1960年(饥荒中期)出生人群成年后糖尿病患病率显著性增高

目的:本研究探讨生命早期食物短缺及营养不良对成年后糖尿病患病危险的影响,为国家制订糖尿病干预政策提供科学依据.方法:本研究运用重庆某医院体检中心资料,选取1959～1964年出生的4640例成人作为研究对象进行调查.其中将1959～1960年出生人群作为研究组,1962～1964年出生人群作为对照组,进行回顾性研究,比较两组人群平均血糖值和糖尿病的患病率以及分布状况.结果:本次调查的结果显示1960年出生人群的平均血糖(Blood slouse,BG)水平显著高于非饥荒年出生人群(P<0.05).饥荒年出生人群糖尿病患病率显著高于非饥荒年出生人群(P<0.05). 1960年出生人群糖尿病患病率最高为4.55%.1959、1960、1961年出生人群相对于非饥荒年出生人群的标化后相对危险度为3.33、3.48和3.45.结论:生命早期经历了食物短缺和营养不良等灾害可能会增加成年后患糖尿病的危险性.     

深圳市体检人群代谢综合症及其相关危险因素的分析

目的探讨深圳市体检人群不同性别、年龄组代谢综合症(MS)诊断及其相关危险因素流行病学分布特点。方法按照2004年中华医学会推荐诊断标准,对收集到的8884名体检人员的体重、身高、血压、空腹血糖及血脂进行不同性别、年龄组MS诊断及其相关危险因素流行病学分布特点分析。结果 MS患病人数1412,总患病率为15.89%,其中男性患病率为19.98%,女性患病率为11.52%,患病率在50岁之前,男性明显高于女性,61岁以后女性高于男性,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高血压患病率男女分别为21.90%、15.17%,高空腹血糖患病率男女分别为7.10%、4.73%,高甘油三酯(TG)患病率男女分别为44.32%、22.10%,高BMI患病率男女分别为39.07%、18.32%,均为男性高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高甘油三酯血症、肥胖患病率最高;各代谢危险因素间有相关性(P<0.001)。结论深圳市体检人群MS患病率高,特别是青年男性、老年女性,主要危险因素为高甘油三酯血症、肥胖。     

深圳市体检人群代谢综合征流行特征调查分析

目的探讨代谢综合征(MS)及相关组成成分在不同性别、年龄体检人群分布特点。方法按照2004年中华医学会推荐诊断标准(CDS),对收集到的8 884名体检人员的体质量、身高、血压、FPG及血脂进行分析研究。结果 MS患者1 412例,总患病率为15.89%,其中男性患病率为19.98%,女性患病率为11.52%,男女两组MS患病率在50岁之前有显著差异,男性明显高于女性;51～60岁之间男女两组无差异;61岁以后女性高于男性,差异有统计学意义。结论深圳市高收入、高素质体检人群MS患病率高,年轻化趋势明显,应引起有关部门的重视,采取有效措施防范。     

生命早期饥荒暴露与重庆地区三高症患病风险的关联分析

目的 ：探讨重庆地区人群生命早期经历营养不良与成年后三高症（糖尿病、高血压、高脂血症）发生风险之间的关系。方法：运用重庆医科大学附属第二医院健康管理（体检）中心2018年体检人群中1956年10月至1964年9月出生的7 466例成人作为研究对象进行分析。为减少年龄因素对分析结果造成的偏倚，将饥荒年前（1956年10月至1958年9月）出生的1 818人和饥荒年后（1962年10月至1964年9月）出生的4 156人合并为对照组（n=5 974），饥荒年（1959年10月至1961年9月）出生人群定为饥荒暴露组（n=1 492）。采用卡方检验比较2组人群三高症检出情况，并采用logistic回归模型分析生命早期经历营养不良对三高症发生的影响。结果：研究人群总体2型糖尿病患病率为11.3%，对照组、暴露组的糖尿病患病率分别为10.7%和13.6%，差异有统计学意义（P=0.001）。暴露组的空腹血糖平均值较对照组高[（5.89±1.86） mmol/L vs.(5.76±1.65) mmol/L,P=0.005]。高血压和高脂血症总患病率分别为29.7%和35.3%，对照组和暴露组之间差...     

