Laboratory-based surveillance of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, China

To estimate the prevalence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB) in China, we retrospectively analyzed drug-resistance profiles of 989 clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. We found 319 (32.3%) isolates resistant to ≥1 first-line drugs; 107 (10.8%) isolates were multidrug resistant, of which 20 (18.7%) were XDR. XDR TB is of major concern in China.     

Increasing drug resistance in extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, South Africa

We expanded second-line tuberculosis (TB) drug susceptibility testing for extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from South Africa. Of 19 patients with extensively drug-resistant TB identified during February 2008-April 2009, 13 (68%) had isolates resistant to all 8 drugs tested. This resistance leaves no effective treatment with available drugs in South Africa.     

Multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, Germany

We evaluated risk factors and treatment outcomes associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) in Germany in 2004-2006. In 177 (4%) of 4,557 culture-positive TB cases, Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were identified as MDR TB; an additional 7 (0.15%) met criteria for XDR TB. Of these 184 patients, 148 (80%) were born in countries of the former Soviet Union. In patients with XDR TB, hospitalization was longer (mean +/- SD 202 +/- 130 vs. 123 +/- 81 days; p = 0.015) and resistance to all first-line drugs was more frequent (36% vs. 86%; p = 0.013) than in patients with MDR TB. Seventy-four (40%) of these 184 patients received treatment with linezolid. Treatment success rates ranged from 59% for the entire cohort (59% for MDR TB and 57% for XDR TB) to 87% for those with a definitive outcome (n = 125; 89% for MDR TB and 80% for XDR TB). Extensive drug susceptibility testing and availability of second- and third-line drugs under inpatient management conditions permit relatively high treatment success rates in MDR- and XDR TB.     

肺结核患者结核杆菌耐药情况及耐多药结核病的危险因素

目的 明确肺结核患者的耐药情况，探索耐多药结核病（MDR-TB）的危险因素，为MDR-TB的防治提供依据。方法 收集肺结核患者468例，分为初治患者365例和复治患者103例。采用比例法检测结核分枝杆菌对抗结核药物的敏感性。应用单因素及多因素logistic回归分析MDR-TB发生的危险因素。结果 468例患者的总耐药率、耐多药率和广泛耐药率分别为25.85%、11.97%、3.21%。复治患者总耐药率（49.51%）、耐多药率（34.95%）和广泛耐药率（10.68%）高于初治患者（分别为19.18%、5.48%、1.10%），差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。6种抗结核药中，总体耐药顺位由高至低依次为：异烟肼（INH） > 利福平（RFP） > 氧氟沙星（OFX） > 乙胺丁醇（EMB） > 链霉素（SM） > 卡那霉素（KM）。单因素及多因素logistic回归分析显示，居住农村（OR=2.316，95% CI：1.604~5.118）、复治（OR=6.150，95% CI：4.728~13.824）、有结核空洞（OR=3.219，95% CI：2.405~8.627）、治疗过程中断（OR=5.826，95% CI：4.610~12.507）及首次治疗未联合用药（OR=2.508，95% CI：1.813~5.646）是MDR-TB的危险因素。结论 肺结核患者耐药率较高，影响MDR-TB发生的危险因素较多，需积极采取干预措施，控制MDR-TB的发生。     

2014年长沙市155株耐多药结核分枝杆菌耐药结果分析

目的 分析长沙耐多药结核分枝杆菌(MDR-TB)菌株对抗结核药物的敏感性,为防治耐多药结核病提供科学依据。 方法 采用绝对浓度间接法检测2014年长沙市155株耐多药结核分枝杆菌临床分离株对一二线抗结核药物的耐药性,回顾性分析其耐药情况。 结果 155例耐多药结核分枝杆菌分离株对一二线抗结核药物耐药率从高到低为:链霉素(S)＞乙胺丁醇(E)＞左氧氟沙星(OFL)＞ 对氨基水杨酸钠(PAS)＞丙硫异酰胺(TH)＞卡那霉素(K)= 吡嗪酰胺(PZA),耐药率依次为:70.32%、36.13%、20.65%、12.90%、8.39%、3.87％、3.87%。耐两种药的耐药株达46株,其中以链霉素与乙胺丁醇为主,其耐药率达29.68%;耐三种药的耐药株达18株,其中以链霉素、乙胺丁醇与左氧氟沙星为主,其耐药率达11.61%;耐四种药的耐药株有5株,其中以链霉素、乙胺丁醇、左氧氟沙星及丙硫异酰胺为主,耐药率为3.23%;耐五种药和六种药的各有1株和2株。 结论 2014年长沙市MDR-TB对一线甚至二线抗结核药耐药严重,为MDR-TB防治带来巨大挑战。     

Multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis

The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) compromises global tuberculosis control. The incidence of multidrug-resistant strains (MDR) defined as resistant to the two main antituberculosis drugs, rifampicin and isoniazid, was raised in the 1990s. Ten percent of these strains have developed additional resistance to the main second-line antituberculosis drugs: fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. These strains are defined as extensively drug-resistant (XDR). The prognosis of MDR-TB and XDR-TB is poor due to limited therapeutic resources. However, many new innovations may lead to a radical change in this field. Genotypic testing is now able to detect drug resistance within a few hours. Genotypic diagnosis of rifampicin resistance is now recommended in France for each new case of TB. The currently recommended treatment for MDR-TB is long (18–24 months) and toxic. It is, however, on the verge of being replaced by a 9-month treatment. New antituberculosis drugs such as bedaquiline and delamanid should also improve the prognosis of MDR-TB and XDR-TB.     

煤矿工尘肺结核患者结核分枝杆菌L型耐药基因rpoB序列分析

目的 探讨淮南矿区尘肺结核患者感染结核分枝杆菌L型利福平耐药基因rpoB突变特点.方法 收集结核分枝杆菌L型临床分离株42株,其中利福平耐药株31株,敏感株11株,抽提临床分离株DNA和H37Rv标准菌株DNA,PCR法扩增rpoB基因,并应用全自动DNA测序仪对rpoB基因的突变集中区域进行测序分析.结果 42株结核分枝杆菌L型中,31株耐药株rpoB基因突变率93.55%(29/31),主要集中在531位点(51.61%,16/31)和526位点(32.26%,10/31)碱基置换突变,新发现516位点突变目前在国内外研究中未见报道.11株敏感株未见rpoB基因单链构象异常.结论 高度保守的rpoB基因突变是导致结核分枝杆菌L型利福平耐药的分子基础,其突变位点呈多样性.     

Transmission of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in rural Bangladesh: lessons learnt

We report community transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR-) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) documented by fingerprinting, with secondary cases appearing over a period of 10 years. The index case failed MDR-TB treatment, with amplification to XDR-TB after refusing treatment when first diagnosed and developing pre-XDR-TB on private treatment. Some of the first MDR-TB patients were not started on appropriate treatment due to delayed diagnosis or to excessively rigid application of National TB Programme guidelines. Early presumptive MDR- and XDR-TB diagnosis and removal of barriers, such as obligatory hospitalisation, could have stopped this trend of resistance amplification and transmission.     

丽水市结核分枝杆菌5种耐药基因突变分析

目的:了解丽水市结核分枝杆菌耐药相关基因rpoB、katG、embB、rpsL和gyrA突变特点。方法:采用PCR-DNA直接测序法,对47株结核菌分离株5个耐药相关基因主要耐药位点突变进行分析。结果:药敏试验共获得耐药结核菌18株,总耐药率为38.30%;序列分析13株存在一个或多个突变位点,未发现碱基的插入或缺失,突变率为27.66%,二者吻合率72.22%。结论:丽水市结核杆菌趋向于耐多种药物,与多个基因突变相关。点突变是本地区结核菌产生耐药性的主要形式。     

Drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype and association with MDR TB

To determine differences in the ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains to withstand antituberculosis drug treatment, we compared the activity of antituberculosis drugs against susceptible Beijing and East-African/Indian genotype M. tuberculosis strains. Beijing genotype strains showed high rates of mutation within a wide range of drug concentrations, possibly explaining this genotype's association with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.     

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis outbreak among US-bound Hmong refugees, Thailand, 2005

In January 2005, tuberculosis (TB), including multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB), was reported among Hmong refugees who were living in or had recently immigrated to the United States from a camp in Thailand. We investigated TB and drug resistance, enhanced TB screenings, and expanded treatment capacity in the camp. In February 2005, 272 patients with TB (24 MDR TB) remained in the camp. Among 17 MDR TB patients interviewed, 13 were found to be linked socially. Of 23 MDR TB isolates genotyped, 20 were similar according to 3 molecular typing methods. Before enhanced screening was implemented, 46 TB cases (6 MDR TB) were diagnosed in the United States among 9,455 resettled refugees. After enhanced screening had begun, only 4 TB cases (1 MDR TB), were found among 5,705 resettled refugees. An MDR TB outbreak among US-bound refugees led to importation of disease; enhanced pre-immigration TB screening and treatment decreased subsequent importation.     

