RT-PCR检测急性早幼粒细胞白血病PML-RARα融合基因的临床意义

目的研究PML－RARα在APL的特异性诊断、疗效判定等方面的作用。方法采用反转录聚合酶链反应技术（RT－PCR）检测了22例急性早幼粒细胞白血病（APL）患者的PML－RARα融合基因转录本。结果17例为初治患者,入院时检测均为阳性。13例经全反式维甲酸（ATRA）诱导分化治疗均达完全缓解（CR）,缓解后检测融合基因转录本均为阳性。将13例患者随机分为MA方案组与HA方案组,化疗4次～5次后检测融合基因,4例转阴,MA方案组的融合基因转阴率（4／6）高于HA方案组（0／7）。结论APL经ATRA诱导缓解后化疗是必需的。MA方案疗效优于HA方案。     

急性早幼粒细胞白血病PML/RARα融合基因筛查及实时定量检测平台的建立

目的：针对90％以上的急性早幼粒细胞白血病（acute promyelocytic leukemia,APL）患者表达的PML／RARc~融合基因,设计引物及探针。对APL患者进行基因筛查,并构建PMI／RARα环形质粒作为标准品,建立APL患者PML／RARα融合基因检测及微小残留病变监测的诊断平台,为APL患者的诊治提供分子生物学依据。方法：设计PML／RARα及ABL引物及Taqman探针,对APL患者进行基因筛查。并以PML／RARα L型及S型阳性的APL患者cDNA为模板,应用PCR技术扩增出453bp和550bp基因片段,构建pMD18T—PML／RARα（L）及pMD18T—PML／RARα（s）标准品。实时荧光定量（real—time quantitative PCR,RQ—PCR）技术对该基因转录本水平的变化情况进行监测。结果：成功构建pMD18T—PML／RARα质粒标准品,应用RQ—PCR技术,以ABL为内参,应用Taqman探针法,对APL患者标本进行检测,技术可行,数据稳定。结论：成功构建APL融合基因检测及微小残留病变监测的诊断平台,应用于临床病人的基因诊断,为APL的诊治提供了可靠的分子依据。     

急性早幼粒细胞白血病PML—RARα融合基因的检测及其临床意义

目的 探讨PML－RARα融合基因检测对急性早幼粒细胞白血病（APL）诊断的意义。方法 RT－PCR检测PML－RARα融合基因表达。结果（1）APL患者32例中26例PML－RARα融合基因阳性,其中L型10例,S型10例,L型＋S型6例。（2）1例M3患者伴t(9;17)染色体易位,PML－RARα融合基因L型和S型均阳性,未见报道。结论 存在PML－RARα融合基因L型和S型均阳性的M3。PML－RARα融合基因联合染色体检测有助于M3的诊断及指导治疗。     

长期生存的急性早幼粒细胞白血病PML/RARα融合基因的变化及意义

目的:观察长期生存的急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)PML/RARα融合基因的变化,探讨其临床意义。方法:运用筑巢式反转录聚合酶链(RT蛳PCR)方法,观察生存5 a以上的28例APL 的PML/RARα融合基因变化。结果:(1)初诊时10例PML/RARα融合基因测定9例阳性,阳性率90.0%。(2) 完全缓解后在不同时期阳性率测定结果:6个月时64.3 %,12 个月时46.7 %,24个月时31.6 %,36个月时25.0 %,48 个月时17.8 %,60个月时17.8 %。>60个月21.4 %。(3)3例60 个月时血象、骨髓为完全缓解状态,但PML/RARα融合基因阳性,其中2例62 个月、78 个月时复发。1例坚持化疗至96 个月时方转阴性,现持续缓解116 个月。3例PML/RARα融合基因由阴性转为阳性后复发。其余病例PML/RARα融合基因持续阴性,血象、骨髓完全缓解。(4)缓解后中止治疗的3例中,1例PML/RARα融合基因持续阳性在62 个月时复发死亡。2例由阴性转为阳性病例中1例在119 个月时复发死亡。1例CR 99个月复发,经白血康治疗后CR2。CR2 6个月时仍阳性。现生存112 个月。结论:长期生存的APL患者PML/RARα融合基因持续阳性或由阴性转为阳性常与复发有关。持续阴性常伴随长期无病生存。完全缓解后的维持治疗尚为一艰巨而长期的过程。对持续阳性病例,坚持长期、足够强烈的继续治疗,维持持续的首     

