Can emerging zoonoses be controlled?

The report 'Emerging zoonoses' of the Health Council of the Netherlands was written on request from the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport. It gives an expert view on how to anticipate zoonoses that could emerge in the near future by addressing questions regarding risk assessment, prevention, early detection, control and communication. Further emphasis in the report is given to developments within the European Union (EU). The report had to serve as the basis for a European policy conference on 16 and 17 September 2004 during the Dutch presidency of the EU. Some important developments announced by the Minister are: establishment of a National Centre for Infectious Diseases to advise the Minister and coordinate crisis control during outbreaks, measures to strengthen the regional structure of public health in the Netherlands, and a budget for the strengthening of public health research.     

北京市2010—2020年学校突发传染病事件流行病学特征

  目的  分析北京市学校突发传染病事件流行病学特征,为学校传染病防控提供策略依据。  方法  通过“中国疾病预防控制信息系统”子系统“突发公共卫生事件管理信息系统”,获取2010—2020年北京市报告的学校突发传染病事件信息。  结果  2010—2020年,北京市学校报告突发公共卫生事件数146起,其中学校突发传染病事件138起,发病人数4 291例,波及或暴露人数185 179人,罹患率为2.32%,年平均罹患率差异有统计学意义(χ2=782.46,P < 0.01)。学校突发传染病事件主要为呼吸道和肠道传染病,分别为71和66起,分别占学校传染病事件总数的51.45%和47.83%。时间分布上,每年的3—6月和10—12月为传染病类突发事件的高发期。人群和病种分布上,托幼机构和小学阶段报告的传染病类突发事件最多,分别为51和46起,共占学校报告事件总数的70.29%,且以手足口病和水痘为主;水痘和其他感染性腹泻病是中学和大学阶段传染病类突发事件的首位。  结论  传染病事件在北京市学校突发公共卫生事件中占主导,呼吸道和肠道传染病是学校防控的关键。学校应加强症状监测,并根据不同年龄段的特点实施有针对性的防控措施,同时规范疫情处置工作,在疫情高峰期加强学校传染病的防治和预案演练。     

2006 - 2018年南京市突发公共卫生事件流行特征分析

目的 分析南京市近年来突发公共卫生事件的流行病学特征,为今后突发公共卫生事件的预防、应对与处置提供参考。方法 在《突发公共卫生事件管理信息系统》中搜索南京市2006 - 2018年相关数据,进行流行病学描述与统计分析。结果 2006 - 2018年间共报告突发事件176起,其中重大事件1起,较大事件3起,一般事件108起,未分级事件64起;主要为传染病疫情事件,占总数的93.18%,前3位病种是水痘（34.15%）、流行性腮腺炎（14.63%）、诺如病毒感染性腹泻（12.20%）;暴发数量呈现两个高峰:3 - 6月份（41.48%）、10 - 12月份（37.50%）;学校及幼托机构是突发事件的主要发生场所（71.59%）;传染病疫情事件、食物中毒事件、环境化学物中毒事件的报告时间中位数分别为4.04 d、6.34 d、17.95 d,事件持续时间中位数分别为12.21 d、0.61 d、17.95 d。结论 肠道传染病和呼吸道传染病是南京市突发公共卫生事件的重点防控对象;应当进一步提高工作人员识别疫情的能力和及时报告的意识,在事件的早期阶段及时介入、科学处理,有效防止疫情的扩散和蔓延。     

Communicable diseases law: new legislation for infectious disease control]

On April 1st, 1999 the new law on control of infectious diseases (the Infectious Diseases Act) came into effect. This law replaces former legislation, largely dating from 1928. The Infectious Diseases Act legally enables the government to take action against the spread of infectious diseases. This legal base is necessary because constitutional rights of individuals might be affected. The Infectious Diseases Act only applies to diseases specifically mentioned in the law. The Act regulates the statutory notification and the enforceable actions the authorities can take to protect the community. The mayors of municipalities decide on the appropriate measures, acting on advice of the municipal or regional public health agencies. The Infectious Diseases Act does not provide for detailed regulations regarding the control of infectious diseases but contains obligations that are the end piece of a policy continuum.     

