直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术107例临床分析

目的探讨直肠癌全直肠系膜切除法在直肠癌中的应用。方法回顾性分析107例直肠癌患者行全直肠系膜切除的临床资料。本组病例行Miles术式18例;Dixon术式89例,其中76例使用吻合器吻合。结果全组术中出血100-150ml,术中术后均无输血。术后发生吻合口瘘3例,占2.8%。性功能障碍1例,占0.93%。排尿功能障碍1例,占0.93%。术口感染12例,占11.21%。随访6-42个月,局部复发率4.67%（5/107）。结论直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术,对提高直肠癌术后患者生存质量和生活质量确有裨益。     

Robotic total mesorectal excision for the treatment of rectal cancer

Robotic techniques have been developed to facilitate endoscopic surgery and to overcome its disadvantages. Thus, we performed robotic total mesorectal excison (TME) in a patient with rectal cancer, using the da Vinci^® Surgical System. To our knowledge, this is the first robotic low anterior resection, based on standard TME principles, with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation. In conclusion, this robotic system is an excellent instrument for performing the standard TME procedure in rectal cancer patients.     

全直肠系膜切除和术前放化疗对直肠癌局部复发的影响

目的 研究全直肠系膜切除和术前治疗对直肠癌局部复发的影响。方法 2000年1月至2004年8月间接受全直肠系膜切除手术的161例直肠癌患者作为研究组；1996年1月至1999年12月间接受直肠癌手术的173例患者作为对照组。收集两组患者的临床病理和随访资料，比较其手术并发症、局部复发情况的差异。结果两组患者手术并发症发生率比较（P〉0．05），差异无统计学意义。研究组肿瘤局部复发率为2．5％，低于对照组的8．0％（X^2=5．144；P=0．023）。研究组中57例接受术前治疗，肿瘤局部复发率为1．8％；而没有接受术前治疗患者的肿瘤局部复发率为3．0％（X^2=1．781，P=0．182）；差异无统计学意义。将患者性别、年龄、手术方式、全直肠系膜切除与否、接受术前治疗与否、肿瘤大体类型、分化程度、分期、脉管癌栓、辅助化疗等因素作为协变量，以肿瘤局部复发作为因变量行Logistic回归分析。结果 显示全直肠系膜切除和脉管癌栓是影响直肠癌局部复发的主要因素。结论 全直肠系膜切除和脉管癌栓有无是影响直肠癌局部复发的主要因素。     

腹腔镜下直肠癌全直肠系膜切除手术

目的 探讨腹腔镜下直肠癌全直肠系膜切除(total mesorectal excision，TME)手术的可行性。方法 自2000年3月至2003年11月共行腹腔镜下直肠癌TME手术67例，其中直肠癌前切除术(anterior resection，AR)45例，直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术(abdominal pelineal resection，APR)22例。结果 本组67例患者按TME原则采用腹腔镜完成直肠癌手术，术中出血量10～50ml，手术时间2.5～5．0h，无术中死亡，术后持续胃肠减压时间8～24h，平均术后24～48h开始进食水，术后1～3d下床活动，术后1～5d开始排便。术后住院时间7～10d。术后随访时间3～43个月，2例患者局部复发，2例患者肝转移；术后因局部复发和肝转移各死亡1例，失访3例；有19例术后不足1年的患者，未发现转移及复发。结论 只要有较好的开腹TME手术经验和腹腔镜操作技能，腹腔镜下直肠癌TME手术是可行的。     

