经额颞硬膜外入路显微手术切除海绵窦区肿瘤

目的 报告经额颞硬膜外入路显微手术切除海绵窦区肿瘤的经验。方法 回顾性分析8例海绵窦区肿瘤的临床及影像学特征、手术方式、疗效和术后并发症。结果 肿瘤全切5例，次全切3例；术后原有颅神经症状的63．6％获得改善，27．3％同术前，9．1％较术前加重，无新的神经症状出现，无疾病及死亡病例，随访7例，时间20－23个月，无肿瘤复发。结论 采用经额颞硬膜外手术入路可较好地暴露和切除海绵窦区肿瘤，明显降低术后并发症和死亡率。     

经额颞颧-硬膜外入路切除海绵窦区三叉神经鞘瘤

目的探讨海绵窦区三叉神经鞘瘤的手术入路及其治疗效果。方法回顾性分析经额颞颧-硬膜外入路切除7例海绵窦区三叉神经鞘瘤病人的临床资料、影像学表现及其术后疗效。结果肿瘤全切除7例,均经病理证实为三叉神经鞘瘤。术后出现不同程度面部感觉减退、咀嚼无力等三叉神经损伤症状。随访48~60个月,平均54个月,无肿瘤复发,7例病人恢复正常生活和工作。结论额颞颧-硬膜外入路适用于海绵窦区三叉神经鞘瘤,可保护周围重要神经、血管,具有损伤小、术后并发症少等手术特点。     

侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤的显微手术治疗

目的通过总结显微手术切除侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤的经验,探讨沟通眶颅的神经鞘瘤的手术方法,以提高手术全切率及减少并发症。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年12月采用眶-翼点入路硬脑膜外显微手术切除的侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤24例的临床资料,其中神经内镜辅助手术5例,并对该类肿瘤的特点及手术要点进行分析。结果肿瘤全切除20例,次全切除4例,肿瘤全切率为83．3％,无死亡病例。术后新出现10例眼球运动障碍;3个月后6例完全恢复,2例不全麻痹,2例无变化。1例病人术后2周出现溃疡性角膜炎,治疗后未愈。1例病人术后失明。4例次全切的患者术后2周行1刀治疗。术后随访3～18个月,平均8个月,复查MRI示全切病例无肿瘤复发,次全切病例未见残余肿瘤明显增大。结论眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤从眶内通过眶上裂侵犯眶尖区及海绵窦,经眶-翼点入路硬脑膜外手术全切率高,并发症少,效果满意,是对侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤较好的手术方式。     

额颞硬膜外-下入路手术治疗海绵窦侵袭性垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨额颞硬膜外-下入路手术切除海绵窦侵袭性垂体腺瘤的效果。方法 回顾性分析2014年7月至2016年12月采用额颞硬膜外-下入路显微手术治疗的58例海绵窦侵袭性垂体腺瘤的临床资料。结果 肿瘤全切除46例，次全切除12例；术后出现动眼神经麻痹46例，其中42例0.5~1年后恢复。无死亡病例。结论 额颞硬膜外-下入路显微手术是治疗海绵窦侵袭性垂体腺瘤有效的方法，动眼神经麻痹是主要并发症。     

海绵窦区三叉神经鞘瘤的诊断与治疗

目的探讨海绵窦区三叉神经鞘瘤的临床特点及治疗方案。方法总结6例海绵窦区三叉神经鞘瘤的临床表现及影像学资料,评估经额颞颧硬膜外入路切除的手术疗效。结果患者首发症状主要为三叉神经症状,影像学显示肿瘤位于海绵窦区,增强呈现不均一强化,6例患者肿瘤完全切除。无手术死亡病例,术后未出现严重并发症。结论海绵窦区三叉神经鞘瘤较为少见,具有自身临床特点,可采用额颞颧硬膜外手术方法可以最大限度切除侵入海绵窦区三叉神经鞘瘤。     

海绵窦眶尖肿瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 分析海绵窦眶尖肿瘤显微外科治疗的手术方法和治疗效果。方法 回顾分析过去4年间，采用显微手术治疗18例海绵窦眶尖肿瘤的临床资料。所有病例均采用额颢切口(翼点入路)，其中有5例加颧弓离断(扩大翼点入路)方法开颅。结果 肿瘤全切除12例，次全切除3例，大部分切除2例，活检1例；无手术死亡及严重并发症，神经继发损伤症状出现率为44．4％。结论 ①现代影像学可明确海绵窦眶尖解剖结构，根据肿瘤大小、位置和侵袭范围，采用翼点入路、扩大翼点入路方法开颅；②熟练掌握解剖知识及手术技巧，选择恰当的手术入路，成功地手术切除和及时处理术后并发症等是治疗的关键；③颅底缺损应给予修补和重建，避免脑脊液漏及颅内感染也是一个关键的问题。     