Neglected infectious diseases in Aboriginal communities: Haemophilus influenzae serotype a and Helicobacter pylori

This report describes proceedings of a workshop entitled “Neglected Infectious Diseases in Aboriginal Communities” which took place in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, on October 12, 2011. This workshop was jointly organized by the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), the National Microbiology Laboratory (Public Health Agency of Canada) and Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) with participants from the Medical Sciences Division and Clinical Sciences Division of NOSM, NRC, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Laboratory (Thunder Bay), Thunder Bay District Health Unit, and Regional Health Survey at Chiefs of Ontario. The main purpose of the workshop was to summarize the current state of knowledge on two less publicized infectious disease agents afflicting Canadian Aboriginal communities: Haemophilus influenzae serotype a (Hia) and Helicobacter pylori. Another highlight of this workshop was the discussion on novel approaches for vaccination strategies in the control and prevention of such disease agents. In conclusion, a long-term collaborative research framework was established between NRC, NML and NOSM to develop carbohydrate-based vaccines against these pathogens that may benefit the health of Canadian Aboriginal peoples and other population groups at risk.     

Infection surveillance in North Rhine-Westphalia--standard reports, barometer and early warning system

The increasing significance of communicable diseases requires new surveillance tools. Modern electronic instruments in analysis and communication replace the former "handbased" statistics and allow the development of early warning systems. In North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) the Institute of Public Health started an approach to develop a modular surveillance system prior to the the implementation of the new German infectious disease protection act. The first module called "Automated infectious disease notifications and information system (AIM+)" generates various standard hypertext reports which are published as "Infectious disease reports NRW" on the internet (www.loegd.nrw.de). In addition the infectious disease information is linked with a geographical information system (GIS) giving spatial and temporal patterns. The second module called "Infectious disease barometer NRW" offers a quick actual overview highlighting several selected diseases. It can be electronically sent out to any interested person. The third module "Early warning system" realizes an effective early detection system by combining six statistical procedures with a total of 11 separate methods. In case of detecting clusters and outbreaks it automatically generates warning reports to the responsible parties. All three modules together improve the epidemiological surveillance of the population in NRW, support the translation of information to prevention and control measures, and therefore strengthen epidemiological policy-making.     

Communicable Diseases Report, NSW, September and October 2010

For updated information, including data and facts on specific diseases, visit www.health.nsw.gov.au and click on Public Health and then Infectious Diseases. The communicable diseases site is available at: http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/infectious/index.asp.     

Communicable Diseases Report, NSW, May and June 2010

For updated information, including data and facts on specific diseases, visit www.health.nsw.gov.au and click on Public Health and then Infectious Diseases. The communicable diseases site is available at: http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/infectious/index.asp.     

Emerging infections: getting ahead of the curve.

The early history of infectious diseases was characterized by sudden, unpredictable outbreaks, frequently of epidemic proportion. Scientific advances in the late 19th and early 20th centuries resulted in the prevention and control of many infectious diseases, particularly in industrialized nations. Despite these improvements in health, outbreaks of infectious disease continue to occur, and new infections emerge. Since 1987, the National Academy of Science''s Institute of Medicine (IOM) has published three reports that have identified erosion of the public health infrastructure among the factors contributing to new and reemerging infectious diseases. In partnership with many public and private organizations in the United States and abroad, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed a strategic plan that addresses the priorities set forth in the IOM reports and serves as a guide for CDC and its partners to combat emerging microbial threats to health. Laboratory-based surveillance, better communication networks, and improvements in the public health infrastructure are the cornerstones of the strategy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, a new periodical produced by CDC, will serve as a forum for exchange of information about incipient trends in infectious diseases, analysis of factors contributing to disease emergence, and development and implementation of prevention measures.     

全球公共卫生信息采集系统在国际旅行健康与传染病信息工作中的应用研究

目的探讨全球公共卫生信息采集系统在国际旅行健康与传染病信息工作中的应用。方法通过全球公共卫生信息采集系统,实现国际传染病疫情信息收集的自动化和系统化。结果利用全球公共卫生信息采集系统所收集的国际、国内传染病疫情信息,可正确指导国境口岸一线传染病卫生检疫查验工作,协助完善口岸传染病风险评估预警体系,以及为出入境人员提供国际旅行信息,提高传染病防控意识。结论全球公共卫生信息采集系统推进了卫生检疫工作的电子化,是国境口岸传染病卫生检疫查验工作的坚实基础和有力支撑。     

