超声-酶法提取两面针中芝麻素的工艺优选

目的优化超声-酶法提取两面针中芝麻素的工艺条件。方法采用HPLC测定芝麻素提取率,流动相乙腈-水-磷酸-三乙胺(60∶40∶0.2∶0.25),检测波长287nm。通过单因素试验考察提取溶剂加酸和酶解预处理对芝麻素提取率的影响,利用正交试验优化超声功率、提取次数和溶剂量,通过动态过程优化超声提取时间。结果最佳工艺条件为:复合酶预处理后,以体积分数60%乙醇(含盐酸1%)超声(功率250 W)提取3次,第1次以7倍量溶剂提取21min,第2次以6倍量溶剂提取18min,第3次以5倍量溶剂提取15 min,芝麻素提取率为95.40%。结论该工艺经济、高效、节能、省时,可为开发利用两面针中芝麻素提供实验基础。     

水提法和微波助提法在蛹虫草多糖提取中的应用

目的:探讨蛹虫草菌丝体多糖提取方法的应用。方法:利用水提法和微波助提法提取蛹虫草菌丝体中多糖成分,利用苯酚-硫酸法测定其多糖的含量。结果:水提法粗多糖的提取率为22.26%,微波助提法的提取率为15.16%。结论:菌丝体粗多糖提取过程中应用传统水提法提取率高,但其工艺复杂、耗时,微波助提法工艺简便、快速。     

正交设计优选黄芪多糖的微波辅助与传统提取工艺研究

目的:以水为提取溶剂,比较微波辅助与传统提取对黄芪多糖的影响研究.方法:采用正交实验设计,蒽酮-硫酸比色法测定其含量,优选微波辅助与传统提取黄芪的工艺,比较两种提取工艺对黄芪多糖的影响.结果:优化传统提取条件为料液比12:1,提取时间60 min,提取2次,黄芪多糖提取率为89.34%;微波辅助提取条件为料液比12:1,提取时间15 min,微波功率800 W,黄芪多糖提取率为93.02%.结论:微波辅助提取时间短、有效成分提取率高,可用于黄芪多糖的提取工艺.     

超声波辅助提取茶多酚工艺优化的研究

目的 优化超声波辅助提取茶多酚的最佳工艺条件.方法 以绿茶为实验原料,乙醇为溶剂,研究超声时间、乙醇体积分数、料液比、超声功率4个因素对超声波辅助提取茶多酚提取率的影响.利用正交实验对超声波辅助提取有茶多酚的工艺条件进行优化.结果 最佳工艺条件:70%的乙醇为溶剂,超声功率为200 W,料液比为1∶20,超声时间为30 min.此条件下茶多酚的提取率为23.42%,加样回收率为102.38%,RSD=1.57%(n=5).各因素对茶多酚提取率的影响由大到小的顺序为:超声功率>乙醇体积分数>超声时间>料液比.结论 该提取工艺稳定可靠,具有使用价值.     

微波辐射—溶剂法提取农吉利中总黄酮的工艺研究

目的优化农吉利中总黄酮微波辐射—溶剂提取的工艺条件。方法在单因素试验的基础上,以牡荆素作为总黄酮含量的指标,采用正交试验法优化微波辐射功率、微波辐射时间、提取温度、提取时间等因素。结果微波辐射-溶剂提取法的最佳提取工艺为：微波辐射功率560W,微波辐射时间2 min,液固比20∶1,提取温度70℃,提取时间2.0 h。结论与常规溶剂回流提取法相比,采用微波辐射处理药材后再用溶剂进行提取,总黄酮的提取率明显提高;优选得到的工艺稳定可行。     

大黄总蒽醌苷元提取条件的筛选

目的与方法以三氯甲烷、醋酸乙酯、乙醇、丙酮、水为溶剂,分别对大黄总蒽醌苷元进行提取,比较各溶剂的提取率。结果与结论各溶剂的提取率:三氯甲烷>醋酸乙酯>乙醇>丙酮>水,其中醋酸乙酯的提取率与三氯甲烷接近,可替代三氯甲烷作为大总黄蒽醌苷元的提取溶剂。     

迷迭香叶中鼠尾草酸的提取工艺研究

［摘要］目的　优选迷迭香叶中鼠尾草酸的提取工艺．方法　以鼠尾草酸提取率为定量指标,确定最佳提取溶剂和提取方法．在单因素试验基础上,采用正交试验考察提取时间、料液比和提取次数对鼠尾草酸提取率的影响．结果　采用乙酸乙酯为溶剂,超声提取,料液比1:14,提取4次,每次75 min,在此条件下鼠尾草酸平均提取率达2.479%．结论　优选的鼠尾草酸提取工艺稳定,重复性好．     

正交设计法确定黄芪中黄酮类成分的超声提取条件

目的:确定黄芪药材中黄酮类成分超声提取的最佳前处理条件.方法:以毛蕊异黄酮苷和芒柄花素的含量为指标,采用正交设计法对超声时间(10、20、30 min)、溶剂中甲醇含量(50%、75%、100%)以及提取次数(1、2、3次)等影响因素进行考察,确定最优提取条件,并同浸泡提取和索氏提取作比较.结果:提取黄芪药材中黄酮类成分的最佳前处理方案为甲醇超声处理2次,每次20 min.超声提取的效率优于浸泡提取和索氏提取.结论:同其他方法比较,超声提取作为黄芪中黄酮类成分的提取方法,具有效率高、时间短和操作简便的优点.     