经肛门全直肠系膜切除和腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除对直肠癌的疗效对比

目的分析比较经肛门全直肠系膜切除（TaTME）与腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除（LaTME）在中低位直肠癌治疗中的疗效及预后。 方法选择东营市东营区人民医院2015年2月至2016年2月收治的64例择期行全直肠系膜切除术（TME）的中低位直肠癌患者,随机分为TaTME组与LaTME组,各32例。观察并比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、标本完整率、环周切缘（CRM）阳性率、远端切缘（DRM）阴性率、淋巴结清扫数目、保肛率、中转开放手术率、术中及术后并发症、术后住院时间、局部复发率、远处转移率、2年总体生存率（OS）各指标间的差异。 结果TaTME组患者的术中出血量、中转开放手术率、手术时间、标本完整率、CRM阳性率、保肛率、术后住院时间、尿潴留发生率均显著优于LaTME组（均P<0.05）。患者均获随访2~24个月,TaTME组中位生存时间为23.9个月,局部复发率、转移率分别为6.2%（2/32）、3.1%（1/32）。LaTME组中位生存时间为19.7个月,局部复发率、转移率均为3.1%（1/32）。两组术后复发率、转移率比较,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.350、0.516,P=0.554、0.472）。TaTME组与LaTME组1年OS分别为100.00%、93.75%,2年OS分别为96.87%、81.25%。两组1年OS比较,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.516,P=0.472）,TaTME组的2年OS显著高于LaTME组患者（χ²=4.402,P=0.036）。 结论与LaTME术相比,TaTME术治疗中低位直肠癌具有较高的安全性和有效性,且术后并发症较少,术后住院时间短,可以改善患者预后。     

经肛门与传统腹腔镜全系膜切除术在中低位直肠癌中可行性与安全性的Meta分析

目的系统性评价经肛门全直肠系膜切除（TaTME）与腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除（LaTME）治疗中低位直肠癌的术中、术后指标,并发症及其病理学结果,分析TaTME术式可行性及安全性。 方法通过检索Pubmed、EMBase、Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方、重庆维普国内外大型数据库,筛选2015年2月至2019年4月间发表的关于TaTME与LaTME治疗中低位直肠癌的相关文献。文献质量标准采用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表（NOS）,采用Revman 5.3软件进行Meta分析,敏感性分析异质性结果。 结果共13篇文献1 096例患者符合纳入标准,包括TaTME组515例,LaTME组581例。与LaTME组相比,TaTME组具有高质量的CRM距离（MD=0.95,95%CI=0.61~1.29,P<0.001）,低CRM阳性率（OR=0.35,95%CI=0.16~0.78,P=0.010）,高质量的全直肠系膜切除（OR=2.41,95%CI=1.29~4.51,P=0.006）,低中转开腹率（OR=0.20,95%CI=0.07~0.58,P=0.003）,Clavien-Dindo分级3级及以上术后并发症发生率（OR=0.54,95%CI=0.32~0.92,P=0.020）、术后排尿障碍发生率低（OR=0.54,95%CI=0.31~0.94,P=0.030）及低非计划性二次入院率（OR=0.44,95%CI=0.27~0.73,P=0.001）。两组在DRM阳性率及切除距离、淋巴结清扫数量、术中失血量、手术持续时间以及总并发症、肠梗阻、吻合口瘘发生率等方面差异无统计学意义。 结论相较于LaTME术式,TaTME治疗中低位直肠癌可以得到更高质量的标本,术后危重并发症发生率明显降低,术式可行且安全。     

腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术治疗中低位直肠癌的Meta分析

目的系统评价腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术（TME）治疗中低位直肠癌的临床疗效和安全性。方法检索1991--2012年公开发表的针对腹腔镜TME和开腹TME治疗中低位直肠癌疗效比较的随机对照研究,使用RevMan5．1软件对两种术式的疗效进行Meta分析。结果8篇文献被纳人分析,样本量共计863例中低位直肠癌患者,其中腹腔镜TME组428例,开腹TME组435例。合并分析结果显示,与开腹TME相比,腹腔镜TME可明显减少术中出血量（P〈0．01）,缩短术后肠道功能恢复时间（P〈0．01）及住院时间（P〈0．05）,降低术后出血（P〈0．05）及切口感染（P〈0．01）的发生率;而在手术时间、淋巴结清扫数目、术后吻合口瘘、肠梗阻及盆腔脓肿发生率方面。两种术式的差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论腹腔镜TME能够达到与开腹TME相当的术中淋巴结清扫效果,而且能促进患者术后康复,降低术后切口感染和术后出血的发生率。     