2004-2015年长沙市突发公共卫生事件流行特征分析

目的 了解长沙市2004-2015年突发公共卫生事件的流行特征,为突发公共卫生事件的防控工作提供参考。 方法 系统收集长沙市2004-2015年突发公共卫生事件管理信息系统报告的突发公共卫生事件,采用SPSS软件进行分析。 结果 2004-2015年共报告289起突发公共卫生事件,主要为一般级别事件189起(65.40%);事件类型以传染病类事件为主,发生249起(86.16%),其次为突发中毒类事件(25起,占8.65%);事件主要集中在3-6月和9-12月,9月、11月有2个高峰;城区传染病类事件的比例高于四县市(91.74% vs. 82.14%,χ²=5.428,P=0.02),突发中毒类事件比例则低于四县市(1.65% vs. 13.69%,χ²=12.898,P<0.001);学校是突发公共卫生事件发生的主要场所(215起,占74.39%),以小学为主(120起,55.81%)。 结论 2004-2015年长沙市突发公共卫生事件时间高峰主要在秋冬季节,学校是主要场所,需重点加强学校传染病的防控。     

Disease control and prevention in China in the 20th century and prospects for the new millennium

In the first part of the paper, the main achievements and experience of disease control and prevention in China during last 50 years are described. Infectious diseases and parasitosis have been successfully controlled and prevented and people’s health enhanced owing to the establishment of an effective system of public health, the launch of a campaign called “Patriotic Public Health”, immunization planning, and the improvement of economic and environmental conditions. In the second part, the challenges to public health in China are presented. The threat from old and emerging infectious diseases, especially sexually transmitted diseases, a sustained increase in the prevalence of chronic non-infectious diseases (cardiovascular diseases tumors and diseases of the respiratory system), environmental problems and the health problems of aging are discussed. Finally, strategies for disease control and prevention in the new century is suggested.     

某部2006-2015年呼吸道传染病流行病学分析

目的 了解部队呼吸道传染病疫情趋势和发病特点,为制定防控措施提供依据.方法 依据军队传梁病疫情网络报告系统数据信息,导出并建立某部呼吸道传染病数据库,应用Excel 2010软件进行统计分析.结果 某部2006-2015年共报告呼吸道传染病4077例,占传染病报告总数的56.30％,其中水痘占35.47％、肺结核占33.16％、流行性腮腺炎占10.03％.发病人群以新兵为主,其次是第2年义务兵,二者占全部发病人数的58.26％.发病季节主要集中在冬春季,占总体发病的67.38％.结论 近十年部队呼吸道传染病病例报告数波动较小,水痘、肺结核和流行性腮腺炎是高发病种,新兵是人群防控重点.     

甘肃省定西市居民传染病防治素养水平及其影响因素研究

目的 分析甘肃省定西市居民传染病防治素养水平现状及其影响因素,为传染病的预控提供科学依据。 方法 采用分层随机抽样方法,对两个城市社区和两个行政村4个调查现场共计1 000名15~69岁常住居民采用《公众传染病防治素养水平测试问卷》进行问卷调查。 结果 甘肃省定西市城乡居民传染病健康素养具备率为4.0%;意识素养、知识素养、技能素养、行为素养、信息素养具备率分别为38.3%、6.4%、6.1%、10.6%和10.9%。农村地区(1.3%)、汉族(3.6%)、不识字/识字很少(1.6%)、农民(1%)、月收入低于1 000元(0.9%)和身体自评状况不好者(1.9%)传染病健康素养水平较低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素分析影响居民传染病健康素养水平的是民族、职业和自评身体状况,医务人员传染病防治素养高于其他人群(OR=6.526,95%CI:1.743～24.442), 汉族居民传染病知识素养具备率低于少数民族(OR=0.085,95%CI=0.017～0.430),身体状况不好的居民要比身体状况好的居民更有可能具有传染病健康素养。 结论 甘肃省定西市居民传染病防治素养水平较低。以老年人、文化程度低、家庭收入低、汉族农民等人群为重点,进一步加大传染病防治知识的宣传力度,有效的预防和控制传染性疾病。     

对2019年新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控的思考

新型冠状病毒肺炎的暴发为人类敲响了一记警钟。新发传染病因其病原体的未知性、流行过程的复杂性、传播速度的快速性给公众健康、社会经济都带来了巨大损失,其防控更是传染病防控的重点。One Health策略是21世纪快速发展的应对全球公共卫生问题的新型措施,它注重人类、动物、环境间的关联性,强调跨学科、跨部门、跨领域的合作,在新发传染病防控方面具有重要意义。本文从One Health的角度对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的防控措施进行探讨,进一步阐明One Health策略在新发传染病防控中的重要作用。     