微波法提取甘草中有效成分的研究

目的利用微波提取技术同时从甘草中提取甘草酸和甘草黄酮。方法考察了影响提取率的因素,包括提取溶剂、液固比、微波时间和功率等。结果确定了微波提取甘草有效成分的最佳工艺:70%乙醇为提取溶剂,按10∶1(mL/g)的液固比,微波中高火辐照4 m in,提取3次,甘草酸的提取率为3.06%,甘草黄酮提取率为3.00%,与热回流法提取4 h的结果接近。结论该提取工艺既缩短了提取时间,又提高了甘草药材的综合利用率。     

响应面法优化长泰砂仁总黄酮提取工艺研究

目的:优选长泰砂仁中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺.方法:通过单因素试验考察提取方法、提取时间、提取溶剂、料液比和提取次数对长泰砂仁总黄酮提取率的影响,并利用响应面法以提取时间、乙醇体积分数和料液比设计三因素三水平试验对其总黄酮提取工艺进行优化.结果:优选得到的最佳工艺条件为:回流提取、提取时间为77.61 min、72.49％乙醇、料液比为1:8.68、提取2次;在此条件下,理论值与实际值接近,偏差为0.70％.结论:优选的长泰砂仁总黄酮的提取工艺合理可行.     

Prevalence of oral lesions and measurement of salivary pH in the different trimesters of pregnancy

INTRODUCTION

Oral changes observed during pregnancy have been studied for many years, but their magnitude and frequency have not been stressed upon. This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of oral lesions during different trimesters of pregnancy and their correlation with salivary pH change.

METHODS

The gingival, simplified oral hygiene, community periodontal and decayed-missing-filled teeth indices were used to assess a total of 120 pregnant women (40 in each trimester group) and 40 nonpregnant women (control group). Salivary pH was measured using a digital pH meter. Presence of any oral lesions was determined via oral examination.

RESULTS

Scores for all indices increased while salivary pH decreased from the control group to the first trimester group, through to the third. Oral lesions were seen in 44.2% of pregnant women. Lesions were seen in 27.5%, 52.5% and 52.5% of women in the first, second and third trimesters, respectively. The percentage of pregnant women with one oral lesion was highest in the second trimester (47.5%), whereas the third trimester had the highest prevalence (17.5%) of two concurrent oral lesions. The incidence of fissured tongue was highest in the first trimester group, and that of gingival enlargement was highest in the third trimester group. In the second trimester group, there was an almost equal incidence of fissured tongue and gingival/mucosal enlargement.

CONCLUSION

Most changes in oral tissues during pregnancy can be avoided with good oral hygiene. Salivary pH could be used to assess the prevalence of oral lesions in the different trimesters of pregnancy.     

Spontaneous rupture of the ureter

Spontaneous rupture of the ureter is a very rare condition and usually results from ureteral obstruction by a calculus. Only theoretical mecha­nisms have been proposed and no possible explanation has yet been reported in the literature. Intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography is the most informative study with high sensitivity. Treatment should be individualised, and depends on the state of the patient. Minimally invasive endourological procedures with double-J catheter placement and percutaneous drainage offer excellent results. Conservative management with analgesics and antibiotic coverage may be an alternative to surgery. Herein, we present a case of spontaneous rupture of the proximal ureter with no evidence of an underlying pathological condition.     

Exogenous ochronosis in a Chinese patient: use of dermoscopy aids early diagnosis and selection of biopsy site

The diagnosis of exogenous ochronosis is often challenging and requires a high index of suspicion. Herein, we report a case of exogenous ochronosis in a Chinese patient. The condition was caused by the use of bleaching agents, including creams containing hydroquinone. We demonstrate the use of dermoscopy as an invaluable tool for the early recognition of the condition, as well as in the selection of an appropriate site for a skin biopsy.     

Anaesthetic management of acute airway obstruction

The acutely obstructed airway is a medical emergency that can potentially result in serious morbidity and mortality. Apart from the latest advancements in anaesthetic techniques, equipment and drugs, publications relevant to our topic, including the United Kingdom’s 4th National Audit Project on major airway complications in 2011 and the updated American Society of Anesthesiologists’ difficult airway algorithm of 2013, have recently been published. The former contained many reports of adverse events associated with the management of acute airway obstruction. By analysing the data and concepts from these two publications, this review article provides an update on management techniques for the acutely obstructed airway. We discuss the principles and factors relevant to the decision-making process in formulating a logical management plan.     