重庆地区饥荒年出生人群慢性病患病情况及相关危险因素初步研究

目的:初步调查中国三年自然灾害(1959～1961年)期间(饥荒年)在重庆地区出生的人群成年后常见慢性病情况,探索其慢性病的相关危险因素.方法:采用问卷调查和体格检查、生化指标检查,获取调查对象有关健康状况指标及健康相关危险因素情况.资料分析采用χ~2检验和非条件Logistic回归.结果:饥荒年出生人群血压(Blood pressure,BP)、血糖(Blood glucose,BG)、体质指数(Body mass index,BMI)3个指标的异常率与非饥荒年出生人群差别无统计学意义.结论:本次调查结果尚不能认为饥荒年出生而可能造成的生命早期营养不良与成年后慢性病患病有关,有待扩大样本量和开展广泛社区人群调查等进一步研究工作.     

南京地区成人代谢综合征的流行病学研究

目的:了解南京地区社区人群代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)的患病率及流行特征.方法:采用分层随机整群抽样方法调查南京两社区20岁及20岁以上的常住(＞5年)居民共1 130人(男400人,女730人),进行问卷调查、体格检查及相关代谢指标的测定.MS主要采用2005年国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)的诊断标准.结果:南京地区成人总人群、男性及女性MS的粗患病率分别为19.3%、12.8%和22.9%.相应的标化患病率分别为13.1%、9.2%和15.2%.女性患病率显著高于男性(P＜0.05)并随年龄的增长而显著升高(P＜0.05);血压升高(≥130/85 mmHg)、甘油三酯(TG)升高、空腹血糖升高、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)降低在MS患者中的发生率分别为89.9%、65.6%、29.4%及71.1%.MS患者中仅有2个代谢异常的占51.8%,有3个组分异常的占40.4%,而4个组分均异常的占7.8%;结论:南京地区成年人群MS患病率较高,女性、老年人是MS的高危人群,加强健康宣教十分重要.MS患者中高血压最常见,其他代谢异常的患病率也较高,应全面地进行防治.     

不同诊断标准下健康体检者代谢综合征的流行特征及危险因素分析

目的 采用两种不同的诊断标准分析健康体检者代谢综合征(MS)的流行特征和相关危险因素.方法 选择2014年成都市某大型三甲医院健康体检中心的健康体检者共37 508名为研究对象.采用美国第3次胆固醇教育计划2005年[ATPⅢ(2005)]和中华医学会糖尿病学分会2004年[CDS(2004)]两种诊断标准对该人群MS患病情况进行调查.结果 按ATPⅢ和CDS标准,该体检人群的MS患病率分别为16.4％和7.3％,低于国内其他及本地区的一般人群.其中男性患病率分别为20.2％和10.2％,女性为11.6％和3.8％,男女患病率比较,差异有统计学意义(x2分别为501.57、546.49,P值均＜0.001).除男性70～岁组外,其他人群的MS患病率均随年龄增长而增加.MS各组分中,高TG血症和肥胖在男性、女性中所占比例较高.在控制了年龄、性别等因素后,无论采用ATPⅢ或CDS诊断标准,饮酒、饮食偏咸辛辣均是MS的独立生活方式危险因素.两种诊断标准对该人群MS诊断一致性不高(Kappa值为0.51).根据ATPⅢ标准诊断得到的MS患病率高于CDS标准.结论 加强对健康体检者MS的健康教育,尤其是对≥40岁的男性和≥50岁的女性体检者,建议戒烟限酒,避免辛辣偏咸饮食,加强锻炼.为了早期筛查和预防MS,建议推荐ATPⅢ作为健康体检人群的MS诊断标准.     

干部人群代谢综合征患病率分析

目的 了解干部人群代谢综合征( MS)的患病情况,为该类人群疾病的防治提供科学依据. 方法 收集2013年在华西医院健康体检的1348例干部人群资料,按2005年国际糖尿病联盟( IDF)的MS诊断标准进行诊断,分析MS及代谢指标异常患病情况. 结果 MS检出率总体为26. 19%,其中男27. 06%,女20. 23%,男性与女性比较无统计学差异(P＞0. 05). MS检出率高峰在50～60 岁年龄段,为35. 91% . MS单项组分异常检出率从高至低依次为高血糖44. 70%、高血压40. 87%、中心性肥胖39. 91%、高三酯甘油血症33. 82%、低 HDL-C血症14. 98%. 5 项组合31 例,占2. 23%,4项组合119例,占8. 83%,3项组合202例,占14. 98%,以中心性肥胖、高血压、高血糖最多,占6. 0%. 经Logis-tic回归分析结果显示年龄、BMI、TG、血压、空腹血糖是MS的危险因素( P＜0. 05 ) , HDL-C是MS的保护性因素( P＜0. 05). 结论 干部人群代谢综合征患病率高于普通人群,应制定有效的干预措施,积极控制各种危险因素,降低心脑血管疾病和糖尿病患病率.     