海绵窦间隙在侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤神经内镜经鼻蝶入路切除术中的应用

目的 探讨海绵窦间隙在侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤神经内镜经鼻蝶入路切除术中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2020年10月经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术治疗的15例侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的临床资料。基于颈内动脉的自然走形,把海绵窦分为上、下、后、外侧间隙,术中对不同间隙内肿瘤采用不同切除方法。结果 肿瘤全切除11例,次全切除4例。术后发生脑脊液鼻漏1例,尿崩6例,垂体功能减退危象1例,眼球外展障碍1例,动眼神经麻痹1例。15例术后随访3~36个月;11例肿瘤全切除中,10例无复发,1例无功能垂体腺瘤复发并动态观察;4例次全切除中,2例无进展;2例术后6个月内行伽玛刀治疗。结论 神经内镜下经鼻入路手术切除侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的效果良好,基于颈内动脉的自然走形的海绵窦间隙划分方法为侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的手术治疗提供了新思路。     

海绵窦区肿瘤的显微外科手术经验(附13例分析)

目的 探讨海绵窦区肿瘤的显微外科手术治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析13例海绵窦区肿瘤的临术及影像学特征，手术方法及结果，结果，肿瘤全切除3例，次全切除8例，大部切除1例，术中因严重出血而终止手术1例，术后症状改善5例，无变化5例，加重并出现新的症状2例，死亡1例（为鞍区横纹肌肉瘤病人）。术后随访3-23个月，平均11个月，存活病人均未见肿瘤复发。结论 合适的手术入路和良好的显微手术操作是海绵窦区手术成功的关键，手术应以病人生存质量为前提，不必盲目追求全切。     

手术切除从颅底侵犯海绵窦的肿瘤

目的探讨手术切除侵犯海绵窦的颅底肿瘤的指征及手术要点。方法自1998年11月至2002年5月，中日友好医院神经外科与中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科合作，连续切除侵犯海绵窦的颅底肿瘤32例，其中鼻咽纤维血管瘤7例，脊索瘤5例，鼻咽癌和鼻咽囊腺癌5例，副鼻窦癌5例，神经鞘瘤3例，嗅神经母细胞瘤1例，颞下翼腭窝低分化癌2例，颞下翼腭窝肉瘤3例，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例。23例曾经1次或多次手术切除后复发。对临床资料进行回顾性总结。结果根据肿瘤主体的部位分别选用经上颌骨入路、颞下耳前入路、或额眶入路。全部病例术中显露满意，肿瘤均得到肉眼切除，受累的颅神经一并切除，无手术死亡，术后无偏瘫等严重并发症。、术后辅以放射治疗。随访3—50个月，平均19个月，失访3例，4例术后3—6个月死亡，4例带瘤生仔，21例健在。结论由下向上侵犯海绵窦的颅底肿瘤可以手术切除，近期效果满意。对颅底正常和病理性解剖结构的熟练掌握以及多学科医生的密切协作是手术取得成功的关键。     

眶颧入路切除前中颅窝底病变的临床分析

目的探讨应用美国Barrow神经外科中心改良双瓣法眶颧入路治疗前中颅窝底肿瘤的显微外科手术策略。方法回顾性分析经眶颧入路显微切除的12例前中颅窝底肿瘤患者的临床资料,对手术操作技巧及术后并发症等进行讨论。结果术后头颅MRI示蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤4例、海绵窦区海绵状血管瘤和三叉神经鞘瘤各1例、鞍旁高级别肉瘤1例及鞍区脑膜瘤1例,共8例完全切除; 3例海绵窦区脑膜瘤和1例岩斜区脑膜瘤大部切除。结论改良眶颧入路,对颅前、中颅窝底肿瘤提供了最佳暴露。该入路手术步骤相对简便,并且硬膜外即可处理肿瘤基底,减少肿瘤血供;该入路可以较好地显露前中颅窝底区域,并有效保护病变毗邻重要结构。     

巨大岩斜区肿瘤的显微外科治疗(附15例报告)

目的：报告１５例巨大岩斜区肿瘤的显微外科治疗。方法：分析１５例巨大岩斜肿瘤的临床及影像学特征、手术方法、手术结果、术后并发症等。结果：肿瘤全切除１３例，近全切除２例，无手术死亡，５例术后颅神经损害症状加重，２例无任何颅神经损伤症状，８例颅神经症状同术前。结论：巨大岩斜肿瘤采用幕上下经岩骨乙状窦前入路可全切除肿瘤，熟悉该入路的显微解剖知识可降低术后并发症和颅神经损伤率。     

两种不同入路手术治疗海绵窦区肿瘤

目的探讨海绵窦区肿瘤切除的手术入路,以提高手术全切率,降低残障率.方法对14例海绵窦内肿瘤行硬膜下入路切除5例,行硬膜外入路切除9例,比较两种入路的方法及疗效.结果行硬膜下入路者中全切除2例,大部切除3例;术后出现新的神经功能障碍4例.行硬膜外入路者中全切除5例,次全切除3例,大部切除1例;术后出现新的脑神经功能障碍3例,其中1例完全恢复.结论针对不同类型的肿瘤及生长特性,选择适当的手术入路和显微神经外科技术,可有效提高全切率,降低残障率.     

