 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L;知母分蘖愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基是MS+KT 2 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L;知母愈伤组织再分化的最佳培养基是MS+KT 2 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L;知母愈伤组织再生芽最佳的生根培养基是1/2MS+NAA 0.5 mg/L;知母试管苗最佳的移栽基质是腐殖土。结论本实验建立了知母的再生体系,为知母试管苗的工厂化生产奠定了技术基础。     

Evidence for Shikonin acting as an active inhibitor of human carboxylesterases 2: Implications for herb–drug combination

Shikonin, a natural naphthoquinone compound derived from the herb Lithospermum erythrorhizon, is widely used for its various pharmacological activities. However, its potential interactions with other medications by inhibiting human carboxylesterases 2 (hCE2) remain unknown. In this study, the inhibitory effects of shikonin on the activity of hCE2 in human liver microsomes are investigated by using fluorescein diacetate (FD), N‐(2‐butyl‐1,3‐dioxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐phenalen‐6‐yl)‐2‐chloroacetamide (NCEN), and CPT‐11 as substrates of hCE2. The results demonstrate that shikonin significantly inhibits the activity of hCE2 when FD and NCEN are used as substrates, whereas the half inhibition concentration value of shikonin increased by 5–30 times when CPT‐11 was used as the substrate. The inhibition types of shikonin against hCE2 activity reflected by 3 substrates were all best fit to noncompetitive manners. In addition, shikonin was found to distinctly suppress endogenous hCE2 activity, characterized with attenuated fluorescence. Furthermore, for drugs metabolized by hCE2 with the similar binding sites with FD or NCEN, the estimated magnitudes of area under the curve variation were approximately 9–357% in the presence of shikonin. Also, the area under the curve of CPT‐11 could be increased by 1–14% following administration of shikonin. These findings have clear clinical implications for the combination of shikonin and hCE2‐metabolizing prodrugs.     

紫草蒽醌类成分的提取及其复合物栓的抗炎活性研究

目的：基于预防和治疗老年性阴道炎及妇科炎症等疾病,从开发绿色天然中药制剂出发,优选紫草复合物栓最佳提取工艺,并以抗炎活性为指标,优化紫草提取物在复合物中配比。方法：采用正交试验设计方法,以出膏率、总萘醌含量及左旋紫草素含量为综合指标进行工艺优选,二甲苯致炎实验优化处方配比。结果：紫草的最佳提取工艺为：浸泡4小时后,8倍量90%的乙醇渗漉。当紫草占处方总量的50%时,其抗炎活性最强。结论：优选的提取工艺,条件稳定,方法简单,可操作性强且成本低,可用于紫草复合物栓的制备。以活性为指标的处方筛选,为紫草复合物栓的有效性开发提供重要依据。