云南省肠道寄生虫病流行现状分析

目的了解云南省现阶段肠道寄生虫病的流行和危害程度。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法抽取13个县39个调查点,使用统一表格对居民个人卫生习惯等情况进行问卷调查,并检查肠道寄生虫感染情况;计算机录入资料,建立数据库,用Epi Info 2000软件作统计分析。结果共调查20 638名居民,查出7种肠道寄生虫感染,总感染率为24.33%。其中蛔、鞭、钩、蛲虫感染率分别为15.24%、4.57%、4.25%和2.56%;不同民族、年龄、职业人群各虫种感染率差异有显著性。结论随着云南省经济发展,人群肠道寄生虫病流行程度显著下降,但仍需进一步加强公共卫生设施投入,对不同人群、不同虫种采取相应的预防控制措施。     

河南省人群肠道寄生虫感染分析

目的了解河南省人群肠道寄生虫感染的流行态势，制定现阶段寄生虫病防治策略。方法按照《全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查》实施细则规定方法和要求，选择安阳市郊区和郸城县6个调查点。结果1990年调查安阳市郊人群肠道寄生虫感染率36．23％，发现12种肠道寄生虫，多虫感染者142例，蛔虫感染者平均EPG 1794．69；2002年调查人群感染率为4．11％，未发现多虫感染者，EPG为548．88；1990年郸城县人群感染率77．87％，2002年降为27．26%，人群查出的肠道寄生虫也由12种减为10种，多虫感染者由816例降为53例，人群蛔虫EPG由2515．49降为1124．90。结论河南省人群寄生虫感染率或度呈总体下降趋势，这与经济的发展、人群文化教育水平的提升、卫生意识的培养、环境条件的改善及防治措施的实施密不可分，但不同地区下降幅度不同，低年龄组仍是受寄生虫感染的高危人群。     

河南省人体重要寄生虫病流行现状调查与分析

目的掌握河南省人体重要寄生虫病流行现状。方法按照《全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查》实施细则制定的方法和要求，抽取17个县51个调查点进行肠道寄生虫调查，10个县20个点进行旋毛虫病调查，10个县30个点进行囊虫病调查，5个县进行弓形虫病调查，1个县进行包虫病调查，2个县进行黑热病媒介白蛉调查。结果肠道寄生虫感染调查25894人，总感染率为14．96％（3873／25894），其中蠕虫感染率为9．80％（2537／25894），原虫感染率为6．61％（1609／24348）。查出肠道寄生虫29种，其中蠕虫18种，原虫11种。人群血清学调查。旋毛虫、囊虫，包虫和弓形虫抗体阳性率分别为2．97％（300／10103）、0.05％（1／2200）、0．60％（6／1007）和4．64％（216／4660）；黑热病媒介调查2个县，发现2种自蛉，共317只，中华白蛉占98．42％（312／317）。结论河南省人群肠道寄生虫感染率较10年前显著下降，但不同地区流行情况仍有较大差异，低年龄组仍是寄生虫感染的高危人群。人群旋毛虫和囊虫感染率较低，弓形虫感染率相对较高，包虫病仅有局部发病灶点。     

河南省人群肠道寄生虫感染分析

目的 了解河南省人群肠道寄生虫感染的流行态势,制定现阶段寄生虫病防治策略。 方法 按照《全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查》实施细则规定方法和要求,选择安阳市郊区和郸城县6个调查点。 结果 1990年调查安阳市郊人群肠道寄生虫感染率36.23％,发现12种肠道寄生虫,多虫感染者142例,蛔虫感染者平均EPG 1794.69;2002年调查人群感染率为4.11％,未发现多虫感染者,EPG为548.88;1990年郸城县人群感染率77.87％,2002年降为27.26%,人群查出的肠道寄生虫也由12种减为10种,多虫感染者由816例降为53例,人群蛔虫EPG由2 515.49降为1 124.90。 结论 河南省人群寄生虫感染率或度呈总体下降趋势,这与经济的发展、人群文化教育水平的提升、卫生意识的培养、环境条件的改善及防治措施的实施密不可分,但不同地区下降幅度不同,低年龄组仍是受寄生虫感染的高危人群。     

江西省农村居民肠道寄生虫感染调查及蛔虫生物流行病学研究

目的 探讨江西农村居民肠道寄生虫感染现状及蛔虫病生物流行病学特点。方法 采用粪检、化疗驱虫后收集虫体等方法对江西进贤县鹿塘试区625名居民进行了研究。结果 该试区居民感染9种肠道寄生虫，总感染率为72．80％，其中蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫卵的阳性率分别为51．52％、11．80％和34．60％。以噻嘧啶对全体居民治疗后，在59．40％的居民中检获蛔虫，感染者平均虫荷为2．97条（范围1－32条），10．00％的排虫者可见未成熟蛔虫，推算人群每月蛔虫再感染率为5．13％。对粪检虫卵假阴性人群的分析显示，仅有单性蛔虫寄生者（单雄或单雌）占82．93％，有1条未成熟雌虫和1－4条雄虫寄生者占17．03％。粪检虫卵假阴性率随着寄生蛔虫数的增加而减少，当感染6条以上蛔虫时，无假阴性出现。结论 该社区人群肠道寄生虫感染率高，蛔虫再感染严重，有必要进行反复治疗以防治效果；由于单性感染或未成熟蛔虫的缘故，居民实际蛔虫感染率要高于Kato-Katz法检查所见。     