海绵窦肿瘤的诊断和显微手术切除

目的 探讨海绵窦肿瘤的诊断与显微手术治疗效果.方法 38例患者经CT 及MRI诊断为海绵窦肿瘤.采用改良翼点入路、于显微镜下手术切除病变.结果 31例(81.6%)肿瘤达全切除,5例(13.1%)获次全切除,余2例(5.3%)为部分切除,术后1例(2.6%)死亡.术后头痛及海绵窦综合征症状有所改善.肿瘤标本经病理学检查证实分别为脑膜瘤、神经鞘瘤、海绵状血管瘤、垂体腺瘤和胆脂瘤.33例随访8月～12(平均3.6)年,3例肿瘤复发,4例无变化或略有缩小.对其中的4例行放射外科治疗.结论 MRI是诊断海绵窦肿瘤的最佳检查方法,采用改良翼点入路显微手术切除本类肿瘤,效果良好.     

Surgical treatment of invasive pituitary adenomas (somatotropinoma or corticotropinoma)

AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate efficiency of the transcranial epidural approach in the treatment of invasive GH- or ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas with extension to the cavernous sinus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the past two years (from January 2000 to December 2001) 14 patients with invasive GH- or ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas extending to the cavernous sinus were operated on using the transcranial epidural approach. Our experience is based on an analysis of 12 patients with GH-secreting tumors and 2 patients with ACTH-secreting adenomas. The patients' mean age was 45.36 years (range 28-66, SD +/- 10.26 years). Parasellar extension of the tumor was measured using the Knosp scale--in all the cases there was an extension to the cavernous sinus, in stage III (4 patients) or stage IV (10 patients). RESULTS: In none of the cases a total surgical removal of the invasive GH-secreting adenoma was attained (according the following cure criteria: basal serum GH level below 2.5 micrograms/l, OGTT < 1 microgram/l, normal sex- and age-related IGF-I level). In four patients the surgery resulted in a reduction of the basal serum GH level to below 5 micrograms/l (their postoperative mean serum IGF-I level was 530 micrograms/l--significantly lower, but still abnormal, p < 0.05). In a single case of a female patient the basal serum GH level was below 10 micrograms/l, while in other 7 patients the GH level remained above 10 micrograms/l. Remission (normalization of 24-hour urine-free cortisol (UFC) and its metabolites) was achieved in one patient with the Cushing disease. There were no complications involving case fatality. A transient deterioration of the third cranial nerve function observed in one patient disappeared within 3 months from the surgery. There was no deterioration of pituitary function and no cases of diabetes insipidus in our group. CONCLUSION: Transcranial epidural approach is an alternative to radiotherapy and/or prolonged medication in the treatment of invasive GH- or ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas.     

蝶窦海绵窦脑膜瘤术后眼睑下垂相关因素及并发症分析

目的 分析蝶窦海绵窦脑膜瘤显微手术术后眼睑下垂相关因素及并发症.方法 回顾性研究首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院颅底脑干病房从1993年4月到2008年12月的49例蝶窦海绵窦脑膜瘤的治疗情况,对可能导致术后眼睑下垂的危险因素进行Logistic回归分析.结果 男41例,女38例;平均年龄52.4岁;病史平均20.9个月.最常见症状为脑神经损害,MRI发现肿瘤平均最大径为5.09 cm.30例患者采用额颞人路,14例采用额颞断颧弓人路,5例选用眶颧入路切除肿瘤.肿瘤近全切除率52%,死亡率2%.随访到39例患者,平均随访73.7个月,4例随访中死亡,生存的35例患者中,22例正常生活.多因素分析发现,术后眼睑下垂与海绵窦分级、术前KPS评分及既往手术史相关.结论 蝶窦海绵窦脑膜瘤全切困难,术后最常见并发症是动眼神经麻痹,术后眼睑下垂与海绵窦分级、术前KPS评分及既往手术史相关.术后随访发现肿瘤复发可辅助放疗.