急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者骨髓端粒酶活性测定

目的：了解急性早幼细胞白血病（APL）患者骨髓端粒酶的活性及PML／RARα融合基因表达与端粒酶活性的关系。方法：20例APL患者（其中8例为发病期,12例为缓解期）和10例正常对照者的骨髓标本,分离单个核细胞：RT－PCR法测PML／RARα融合基因表达,TRAP法测端粒酶性,结果：8例发病期62．5％（5／8）端粒酶阳性,缓解组和阴性对照组均有1例粒酶阳性,发病的8例PML／RARα融合基因均表达,其中5例端粒酶活性亦阳性,一致率62．5％,结论：APL发病期端粒酶活性可能被激活,其机理不清;端粒酶活性对APL诊断的作用,其活性高低是否与预后有关,有待更多的病例证实。     

PML/RAR α融合基因检测临床应用及变异易位的研究

目的 :优化PML RARα融合基因检测方法 ,观察变异易位及其临床意义。方法 :RT PCR查骨髓及部分外周血PML RARα融合基因 ,变异易位产物作测序分析。结果 :发病期的 8例APL患者 (初发 4例、复发 4例 )PML RARα融合基因均阳性 ;缓解期APL患者的 2 0人次检查中 6人次阳性 ,而其骨髓涂片早幼粒细胞比率均小于 5 % ;发现一种新的S型变异易位 ,并见L、S型同时存在于同一个体。外周血中的阳性率低于骨髓中。结论 :证实S型 2 0 6bp的变异产物是一种新的变异易位产物 ;同一个体L、S型可同时存在 ;提取骨髓单个核细胞用于RT PCR查PML RARα融合基因效果最佳     

由急性早幼粒细胞白血病转化的原始粒细胞白血病部分分化型一例并文献复习

目的 提高对继发性急性白血病的认识.方法 报道1例急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)转化为原始粒细胞白血病部分分化型[急性髓系白血病(AML)-M2]患者的诊断及治疗过程,并进行文献复习.结果 患者起病时,表现为咽痛、乏力,血小板减少.细胞形态学、免疫学、细胞遗传学和分子生物学(MICM)分型诊断为APL,PML-RARα融合基因阳性.给予维甲酸、亚砷酸双诱导并加用米托蒽醌诱导治疗后,达完全缓解.后以IA、HA、MA方案巩固3个疗程;以维甲酸、亚砷酸维持治疗.完全缓解持续4年4个月.后出现骨髓原始幼稚粒细胞增加,经MICM分型诊断为AML-M2,PML-RARα融合基因阴性,WT1阳性.予地西他滨+HAG方案化疗后再次完全缓解,地西他滨+HAG方案巩固4个疗程,后以地西他滨+CAG方案间断维持治疗,患者持续缓解中.结论 继发性白血病多属于治疗相关性白血病,染色体异位导致癌基因直接形成、 遗传不稳定或之前存在的难治性造血干细胞克隆的选择可能是其发病机制.     