2014–2018年南平市人体肠道寄生虫病监测结果分析

目的　了解2014–2018年南平市人体肠道寄生虫病流行状况，为后续防治措施的制定提供参考。方法　2014–2018年以二阶段整群抽样法在南平市抽取调查村，每县（市、区）每年监测5个村。以改良加藤厚涂片法（1粪2检）检测调查村居民肠道寄生虫感染情况，钩虫卵阳性者进一步鉴别虫种；对3 ~ 6岁儿童以透明胶纸肛拭法镜检蛲虫卵。结果　 2014–2018年南平市共调查6 317人，人体肠道寄生虫总感染率为2.15%，各年份总感染率间差异有统计学意义（[χ2] = 10.53，P < 0.05）。男、女性人体肠道寄生虫感染率分别为2.94%和1.43%，差异有统计学意义（[χ2] = 17.00，P < 0.01）；随着年龄增加，人体肠道寄生虫感染率逐渐上升，各年龄组村民肠道寄生虫感染率间差异有统计学意义（[χ2] = 102.62，P < 0.01）。检查3 ~ 6周岁儿童945人，蛲虫感染率为3.28%。结论　2014–2018年南平市人体肠道寄生虫感染率处于历史低流行水平，且感染人群以高龄、低教育程度为主；后续应采取综合防控措施以进一步控制重点人群人体肠道寄生虫感染。     

乌鲁木齐市哈萨克族中小学生肠道寄生虫感染情况的调查

了解乌鲁木齐市哈萨克族中小学生肠道寄生虫病感染情况与提供有效的防治措施。对乌鲁木齐仅有的二所哈萨克族中小学在校全体学生进行了肠道寄生虫感染情况的调查。通过本次调查共查出8种寄生虫,其中原虫4种,蠕虫3种及尘螨一种。人群总肠道寄生虫感染率6.39％,蛲虫感染率0.80％。小学生与中学生肠道寄生虫感染水平有显著性差异。肠道寄生虫感染率随着年龄的增加感染水平逐渐降低。     

云南省保山市隆阳区肠道蠕虫感染现状调查

目的了解现阶段隆阳区寄生虫病的流行和危害程度。方法对分层整群随机抽样调查的居民，使用统一表格对其进行个人卫生习惯等问卷调查，粪便检查肠道线虫、血清学检测绦／囊虫感染情况；计算机录入资料建立数据库。结果2503例居民调查结果显示，人群存在5种肠道线虫感染，感染率为12．31％，蛔虫在人群中感染最严重，蛔、鞭、钩3种肠道线虫的感染率分别为7．48％、1．46％和2．86％，各项指标均比1990年的调查结果显著下降。学生的感染率下降最明显。结论控制当地人体寄生虫病流行应落实好各项阶段性、针对性预防控制措施。     

海南省人体寄生虫分布调查

１９８６年１１月至１９９１年７月，按全国人体寄生虫分布调查实施细则的规定，我省抽样５个片区，５个市、县１５个点７９５８人进行人体寄生虫感染情况的调查。结果：人群寄生虫感染率为９４．７％，查见寄生虫３０种，其中线虫１１种，绦虫２种，吸虫９种，原虫８种。其中属省内首次查见的虫种有哈氏内阿米巴、微小内蜒阿米巴、布氏嗜碘阿米巴、贝氏等孢球虫、人芽囊原虫、美丽筒线虫、艾氏同杆线虫、肝毛细线虫、卫氏并殖吸虫、异形科吸虫、支双腔吸虫、胰阔盘吸虫、肝片形吸虫、巨片形吸虫和棘口科吸虫等１５种。感染率较高的虫种是鞭虫、蛔虫、钩虫和蛲虫，分别为６６．７％、６１．８％、６０．９％、３９．６％。汉、黎、苗和回各族居民的寄生虫感染率分别为９３．８％、９４．６％、９７．１％和９８．４％。女性和农村居民感染率明显高于男性和城镇居民。多虫感染严重。蛔虫以中度、鞭虫和钩虫以轻度感染居多。感染年龄以５—９岁和１０—１４岁两组为高。对吸虫的流行进行初步分析。通过调查基本模清全省不同方位、不同人群、不同虫种的感染率和主要线虫的感染程度，并对应重点防治的虫种提出了建议。     

山西省首次人体寄生虫分布情况的调查

１９８７－１９９２年，我省进行人体寄生虫分布调查，共查见寄生虫３４种，分布于４０个县（市、区）。其中肠道寄生虫在抽样调查的２６个县中均有分布，查见虫种２７种，总感染率为４１．０％；感染率最高的县为６７．６％；虫种以蛔虫感染率最高，为２５．９％；年龄组以５－９岁组人群的感染率最高，为５９．６％；男、女人群寄生虫感染率间差别无显著意义；职业以学生感染率为高，为５１．１％；经济状况较差的县和地区，其人群寄生虫感染率为高，分别为４５．８％和４８．７％，经济状况较好的县和地区感染率为低，分别为３８．５％、２８．６％。非肠道寄生虫查出７种，分布在１８个县（市、区）。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.