青海省2012-2018年学校突发公共卫生事件流行病学特征分析

目的 分析青海省2012-2018年学校等集体机构突发公共卫生事件的流行病学特征,为学校疫情防控提供科学依据。方法 采用描述流行病学方法、对“突发公共卫生事件报告管理信息系统”2012 年1 月1 日- 2018年12 月31 日青海省网络直报的学校突发公共卫生事件进行分析。结果 2012-2018年青海省共报告学校突发公共卫生事件92起,报告病例3319例,分别占总报告事件的84.40%和报告病例总数的92.81%,其他传染病（水痘）的事件数和发病数均高于丙类传染病的事件数和发病数,丙类高于乙类传染病的事件数和发病数。发病居前三位的事件有水痘、流行性腮腺炎和手足口病,季节上呈现了春秋（5月和10月）双高峰现象。学校传染病疫情高发地区为农村中小学校、高发人群为县中学生和城市幼儿园。首发病例发病与疫情报告的时间间隔中位数为10d,疫情持续时间中位数为30d。结论 建议加强疫情监测,提高识别疫情的敏感性,提升各级医疗机构思想报告意识,做到早发现、早报告、早处置的同时积极开展多形式培训,是防控传染病疫情的关键。     

The role of states in ensuring essential public health services: development of state-level performance measures.

The Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) has worked with other public health partners across the country to develop National Public Health Performance Standards, nationally recognized measures by which state public health systems can compare themselves with similar systems across the country. The lead federal agency is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and other partners include the Public Health Foundation, the American Public Health Association, the National Association of City and County Health Officials, and the National Association of Local Boards of Health. Both challenges and opportunities emerged during the development of the state public health system standards.     

学校传染病突发公共卫生事件预防控制研究

目的总结学校突发卫生事件特征和预防控制现状,发现当前存在的问题,为加强学校公共卫生事件预防提供依据。方法以我市2010—2012年3年间学校传染病数据为依据,对学校突发卫生事件流行病学描述及防控效果进行评估和分析。结果 2010—2012年3年间我市学校共发生上公共卫生事件9起,均为IV级事件,发生5起流行性腮腺炎,2起水痘,2起流行性感冒,病例共计351例,无死亡病例。9起学校传染病事件中7起由当地卫生医疗机构报告,2例疾控机构报告。首发病例到报告事件最长为17.35d最短为2.51d报告事件到创建事件最长2.11d,最短为1h,从首发病例到末例发病最短间隔5.22d,最长间隔41.22d,调查报告100%填写完整。结论流行性腮腺炎、水痘、流行性感冒等学校传染病突发公共卫生事件主要发病地区剧中在卫生条件和经济水平较差的农村中小学。虽然,学校传染病防治工作的重视程度和监控措施落实有较大幅度改善,但仍需在学校卫生工作管理和防控措施落实上加大力度,落实好联防联控机制,实现预防和建设传染病流行和爆发,保证学生健康的目的。     

The prevention and control of chronic diseases: reducing unnecessary deaths and disability--a conference report

Effective, yet underused, preventive measures exist to ameliorate such important public health problems as hypertension, coronary artery disease, and cervical cancer. The First National Conference on Chronic Disease Prevention and Control was convened in September 1986 by the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials and the Centers for Disease Control, Public Health Service, to disseminate information on successful chronic disease programs currently being implemented and to identify barriers to more wide-spread application of state-of-the-art prevention technology. This report briefly summarizes the deliberations of conference working groups (composed primarily of State and Federal public health officials) that addressed these issues. Numerous suggestions for improved surveillance, applied research, and training related to chronic disease prevention and control were offered, as well as ideas on organizing and marketing chronic disease intervention programs. The conference clearly identified a pressing need for a coalition of public health agencies and interested professional and voluntary organizations, as well as a coherent national agenda to combat chronic diseases.     

The infectious diseases impact statement: a mechanism for addressing emerging diseases.

The use of an Infectious Diseases Impact Statement (IDIS) is proposed for predictive assessments of local changes in infectious diseases arising from human-engineered activities. IDIS is intended to be analogous to an Environmental Impact Statement. The drafting of an IDIS for specific activities, particularly in developing nations, would provide a formal mechanism for examining potential changes in local health conditions, including infected and susceptible populations, diseases likely to fluctuate in response to development, existing control measures, and vectors likely to be affected by human activities. The resulting survey data could provide a rational basis and direction for development, surveillance, and prevention measures. An IDIS process that balances environmental alterations, local human health, and economic growth could substantially alter the nature of international development efforts and infectious disease outbreaks.