急性早幼粒细胞白血病41例分子生物学特征及其临床意义

 目的　探讨急性早幼粒细胞白血病（APL）患者融合基因特点与其疗效、预后及生存的关系。方法　采用荧光定量聚合酶链反应（PCR）的方法对41例形态学初诊为APL患者进行PML-RARα、PLZF-RARα融合基因动态监测,比较不同类型融合基因患者达到完全分子生物学缓解（CMR）的时间及患者的生存率、生存时间。结果　41例初诊APL患者,PML-RARα-L型阳性29例,中位年龄43岁（8～75岁）,基因表达水平（60.12±41.24）%,白细胞中位值2.1×109／L（0.44×109／L～124×109／L）;PML-RARα-S阳性11例,中位年龄34岁（19～66岁）,基因表达水平（24.36±25.72）%,白细胞中位值3.2×109／L（0.47×109／L～88×109／L）;PML-PLZF 1例,基因表达水平较高（64.12 %）。患者达到完全分子生物学缓解中位时间L型40 d（32～60 d）,S型56 d（25～86 d）;随访5年无事件生存率分别为100.0 %和81.8 %（P＝0.02）; 1例PML-PLZF阳性患者18个月内未达到CMR,且存在C-KIT 基因突变,形态学复发2次。结论　融合基因PML-RARα-L型APL患者疗效、预后及无事件生存率均好于S型患者,PLZF-RARα基因融合的APL患者易复发且预后较差;APL融合基因分型及预后突变基因的检测,对患者的疗效判定及预后有着非常重要的意义。     

亚砷酸、全反式维甲酸与化疗药物综合治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病12例

目的：探讨用亚砷酸、全反式维甲酸与化疗药物综合治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)的疗效及转归,观察使用亚砷酸对APL近期和远期疗效的影响。方法：对初治或复治的APL12例,先用亚砷酸或全反式维甲酸诱导缓解,再用亚砷酸、全反式维甲酸和化疗药物序贯交替治疗,持续缓解5a以上者停药观察;以同期未用亚砷酸治疗的20例作对照。结果：治疗组CK为100％,3aCCK为75％。5aCCK为50％,明显优于对照组。结论：该方案治疗APL能获得较高的缓解率和长期生存率,并提示无论诱导或缓解后用亚砷酸治疗APL均有价值。     

二例伴有i(17q-)的急性早幼粒细胞白血病的临床和实验研究

  目的 探讨伴有i(17q-)的急性早幼粒细胞白血病（APL）的临床和实验室特征。方法 骨髓细胞经24 h培养后按常规方法制备染色体,用R显带技术进行核型分析,并用PML／RARα和HER-2探针进行荧光原位杂交（FISH）检测。用反转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测PML／RARα融合基因。结果 2例的临床和血液学改变符合AML-M3诊断。染色体核型分析揭示2例患者染色体均存在t(15;17)易位及i(17q-),并通过FISH检测加以证实。2例RT-PCR 均检测到了PML／RARα融合基因。结论 i(17q-)是APL中一种少见的染色体附加异常,其预后意义有待进一步讨论。     

三氧化二砷治疗初治急性早幼粒细胞白血病疗效分析

 目的　分析以三氧化二砷（ATO）为基础的诱导和维持治疗方案治疗初发急性早幼粒细胞白血病（APL）的长期疗效。方法　回顾性分析62例初诊成年APL患者诱导缓解治疗和缓解后巩固维持治疗经过,并作5、7年随访分析。结果　诱导治疗阶段,ATO+全反式维甲酸（ATRA）双药联合化疗组与ATRA联合化疗组完全缓解（CR）率差异无统计学意义,但前者达到CR时间明显缩短。诱导治疗后PML-RARα融合基因转阴率两组分别为86.2 %、56.3 %,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。巩固维持治疗阶段,ATO序贯维持组和化疗序贯维持组5年总生存（OS）率分别为（94.4±5.4）%和（45.5±10.2）%,7年OS率分别为（52.5±23.7）%和（27.3±9.3）%;两组5年无病生存（DFS）率分别为（94.7±5.5）%和（41.3±10.1）%,7年DFS率分别为（52.6±23.7）%和（27.5±9.4）%,两组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。并且,ATO序贯维持组复发率（14.7 %）低于化疗序贯维持组（37.0 %）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论　以ATO联合ATRA、化疗的诱导化疗方案可缩短诱导化疗时间,提高PML-RARα融合基因转阴率,而且,包含ATO的序贯维持治疗明显改善APL患者的长期生存,减少复发,安全性高,患者耐受性好。     

Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide: clinical results and open questions

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a rare form of acute myeloid leukemia. The specific translocation t(15;17), which results in the fusion gene PML–RARA is the diagnostic and pathomechanistic hallmark of APL. By combination, treatment consisting of the differentiating agent all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), which targets this molecular lesion, and cytotoxic chemotherapy, cure can be achieved in over 70% of patients. Recently, arsenic trioxide (ATO) has emerged to be the most active single agent in the treatment of APL. Previous studies employing ATO in relapse settings reported average complete remission rates of 85% and a mean overall survival of over 60%. In recent approaches installing ATO in first-line treatment, ATO-induced response rates comparable to previous combination regimen. The results of these newer studies indicate that the backbone of chemotherapy can be dramatically reduced or completely replaced by ATO and ATRA with similar or even better outcome.     

Use of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in the treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: the M. D. Anderson experience

BACKGROUND: Approximately 20-30% of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) who are treated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and an anthracycline develop recurrent disease. It has been reported that arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) is effective in this setting. The authors report the experience of The M. D. Anderson Cancer Center with As(2)O(3) in the treatment of patients with recurrent APL. METHODS: Twelve patients who developed recurrent APL after treatment with ATRA were included. Patients received intravenous As(2)O(3) 0.15 mg/kg per day until they achieved a complete remission (CR) or up to a maximum of 60 days. Their median age was 44 years (range, 26-72 years), and the median duration of first remission was 52 weeks (range, 23-292 weeks). RESULTS: All 12 patients achieved a CR. The median time to achieve CR was 52 days (range, 27-75 days). Seven of 10 evaluable patients achieved a molecular remission (i.e., polymerase chain reaction [PCR] analysis was negative for the gene encoding fusion of the nuclear receptor for retinoic acid to the PML gene at the time of CR; 70% of patients; 95% confidence interval, 0.35-0.93), and all other patients had negative PCR results after they received post-remission therapy. All patients received subsequent therapy: Four patients received As(2)O(3) alone, six patients received As(2)O(3) with other chemotherapeutic agents, and two patients received idarubicin plus ATRA without As(2)O(3). Eight patients continued in CR after a median follow-up of 24 months (range, 9-45 months). Side effects were mild, except for two patients who developed Grade 2 and 3 peripheral neuropathy, respectively; one of those patients required discontinuation of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: As(2)O(3) is effective and well tolerated therapy for patients with recurrent APL. Molecular remission may be achieved at the time of CR in the majority of patients, and remissions are durable.     

Combined treatment with arsenic trioxide and all-trans-retinoic acid in patients with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia.

PURPOSE: Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is capable of inducing a high hematologic response rate in patients with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Preclinical observations have indicated that all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) may strongly enhance the response to ATO. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1998 and 2001, we conducted a randomized study of ATO alone versus ATO plus ATRA in 20 patients with relapsed APL, all previously treated with ATRA-containing chemotherapy. The primary objective was to demonstrate a significant reduction in the time necessary to obtain a complete remission (CR) in the ATO/ATRA group compared with the ATO group. Secondary objectives were safety and molecular response. RESULTS: The CR rate after one ATO with or without ATRA induction cycle was 80%. Clinical and pharmacokinetic observations indicated that the main mechanism of action of ATO in vivo was the induction of APL cell differentiation. Hematologic and molecular response, time necessary to reach CR, and outcome were comparable in both treatment groups. Of 16 CR patients, three patients who reached a molecular remission after one induction cycle had all received chemotherapy for a treatment-induced hyperleukocytosis. Three additional patients who received further additional ATO with or without ATRA cycles converted later to molecular negativity. CONCLUSION: ATRA did not seem to significantly improve the response to ATO in patients relapsing from APL. Other potential combinations, including ATO plus chemotherapy, have to be tested.     