Challenges in the management of a rare case of extensive retroperitoneal haemangioma in a pregnant woman

Haemangioma of the retroperitoneal space is a rare benign capillary malformation, which can grow significantly in pregnancy due to the multiple associated cardiovascular changes. We herein describe the case of a pregnant woman with an extensive right retroperitoneal haemangioma extending from the level of the renal hilum, across the lateral anterior abdominal wall and into the thigh. We also highlight the challenges faced in the management of the patient’s delivery process. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of such nature and severity described in the English literature.     

Cost of post-stroke outpatient care in Malaysia

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to investigate the direct cost of outpatient care for patients with stroke, as well as the relationship between the aforementioned cost and the sociodemographic and stroke characteristics of the patients.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study involving patients with first-ever stroke who were attending outpatient stroke rehabilitation, and their family members. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire designed to obtain information regarding the cost of outpatient care. Stroke severity was measured using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale.

RESULTS

This study comprised 49 patients (28 men, 21 women) with a mean age of 60.2 (range 35–80) years. The mean total cost incurred was USD 547.10 (range USD 53.50–4,591.60), of which 36.6% was spent on attendant care, 25.5% on medical aids, 15.1% on travel expenses, 14.1% on medical fees and 8.5% on out-of-pocket expenses. Stroke severity, age > 70 years and haemorrhagic stroke were associated with increased cost. The mean cost of attending outpatient therapy per patient was USD 17.50 per session (range USD 6.60–30.60), with travelling expenses (41.8%) forming the bulk of the cost, followed by medical fees (38.1%) and out-of-pocket expenses (10.9%). Multiple regression analysis showed that stroke severity was the main determinant of post-stroke outpatient care cost (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Post-stroke outpatient care costs are significantly influenced by stroke severity. The cost of attendant care was the main cost incurred during the first three months after hospital discharge, while travelling expenses was the main cost incurred when attending outpatient stroke rehabilitation therapy.     

Dural metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: rare,but worth considering

Metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) to the dura, an extremely rare condition, can be symptomatically silent and mistaken for a benign entity radiographically. Missed diagnosis can lead to serious consequences or prove immediately fatal. We report a woman with dural metastasis of NPC that mimicked a meningioma on radiography. Craniectomy with tumour resection was performed due to rapid progression from the onset of symptoms to disability. The patient was still alive two years after surgery. This case emphasises the need to keep in mind the possibility of dural metastasis of NPC in patients with abnormal imaging features. This would not only avoid wrong and optimistic diagnosis, but also allow for appropriate treatment in a timely manner. To our knowledge, this is the first report of metastasis of NPC to the dura. We provide detailed information on the neoplastic lesion, which masqueraded as a benign entity and caused potentially fatal consequences.     

The effectiveness of corticosteroid injection in the treatment of plantar fasciitis

Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain in adults. Although it is usually a self-limiting condition, the pain may become prolonged and severe enough to cause significant distress and disruption to the patient’s daily activities and work. PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and a total of ten RCTs were selected for evaluation. These RCTs involved the use of either palpation- or ultrasonography-guided corticosteroid injections in patients diagnosed with plantar fasciitis. All placebo-controlled RCTs showed a significant reduction in pain with the use of corticosteroid injections. Some studies also showed that corticosteroid injections yielded better results than other treatment modalities. However, it is evident from these studies that the effects of corticosteroid injections are usually short-term, lasting 4–12 weeks in duration. Complications such as plantar fascia rupture are uncommon, but physicians need to weigh the treatment benefits against such risks.     

Effectiveness of early cardiology undergraduate learning using simulation on retention,application of learning and level of confidence during clinical clerkships

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the use of a cardiopulmonary patient simulator in the teaching of second-year medical students. Effectiveness was measured in terms of the extent of knowledge retention and students’ ability to apply the skills learned in subsequent real-life patient contact.

METHODS

In this study, ten third-year medical students who had previously undergone simulator training as part of their second-year curriculum underwent an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) and a multiple-choice question (MCQ) test to assess their ability to apply the knowledge gained during the simulator training when dealing with real patients. The performance of this group of students was compared with that of a group of ten fourth-year medical students who did not undergo simulation training.

RESULTS

Although the third-year medical students performed well in the OSCE, they were outperformed by the group of fourth-year medical students, who had an extra year of clinical exposure. The MCQ scores of the two groups of students were similar. Post-simulation training survey revealed that students were generally in favour of incorporating cardiopulmonary simulator training in the preclinical curriculum.

CONCLUSION

Cardiopulmonary simulator training is a useful tool for the education of preclinical medical students. It aids the translation of preclinical knowledge into real-life clinical skills.