神经节苷脂GM1对大鼠液压伤后脑保护及其相关机理的研究

目的研究大鼠液压脑损伤后神经节苷脂GM1对脑组织含水量、自由基和兴奋性氨基酸(EAAs)的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠采用液压损伤法制备创伤性脑损伤模型。伤后5分钟,三个治疗组以不同剂量单次腹腔注射GM1,测量伤后30分钟脑组织自由基和EAAs浓度以及伤后24小时脑组织含水量。结果3 mg/kg和30 mg/kg剂量组,脑组织自由基和EAAs浓度明显降低,脑组织含水量明显减少。结论伤后早期足量给予GM1能减少自由基生成和降低脑组织EAAs浓度,减轻脑水肿。     

一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶在大鼠脑损伤组织中的表达

目的 探讨创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)后脑组织匀浆中一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)含量、一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)活性以及与脑水肿之间的关系.方法 SD大鼠52只,36只随机分为正常对照组(n=6)和手术组(n=30),手术组按受伤到处死的不同时间(6、24、72、120、168 h)分成5个亚组,每亚组6只,各组取脑组织匀浆检测NO、NOS及测定脑组织含水量.16只随机分4组,正常对照组、伤后6h、72 h、168 h各4只,行尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸黄递酶(Nicoti-namide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase,NADPHd))组化染色检测皮层及脑底NOS阳性细胞.结果:TBI后脑组织内NO含量、NOS活力即有升高,与对照组比较有明显差异(NO含量比较F=468.89,NOS活力比较F=84.32,P＜ 0.05).脑组织含水量在外伤后升高,与对照组比较有明显差异(F=1963.51,P＜0.05).NADPHd组化染色显示TBI皮层NOS阳性细胞明显多于正常对照组,伤灶脑底也出现了染色块及浓染的细胞群与阳性纤维束.结论 大鼠TBI后损伤灶外确实发生了NO、NOS的升高,伤后1周内持续存在；NO含量、NOS活性与脑组织含水量的变化趋势基本一致,为临床治疗脑水肿提供实验依据.     

大鼠实验性脑损伤血浆中NO及NOS的动态变化研究

目的 测定实验性脑损伤后血浆中一氧化氮含量、一氧化氮合酶活性,研究其与脑水肿之间的关系.方法 大鼠随机分组,用硝酸还原酶法测定血清中NO含量、NOS活性,及测定脑组织含水量.并行还原型辅酶Ⅱ依赖性黄递酶(NADPⅡ-d)组化染色检测皮层及脑底NOS阳性细胞.结果 (1)TBI后血浆内NO含量、NOS活力即有升高,与对照组比较有明显差异(P＜0.05).(2)脑组织含水量在外伤后升高,与对照组比较有明显差异(P＜0.05).与血浆中NO含量、NOS活力变化趋势一致.(3) NADPⅡ-d组化染色显示TBI皮层NOS阳性细胞明显多于正常对照组,伤灶脑底也出现了染色块及浓染的细胞群与阳性纤维束.结论 大鼠TBI后NO含量、NOS活性的升高,与脑水肿的发生有关.     

神经节苷脂GM1对大鼠脑液压伤后行为和记忆的影响

目的:探讨大鼠脑液压伤后GM1与学习记忆、脑内一氧化氮、突触素和细胞凋亡的关系.方法:液压损伤法建立大鼠脑损伤模型,随机分为治疗组、损伤组和对照组.观察伤后学习记忆改变,检测一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、一氧化氮(NO)、突触素和海马、皮质及基底节区细胞凋亡指数.结果:治疗组学习记忆成绩高于损伤组,NOS、NO明显降低,治疗组海马CA1区突触素显著增多,皮质、海马和基底节的凋亡细胞数明显减少.结论:GM1能减少海马和皮质细胞凋亡,可能有利于促进脑损伤后神经行为和记忆的恢复.     

神经节苷脂GMl对大鼠脑液压伤后行为和记忆的影响

目的探讨大鼠脑液压伤后GM1与学习记忆、脑内一氧化氮、突触素和细胞凋亡的关系.方法液压损伤法建立大鼠脑损伤模型,随机分为治疗组、损伤组和对照组.观察伤后学习记忆改变,检测一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、一氧化氮(NO)、突触素和海马、皮质及基底节区细胞凋亡指数.结果治疗组学习记忆成绩高于损伤组,NOS、NO明显降低,治疗组海马CA1区突触素显著增多,皮质、海马和基底节的凋亡细胞数明显减少.结论GM1能减少海马和皮质细胞凋亡,可能有利于促进脑损伤后神经行为和记忆的恢复.     