腹腔镜直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术90列报告

目的 评价腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术的临床疗效.方法 回顾分析2007年4月至2012年4月90例腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术患者的临床资料.结果 82例用腹腔镜完成手术,手术时间180 ～ 260 min,平均205 min,术中平均出血150 ml,清除淋巴结总数平均为15个.术后均无严重并发症发生,随访1～4年,无肿瘤复发,穿刺部位及造瘘口均无肿瘤种植.结论 腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术具有较高的实用价值,在严格掌握手术适应证、不断提高手术技巧的基础上,腹腔镜直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术是可行的.     

Laparoscopic versus open total mesorectal excision with anal sphincter preservation for low rectal cancer

Background The Laparoscopic approach has been applied to colorectal surgery for many years; however, there are only a few reports on laparoscopic low and ultralow anterior resection with construction of coloanal anastomosis. This study compares open versus laparoscopic low and ultralow anterior resections, assesses the feasibility and efficacy of the laparoscopic approach of total mesorectal excision (TME) with anal sphincter preservation (ASP), and analyzes the short-term results of patients with low rectal cancer.Methods We analyzed our experience via a prospective, randomized control trail. From June 2001 to September 2002, 171 patients with low rectal cancer underwent TME with ASP, 82 by the laparoscopic procedure and 89 by the open technique. The lowest margin of tumors was below peritoneal reflection and 1.5–8 cm above the dentate line (1.5–4.9 cm in 104 cases and 5–8 cm in 67 cases). The grouping was randomized.Results Results of operation, postoperative recovery, and short-term oncological follow-up were compared between 82 laparoscopic procedures and 89 controls who underwent open surgery during the same period. In the laparoscopic group, 30 patients in whom low anterior resection was performed had the anastomosis below peritoneal reflection and more than 2 cm above the dentate line, 27 patients in whom ultralow anterior resection was performed had anastomotic height within 2 cm of the dentate line, and 25 patients in whom coloanal anastomosis was performed had the anastomosis at or below the dentate line. In the open group, the numbers were 35, 27, and 27, respectively. There was no statistical difference in operation time, administration of parenteral analgesics, start of food intake, and mortality rate between the two groups. However, blood loss was less, bowel function recovered earlier, and hospitalization time was shorter in the laparoscopic group.Conclusion Totally laparoscopic TME with ASP is feasible, and it is a minimally invasive technique with the benefits of much less blood loss during operation, earlier return of bowel function, and shorter hospitalization.     

Presentation and prognosis of local recurrence after total mesorectal excision

Objective  The aim of this study was to describe the presentation, treatment and prognosis of local recurrences following total mesorectal excision for rectal adenocarcinoma.
Method  Between 1999 and 2002, 201 patients were treated with total mesorectal excision for mid or low rectal cancer and were followed up prospectively.
Results  Overall 2-year survival was 85%. The 2-year recurrence rate was 8%. Eighteen patients developed local recurrence at 3–60 months.
Nine recurrences originated from the pelvic sidewall. These recurrences were symptomatic in 90% of patients. Only two patients were reoperated with a R0 resection and were alive without local recurrence after 19 and 31 months. The seven others died within 9 months.
Nine recurrences originated from an anastomotic suture line. Only two had symptoms. A R0 surgical resection was performed in all patients with a 67% sphincter conservation rate. After 26-months of median follow-up (range 7–58), all patients were alive.
Conclusion  Half of the local recurrence after total mesorectal excision was located at the anastomotic site. Rectoscopic examination should be performed regularly to detect these anatomotic recurrences that are accessible to a R0 itérative resection.     