全反式维甲酸联合高三尖杉酯碱治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病的临床研究

 目的 研究全反式维甲酸（ATRA）联合高三尖杉酯碱（HHT）治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病（APL）的可行性、疗效及不良反应。方法 选择初诊的APL患者26例随机分为研究组和对照组,分别给予ATRA或柔红霉素（DRN）／米托蒽琨（Mit）联合HHT诱导治疗,HA或DA／MA方案巩固治疗。在诱导及巩固治疗各疗程结束时分别对比两组病例的CR率、融合基因情况、不良反应及无病生存期（DFS）,并进行统计学分析。结果 研究组在诱导结束时全部病例获血液学缓解,缓解率为100 ％,融合基因转阴率为63.6 %。巩固第一疗程结束时融合基因转阴率为100 ％（至随访截止时间）。累计生存率为85.7 ％。诱导治疗期间中位累计血浆输注量为670 ml,中位累计血小板输注量32 U。对照组1例患者早期死亡,诱导结束时其余病例获血液学缓解。融合基因转阴率为38.5 %,巩固第一疗程结束时融合基因转阴率为91.7 %,累计生存率为75.6 ％。诱导治疗期间中位累计血浆输注量为760 ml,中位累计血小板输注量32 U。两组比较,在疗效、融合基因转阴率、累计生存率（85.7 %／75.6 %）及不良反应等方面均相似,在诱导治疗融合基因转阴率方面研究组似有优势,差异无统计学意义。结论 ATRA联合HHT治疗APL在疗效、融合基因转阴率、血浆及血小板输注量及不良反应方面差异无统计学意义,作为新诊断APL治疗的新选择,也可取得分子生物学缓解。     

The efficacy and safety of arsenic trioxide with or without all-trans retinoic acid for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: a meta-analysis

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) could induce apoptosis and differentiation in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells, respectively, thus the possibility of synergism between them was raised. This meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness and safety of ATO combined with ATRA in the treatment of APL. Compared with ATO alone, induction therapy with ATO/ATRA significantly increased the complete remission (CR) rate (RR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.00-1.17, P = 0.04), shortened the time to achieve CR (WMD: −6.51, 95% CI: −11.32 to −1.70, P = 0.008), and improved the molecular remission rate after consolidation therapy (RR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.14-2.66, P = 0.01) and the 1-year disease-free survival rate (RR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.00-1.50, P = 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between two treatments in terms of early death and main adverse events. These results suggested that ATO/ATRA could synergistically improve the overall outcome of newly diagnosed and relapsed APL patients, supporting the use of ATO/ATRA as an effective treatment for all APL patients previously untreated with ATO.     

Combination therapy with arsenic trioxide, all-trans retinoic acid, and gemtuzumab ozogamicin in recurrent acute promyelocytic leukemia

BACKGROUND: From 20% to 30% of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) who are treated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) develop recurrent disease. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is an effective agent for the salvage of patients with recurrent APL, and gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) has shown activity in patients with APL. METHODS: The authors investigated the efficacy of a combination of ATO, ATRA, and GO in 8 patients with APL in first recurrence (7 patients with hematologic recurrences and 1 patient with a molecular recurrence). All patients had received previous treatment with ATRA either alone or in combination with other agents. Patients received ATO 0.15 mg/kg intravenously until they achieved a bone marrow complete remission (CR). Once in CR, patients received consolidation with ATO, ATRA, and GO for 10 months. Patients then received maintenance with idarubicin, ATRA, 6-marcaptopurine, and oral methotrexate for 11 months. RESULTS: All 7 patients who had hematologic recurrences achieved CR after a median of 39 days (range, 21-56 days). After a median follow-up of >/=36 months (range, 4-55 months), 6 patients remained alive in CR, and 2 patients died in CR. Six of 8 patients remained in second CR that was longer than their first CR. All 7 evaluable patients achieved molecular remission. There were no grade 3 or 4 extramedullary toxicities. Two patients died, 1 secondary to a complication of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma, and the other of sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of ATO, ATRA, and GO was effective and may achieve durable remissions in patients with APL in first recurrence. It should be considered as an effective alternative to allogeneic or autologous transplantation.