宁陕地区2517例血脂检测结果分析

目的:了解本地区健康体检者血脂状况。为心脑血管疾病的预防提供指导。方法:将2517例健康体检中血脂检测结果进行分析。结果:在体检的2517名人群中,血脂异常818人,占体检总人数的32.50%,其中男性血脂异常为239人,占体检男性人数的29.22%,女性血脂异常为108人,占体检女性人数的13.20%。结论:本地区健康体检者的血脂水平相对偏高;而血脂的异常是导致动脉粥样硬化和冠心病的危险因素。     

麦积区高考体检7000例屈光不正患病率统计分析

目的:观察当前高中生人群中屈光不正发生的流行病学特点,总结其分布特征及相关对策。方法:对麦积区2011年应届高中毕业生及补习生7000例(14000只眼)进行屈光状态调查,分析其流行病学特征及影响因素。结果:双眼裸眼视力均≥5.0者共1050人,占总人数的15.00%;双眼中一眼裸眼视力<5.0者共415人,占总人数的5.93%;双眼裸眼视力均<5.0者共5535人,占总人数的79.07%。即屈光不正的发病率为85.00%,其中男性发病率为79.67%(2798/3512),女性发病率为90.37%(3152/3488),不同性别间患病率具有统计学差异(P<0.01);在屈光不正人群中,有家族史者共1172例,占总人数的19.70%(1172/5950),不同家族史人群的屈光不正发病率经比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:我区高中生人群中屈光不正的患病率较高,且女性患病率高于男性,有家族史者患病率高于无家族史者,这提示屈光不正的发生与长期伏案工作及遗传因素关系密切,需要引起重视。     

Rates of adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959-1961

CONTEXT: Schizophrenia is a common major mental disorder. Intrauterine nutritional deficiency may increase the risk of schizophrenia. The main evidence comes from studies of the 1944-1945 Dutch Hunger Winter when a sharp and time-limited decline in food intake occurred. The most exposed cohort conceived during the famine showed a 2-fold increased risk of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether those who endured a massive 1959-1961 famine in China experienced similar results. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The risk of schizophrenia was examined in the Wuhu region of Anhui, one of the most affected provinces. Rates were compared among those born before, during, and after the famine years. Wuhu and its surrounding 6 counties are served by a single psychiatric hospital. All psychiatric case records for the years 1971 through 2001 were examined, and clinical and sociodemographic information on patients with schizophrenia was extracted by researchers who were blinded to the nature of exposure. Data on number of births and deaths in the famine years were available, and cumulative mortality was estimated from later demographic surveys. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Evidence of famine was verified, and unadjusted and mortality-adjusted relative risks of schizophrenia were calculated. RESULTS: The birth rates (per 1000) in Anhui decreased approximately 80% during the famine years from 28.28 in 1958 and 20.97 in 1959 to 8.61 in 1960 and 11.06 in 1961. Among births that occurred during the famine years, the adjusted risk of developing schizophrenia in later life increased significantly, from 0.84% in 1959 to 2.15% in 1960 and 1.81% in 1961. The mortality-adjusted relative risk was 2.30 (95% confidence interval, 1.99-2.65) for those born in 1960 and 1.93 (95% confidence interval, 1.68-2.23) for those born in 1961. CONCLUSION: Our findings replicate the Dutch data for a separate racial group and show that prenatal exposure to famine increases risk of schizophrenia in later life.     

Congenital Abnormalities in Children Born in Alberta During 1961: A Survey and a Hypothesis

In Alberta, the provincial average for neonatal congenital physical abnormalities discovered at birth increased from 7.9 per 1000 births in 1959 to 13.8 per 1000 births in 1961.

Drugs taken by mothers during pregnancy were tabulated, including the antiemetic and tranquillizer agents, but no relationship was demonstrated between their use and damage to the fetus.