一氧化氮对沙土鼠缺血性脑损伤的影响

目的:研究一氧化氮(NO)在缺血性脑损伤中的作用。方法:沙土鼠前脑缺血性脑损伤模型,分组、分剂量进行。结果:小剂量N~G-硝基-L-精氨酸(LNNA)能明显减轻缺血性损伤后脑含水量。脑损伤后一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活力明显升高,LNNA能抑制NOS活力,抑制程度与剂量相关。缺血性损伤后海马神经元严重缺失。中、小剂量LNNA能减轻海马神经元缺失,而大剂量LNNA能加重神经元缺失。结论:脑缺血后NOS活性明显增加,加重缺血性脑损伤。适当降低脑组织NOS活性能明显减轻脑水肿和海马细胞坏死。提示NO对脑损伤毒性作用和保护作用与NO浓度相关。     

甘氨酸通过抑制大鼠创伤性脑损伤后炎症反应来发挥神经保护作用

目的 探讨甘氨酸对创伤性脑损伤(TBI)大鼠的神经保护作用及机制。方法 将SD雄性大鼠随机分为对照(Sham)组、脑损伤+溶剂(TBI+Vehicle)组和脑损伤+甘氨酸(TBI+Glycine)组,采用Feeney's自由落体法建立创伤性脑损伤模型; 术后1 h侧脑室注射甘氨酸(2 mg/kg)或等体积的溶剂; 术后24 h,取脑组织样本; 采用脑含水量测定、蛋白免疫印迹法和免疫荧光法评价甘氨酸对大鼠TBI的神经保护作用; 采用ELISA法检测炎症因子白介素1β(IL-1β)、白介素6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的表达水平,评价甘氨酸对TBI后脑组织炎症反应的抑制作用。结果 甘氨酸可减轻TBI后脑水肿,减少皮层神经元损伤; 同时甘氨酸可抑制TBI后炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的过度释放。结论 甘氨酸对大鼠TBI具有神经保护作用; 甘氨酸对TBI后相关炎症因子过度增高的抑制可能部分解释其神经保护作用机制。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤中NO、NOS、IL-1β和TNF-α水平的变化及GTW的影响

目的 研究一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)在大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤中的作用及雷公藤多甙(GTW)的影响.方法 用线栓法建立大鼠脑缺血/再灌注动物模型,用硝酸银还原法测定脑组织NO、NOS,用放免法测定血IL-1β、TNF-α含量.结果 大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤中脑组织NO、NOS和血清IL-1β、TNF-α水平显著升高,说明它们参与了脑缺血/再灌注损伤的病理生理过程.GTW可抑制NOS活性,减少NO产生,抑制IL-1β、TNF-α水平升高.结论 GTW对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤有保护作用.     

银杏叶提取物对大鼠创伤后脑细胞的保护作用

目的探讨银杏内酯对创伤性脑损伤（TBI）后神经细胞及其功能的保护作用。方法按自由落体撞击法造成TBI模型，通过木条平衡实验评价伤后大鼠的神经功能恢复情况，并在伤后不同时间点观察病理改变，同时检测脑组织中丙二醛（MDA）、NO和水含量的改变。结果与假损伤组比，伤后第一天大鼠脑组织内MDA和NO的含量显著升高（P〈0.01），不同时间点脑组织的含水量显著增加（P〈0.01），伤后1周内大鼠完成木条平衡作业的能力明显受损（P〈0.05）。经银杏内酯治疗后，TBI大鼠神经功能明显改善，病理改变减轻，脑组织含水量及MDA、NO的含量明显降低。结论银杏内酯可以促进颅脑损伤后神经功能的恢复，可能与早期抗氧化应激、降低NO的产生、减轻脑水肿、保护脑组织有关。     

香芹酚通过抑制脑水肿与氧化应激反应保护大鼠 颅脑损伤

目的 探讨香芹酚对大鼠颅脑损伤（TBI）的保护作用及其机制。方法 SD大鼠50只,随机分为5组:假手术组、模型组、低剂量香芹酚（10 mg/kg）组、中剂量香芹酚（20 mg/kg）组、高剂量香芹酚（40 mg/kg）组,每组10只。Feeney氏自由落体法制备TBI模型,造模后1、3、7 d采用改良神经功能损害程度评分（mNSS）评估神经功能,干湿法测定脑组织含水量;ELISA法检测氧化应激因子丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）以及化学定量法检测一氧化氮（NO）含量及一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活性。结果 香芹酚能显著改善大鼠TBI后神经功能,显著减轻TBI后脑水肿,显著降低损伤脑组织MDA、NO和NOS含量,显著增加损伤脑组织SOD、CAT和GSH含量。结论 香芹酚可通过减轻大鼠TBI后脑水肿、抑制氧化应激从而发挥神经保护作用。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

奥氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究的Meta分析

目的：探讨奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效和不良反应。方法：应用M eta分析对17篇奥氮平与其他抗精神病药治疗精神分裂症对照研究的文章进行再分析。结果：奥氮平自身对照比较的治疗效应极大（χ^2=141.00，P〈0.05）。治疗2周和治疗结束，奥氮平与对照药疗效比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评分比较差异亦无显著性（P〉0.05）。与对照药相比，奥氮平的不良反应显著少于对照药组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论：奥氮平与对照药的临床疗效相仿，但不良反应明显较少。