Abstract：

Objective To study the surgical results and complications for sphenocavernous (SC)meningioma patients with special reference to postoperative ptosis.Method 49 consecutive cases of SC meningiomas operated between April 1993 and Dec 2008 in our department were reviewed.All the probable risk factors related to postoperative ptosis were studied with Logistic regression analysis.Results There were 38 female and 11 male patients ( mean age 52.4 years, range 31 ～ 74 years).The mean duration of symptoms was 20.9 months( ranging from 1 week to 108 months).Cranial nerves palsy was the most common presenting symptoms.The mean maximal diameter of tumor on MRI was 5.09 cm.Frontotemporal approach was performed in 30 cases,frontotemporal zygomatic approach in 14 cases and frontotemporal orbitozygomatic osteotomy approach in 5 cases.Subtotal resection was achieved in 52% patients.The surgical mortality was 2%.Follow -up data were available for 39 patients,with a mean follow- up of 73.7 months.Four patients died during follow - up period.Of the 35 living patients, 22 lived a normal life.Multi - factors that might influence ptosis after operation included the grading of cavernous extension, pre - operation KPS and the history of surgery for tumors.Conclusions Complete and safe resection of SC meningioma is difficult.Our experience suggests that the most common complication after SC meningioma surgery is ocular CN dysfunction.The factors relative to postoperative ptosis include the extension to cavernous sinus,pre - operation KPS and history of surgery for meningioma.Gamma knife radiosurgery could be considered as an adjuvant therapy only for recurrent tumors during follow - up period.     

经耳前颧弓硬膜外入路切除海绵窦肿瘤60例分析

目的 总结回顾2002年至2009年经治的海绵窦病变60例的临床特点、手术人路及手术效果.方法 神经鞘瘤18例,海绵状血管瘤23例,皮样囊肿9例,脑膜瘤4例,脊索瘤3例,垂体瘤3例.均经耳前颧弓硬膜外入路切除.结果 神经鞘瘤18均全切,海绵状血管瘤23例,全切18例,5例有残留.皮样囊肿9例全切,脑膜瘤4例,全切3例,次全切1例.脊索瘤3例,结合经鼻蝶窦入路手术,均达到了全切.垂体瘤3例全切.结论 经耳前颧弓硬膜外入路切除海绵窦病变是一个理想的手术入路,可以充分显露病变,减少对脑组织的牵拉,也可以明确Ⅲ～Ⅵ脑神经和颈内动脉的位置,减少神经和血管损伤的概率.对与动脉或神经粘连无法彻底切除的病变可以辅以立体定向放射治疗.

Abstract：

Objective To review our experience of microsurgery for 60 cavernous sinus tumors from 2002 to 2009.The clinical features,surgical techniques and outcome of cavernous sinus tumor in 60 cases were investigated retrospectively.Methods The patients included 23 hemangiomas,18 shwannomas,9 dermoid cysts,4 meningiomas,3 chordomas,3 pituitary adenomas.AIl the tumors were removed with subtomperal preauricular extradural approach.Results The tumors were removed satisfactorily.The shwannomas were totally removed. The hemangiomas were totally removed in 18,near-totally removed in 5 cases.Nine dermoid cysts were removed totally.For the 4 meningiomas,3 were removed completely,neartotallv removed in 1 cases.The 3 Chordomas were resected near-totally and achieved a completely removal with combined approach.Conclusion The subtomperal preauricular extradural approach is a rational choice.It can reveal the cranial nerve branches and artery at an early stage so that cranial nerves Ⅲ～Ⅵ and internal carotid artery can be preserved during operation.The tumor exposure is ideal and brain traction and contusion are slightly.The adjunctive radiotherapy is demanded for residual tumors adhering to nerves and arteries severely.     

颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路解剖与临床应用

目的通过神经导航下颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路的解剖和手术方案研究,探讨该入路临床应用效果。方法应用成人头颅标本12例(24侧),模拟颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路,观察暴露的岩斜区解剖结构;利用神经导航技术定位标本岩骨内部结构,最大限度磨除岩尖,观察斜坡鞍后区,上、中斜坡区等结构;利用该入路切除11例临床颅底肿瘤,探讨该入路的安全性和实用性。结果颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路可完全暴露鞍旁区,通过海绵窦外侧壁的手术三角可对累及海绵窦内外病变进行直视手术;神经导航辅助下耳蜗、内听道等结构定位准确,头颅标本岩尖磨除后耳蜗内侧缘岩尖剩余最大骨质平均厚度(0.8±0.19)mm,内侧视角较非导航入路增加(8±2.5)°,后外侧视野增加了(25±3.2)°,获得(3.3±0.4)cm2硬膜显露,明显扩大了后颅窝的暴露范围。临床病例资料肿瘤全切除6例,次全切3例,大部分切除2例,手术时间与既往相比缩短1~1.5 h,术后新增脑神经损害症状或原有脑神经损害症状加重3例,无长期昏迷及手术相关死亡病例。结论神经导航辅助下颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路,能最大程度暴露蝶岩斜区病变,有利于提高肿瘤的全切率和术后疗效。