A significant relation was apparent, however, between the incidence of congenital malformations and the extent of precipitation in the area concerned. In Northern Alberta, where precipitation is highest, 15.5 per 1000 children born in 1961 showed physical defects. In Southern Alberta, where precipitation is lowest, 11.9 children per 1000 births were born with physical defects.

Increases of radioactive dust containing cesium-137, cerium-144 and strontium-90 were associated with above-ground Soviet thermonuclear Arctic explosions during recent years. The hypothesis is advanced that children born in Alberta in 1962 will show a greater incidence of physical deformities than those born in 1961, owing to greater rainfall during 1961 and 1962.

     

Rates of adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959-1961

Context  Schizophrenia is a common major mental disorder. Intrauterine nutritional deficiency may increase the risk of schizophrenia. The main evidence comes from studies of the 1944-1945 Dutch Hunger Winter when a sharp and time-limited decline in food intake occurred. The most exposed cohort conceived during the famine showed a 2-fold increased risk of schizophrenia. Objective  To determine whether those who endured a massive 1959-1961 famine in China experienced similar results. Design, Setting, and Participants  The risk of schizophrenia was examined in the Wuhu region of Anhui, one of the most affected provinces. Rates were compared among those born before, during, and after the famine years. Wuhu and its surrounding 6 counties are served by a single psychiatric hospital. All psychiatric case records for the years 1971 through 2001 were examined, and clinical and sociodemographic information on patients with schizophrenia was extracted by researchers who were blinded to the nature of exposure. Data on number of births and deaths in the famine years were available, and cumulative mortality was estimated from later demographic surveys. Main Outcome Measures  Evidence of famine was verified, and unadjusted and mortality-adjusted relative risks of schizophrenia were calculated. Results  The birth rates (per 1000) in Anhui decreased approximately 80% during the famine years from 28.28 in 1958 and 20.97 in 1959 to 8.61 in 1960 and 11.06 in 1961. Among births that occurred during the famine years, the adjusted risk of developing schizophrenia in later life increased significantly, from 0.84% in 1959 to 2.15% in 1960 and 1.81% in 1961. The mortality-adjusted relative risk was 2.30 (95% confidence interval, 1.99-2.65) for those born in 1960 and 1.93 (95% confidence interval, 1.68-2.23) for those born in 1961. Conclusion  Our findings replicate the Dutch data for a separate racial group and show that prenatal exposure to famine increases risk of schizophrenia in later life.      

Opioid overdose mortality in Australia, 1964-1997: birth-cohort trends.

OBJECTIVE: To examine trends in rates of opioid overdose deaths from 1964 to 1997 in different birth cohorts. DESIGN: Age-period-cohort analysis of national data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Annual population rates of death attributed to opioid dependence or accidental opioid poisoning in people aged 15-44 years, by sex and birth cohort (in five-year intervals, 1940-1944 to 1975-1979). RESULTS: The rate of opioid overdose deaths increased 55-fold between 1964 and 1997, from 1.3 to 71.5 per million population aged 15-44 years. The rate of opioid overdose deaths also increased substantially over the eight birth cohorts, with an incidence rate ratio of 20.70 (95% confidence interval, 13.60-31.46) in the 1975-1979 cohort compared with the 1940-1944 cohort. The age at which the cumulative rate of opioid overdose deaths reached 300 per million fell in successive cohorts (for men, from 28 years among those born 1955-1959 to 22 years among those born 1965-1974; for women, from 33 years among those born 1955-1959 to 27 years among those born 1965-1969). CONCLUSIONS: Heroin use in Australia largely began in the early 1970s and rates of heroin use have markedly increased in birth cohorts born since 1950.     