18株耐药结核分枝杆菌散在分布重复单位基因型分析

目的:了解宁波市江北区流动人口结核耐药菌株的基因型,为探讨流行病学传播规律,正确制定防控策略提供依据。方法:随机抽取江北区流动人口分离的耐药结核分枝杆菌22株,先用PCR检测耐药基因,再对耐药菌株进行MIRU基因分型,同时对12个MIRU位点的多态性进行比较。结果:随机抽取的22株耐药菌株中耐药基因阳性18株,MIRU分型结果有18种MIRU基因型,12个MIRU位点的h值为0.73～0.88之间,显示了较高的多态性(h>0.6)。结论:江北区流动人口肺结核耐药菌株MIRU基因型呈"唯一性",说明发病以内源性、散发为主。MIRU分型简单快速有效。     

2016-2018年绍兴市耐药肺结核患者流行分析

目的 掌握绍兴市肺结核病患者耐药特征,为制订科学有效结核病防控决策提供参考依据。方法 对2016-2018年期间在绍兴市结核病定点医院诊治的涂阳肺结核患者,经痰培养阳性鉴定为结核分枝杆菌,作抗结核药物敏感性检测,对检测结果进行分析。结果 共检测1508例结核分枝杆菌,总耐药率16.98%,初治耐药率14.80%,复治耐药率26.32%初复治耐药率有差异（P＜0.001）;耐多药率4.51%,初治耐多药率2.70%,复治耐多药率12.28%,初复治耐多药率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。耐药率顺位由高到低依次为、、和。结论 绍兴市结核分枝杆菌总耐药率、耐多药率均低于全国平均水平,但复治组高于初治组,应重视对复治患者诊治质量,提高治愈率,减少耐药产生。     

天津市北京基因型结核分枝杆菌流行特征及与耐药表型关系研究

目的 了解北京基因型结核分枝杆菌在天津市人群中的分布、流行特征及其与耐药表型的关系.方法 收集2008年1月至2009年6月天津市结核病控制中心和10个区(县)结核病防治机构肺结核患者中初次分离培养的结核分枝杆菌656株及患者管理信息、临床信息和实验室信息.菌株对利福平、异烟肼、链霉素和乙胺丁醇的药物敏感性试验采用比例...     

Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Europe, 2010–2011

Drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis is challenging elimination of tuberculosis (TB). We evaluated risk factors for TB and levels of second-line drug resistance in M. tuberculosis in patients in Europe with multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB. A total of 380 patients with MDR TB and 376 patients with non–MDR TB were enrolled at 23 centers in 16 countries in Europe during 2010–2011. A total of 52.4% of MDR TB patients had never been treated for TB, which suggests primary transmission of MDR M. tuberculosis. At initiation of treatment for MDR TB, 59.7% of M. tuberculosis strains tested were resistant to pyrazinamide, 51.1% were resistant to ≥1 second-line drug, 26.6% were resistant to second-line injectable drugs, 17.6% were resistant to fluoroquinolones, and 6.8% were extensively drug resistant. Previous treatment for TB was the strongest risk factor for MDR TB. High levels of primary transmission and advanced resistance to second-line drugs characterize MDR TB cases in Europe.     

TB-LAMP法检测阳性痰标本再培养增加耐药肺结核发现率

目的 评价结核分枝杆菌环介导等温扩增法(TB-LAMP)在检测肺结核患者痰标本LAMP阳性后再培养及表型药物敏感试验对耐药结核分枝杆菌的检出效果。方法 随机收集2017年5月至2019年2月于遵义医科大学附属医院结核病专科门诊就诊和结核病区住院的疑诊肺结核患者7823例,每例留取4份痰标本,随机分别进行1份痰涂片镜检、2份传统罗氏培养和1份TB-LAMP核酸检测,将TB-LAMP阳性标本进一步行传统罗氏培养及表型药物敏感试验,分析TB-LAMP阳性标本再培养对耐药结核病的诊断价值,提高对耐药结核病的防治意识。采用graphpad prism6.0软件进行分析,χ2检验,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。结果 所纳入的可疑肺结核患者7823例,TB-LAMP法、传统罗氏培养和涂片镜检的阳性检出率分别为16.6%、7.8%和4.6%,痰TB-LAMP法阳性检出率与痰涂片抗酸染色、传统L-J培养检查相比,差异具有统计学意义(分别为χ2＝593.57,P＜0 .01;χ2＝283.49,P＜0 .01)。TB-LAMP阳性痰标本再培养阳性率为44%(574/1298),其中52.8%(303/574)与传统结核分枝杆菌培养共同阳性,另外47.2%(271/574)为传统结核分枝杆菌培养阴性,而TB-LAMP阳性标本再培养阳性;228株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株进行结核分枝杆菌药物敏感试验,敏感结核分枝杆菌占75%(171/228),耐药结核分枝杆菌25%(57/228),其中RR-/MDR-TB为12.72%(29/228)。结论 TB-LAMP阳性标本再培养可提高RR-/MDR-TB发现率,为耐药结核病的早诊断、早治疗、减少传播提供了检测思路,值得推广应用。