The association between duration of breastfeeding and adult intelligence

CONTEXT: A number of studies suggest a positive association between breastfeeding and cognitive development in early and middle childhood. However, the only previous study that investigated the relationship between breastfeeding and intelligence in adults had several methodological shortcomings. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between duration of infant breastfeeding and intelligence in young adulthood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective longitudinal birth cohort study conducted in a sample of 973 men and women and a sample of 2280 men, all of whom were born in Copenhagen, Denmark, between October 1959 and December 1961. The samples were divided into 5 categories based on duration of breastfeeding, as assessed by physician interview with mothers at a 1-year examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intelligence, assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) at a mean age of 27.2 years in the mixed-sex sample and the B?rge Priens Pr?ve (BPP) test at a mean age of 18.7 years in the all-male sample. Thirteen potential confounders were included as covariates: parental social status and education; single mother status; mother's height, age, and weight gain during pregnancy and cigarette consumption during the third trimester; number of pregnancies; estimated gestational age; birth weight; birth length; and indexes of pregnancy and delivery complications. RESULTS: Duration of breastfeeding was associated with significantly higher scores on the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale WAIS IQs. With regression adjustment for potential confounding factors, the mean Full Scale WAIS IQs were 99.4, 101.7, 102.3, 106.0, and 104.0 for breastfeeding durations of less than 1 month, 2 to 3 months, 4 to 6 months, 7 to 9 months, and more than 9 months, respectively (P =.003 for overall F test). The corresponding mean scores on the BPP were 38.0, 39.2, 39.9, 40.1, and 40.1 (P =.01 for overall F test). CONCLUSION: Independent of a wide range of possible confounding factors, a significant positive association between duration of breastfeeding and intelligence was observed in 2 independent samples of young adults, assessed with 2 different intelligence tests.     

YU Ren-cun(郁仁存)——A Famous Oncologist in Integrative Medicine

YU Ren-cun was born on August 1,1934.After graduating from Jiangxi Medical College in 1955,he took part in the very first Western Doctors' Class for Learning Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) held in Beijing from March 1959 to December 1961.Prof.YU systematically learned TCM while taking this class.Since 1962,he has been working in the Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,eventually being promoted to a Chief Physician by the Beijing Municipal Government in May of 1981.In 1997,Prof.YU was selected as a well-known veteran for the National TCM Doctor Inheritance Work by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM).The State Council of China has awarded him a special subsidy every month for his excellent work.     

Myxovirus Infections in Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis, Toronto, 1961-62

Virological investigations were undertaken on nasopharyngeal secretions from 186 children who were admitted to the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, with acute laryngotracheobronchitis between December 1961 and March 1962. Patients who required tracheotomy for relief of respiratory obstruction were excluded from this series. Myxoviruses which were isolated from 47 patients included the following antigenic types: 29 Parainfluenza-1, four Parainfluenza-2, five Parainfluenza-3 and nine Influenza B. The average duration of hospitalization, 3.0 days, was identical for the 47 virus-positive patients and the entire group of 186 patients. Ages of 135 patients were less than three years.

Between November 1960 and March 1962, myxoviruses were isolated from 150 of 445 laryngotracheobronchitis patients. The dominant strain, Parainfluenza-1, was isolated from 119 patients who became ill between November 1960 and April 1961, and between October 1961 and March 1962. Parainfluenza-3 virus was isolated irregularly from patients during both cool and warm months. Influenza B and Parainfluenza-2 isolations were made only during 1961-62 winter. Rising antibody levels in paired sera from 20 of 23 Parainfluenza-1 virus excretors and in four patients who yielded Parainfluenza-3 virus confirmed infection with these agents.

     

生命早期饥荒暴露对50岁成年人血脂、血糖水平的影响

目的：检测饥荒年出生人群50岁时总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、空腹血糖水平,探讨生命早期营养对成人疾病的影响.方法：2011年从安徽省某大型三级甲等医院健康体检中心整群抽取出生于1957~1963年的体检者4理214名.按出生时间将研究对象分为3组,1957~1958年出生的982人为饥荒前暴露组;1959~1961年出生的1 233人为饥荒暴露组;1962~1963年出生的1 999人为饥荒后暴露组.比较组间空腹低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、三酰甘油、总胆固醇和空腹血糖水平的差异及变化趋势.结果：不同年份出生的体检者总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白和高密度脂蛋白差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05~P〈0.01）,而空腹血糖差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.饥荒前暴露组男性三酰甘油低于饥荒后暴露组（P〈0.01）.女性空腹血糖、总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白水平饥荒前暴露组均高于饥荒暴露组和饥荒后暴露组（P〈0.05~P〈0.01）.结论：生命早期饥荒暴露可能对成年后血糖、血脂代谢产生影响,这种影响对50岁以上男女的影响可能更为显著.孕期女性合理膳食、均衡营养对从根源上预防子代成年后慢性代谢性疾病意义深远.