腹腔镜和开腹直肠癌全系膜切除的对照研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜下行直肠癌全直肠系膜切除根治术的临床效果。方法:24例直肠癌患者分为两组。腹腔镜组:采用全直肠系膜切除(LCR)12例。采用经腹腔镜下联合应用超声刀循盆筋膜壁层和脏层的间隙行锐性游离全直肠系膜,切除一个不间断的直肠整体标本。开腹组:12例,采用常规开腹手术。比较两组围手术期的状况、肿瘤切除的彻底性、肠旁淋巴结清扫数量。结果:两组切除标本的直肠系膜均完整,腹腔镜组中无中转开腹,腹腔镜组与开腹组淋巴结数分别为7．9±0．7个与8,1±0．9个(P >0．05);远端直肠均无癌残留;腹腔镜组手术后肠功能恢复早[(45±4．5)h VS(79±11．6)h,P>0.05], 手术中出血量少[(185±41)ml VS(380±48)ml,P<0．01]。结论:经腹腔镜行全直肠系膜切除术 (TME)手术是行之有效的,具有创伤小,恢复快等忧点。     

Evolution of transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer:From top to bottom

The gold standard for curative treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer involves radical resection with a total mesorectal excision(TME). TME is the most effective treatment strategy to reduce local recurrence and improve survival outcomes regardless of the surgical platform used. However, there are associated morbidities, functional consequences, and quality of life(QoL) issues associated with TME; these risks must be considered during the modern-day multidisciplinary treatment for rectal cancer. This has led to the development of new surgical techniques to improve patient, oncologic, and QoL outcomes. In this work, we review the evolution of TME to the transanal total mesorectal excision(TaTME) through more traditional minimally invasive platforms. The review the development, safety and feasibility, proposed benefits and risks of the procedure, implementation and education models, and future direction for research and implementation of the TaTME in colorectal surgery. While satisfactory short-term results have been reported, the procedure is in its infancy, and long term outcomes and definitive results from controlled trials are pending.As evidence for safety and feasibility accumulates,structured training programs to standardize teaching,training, and safe expansion will aid the safe spread of the TaTME.     

Robotic-assisted laparoscopic low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer

Background With advanced stereoscopic vision, lack of tremor, and the ability to rotate the instruments surgeons find that robotic systems are ideal laparoscopic tools. Because of its high operating cost, however, robotic surgery should be reserved to procedures in which the technology can be of maximum benefit, usually when precise dissections in confined spaces are required. Because conventional laparoscopic total mesorectal excision is a challenging procedure, we have sought to assess the utility of the DaVinci robotic system in laparoscopic low anterior resections for cancer of the rectum. Methods Between November 2004 and May 2005 robotic-assisted low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision was performed on six consecutive patients with rectal cancer. These cases were compared with six consecutive low anterior resections performed with conventional laparoscopic techniques by the same surgeon. Results There were no conversions in either group. Operative and pathological data, complications, and hospital stay were similar in the two groups. Robotic operations appeared to cause less strain for the surgeon. Conclusions Robotic-assisted laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer is feasible in experienced hands. This technique may facilitate minimally invasive radical rectal surgery. Presented, in part, at the 14th International Congress of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, September 14–17, 2005 San Diego, California.     

腹腔镜下直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术

目的 探讨腹腔镜下行直肠癌全直肠系膜切除根治术的临床效果。方法 对38例直肠腺癌患者采用腹腔镜下联合应用超声刀循盆筋膜壁层和脏层的间隙行锐性游离全直肠系膜,切除一个不间断的直肠整体标本,并对全组病例随访2年余。结果 38例患者手术顺利,无中转开腹,术后排便、排气时间平均为32h,术后平均住院天数为7．5d。术后随访至今,38例患者均无腹部穿刺口种植,其中2例出现局部复发(1例伴肝转移)。38例患者均无排尿困难,6例患者有性功能减退。结论 腹腔镜下行直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术手术既能有效降低术后局部复发率和保护盆腔自主神经功能,又具有微创优点,值得临床推广。     

超声刀在腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除术中的临床应用

目的探讨超声刀在腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除术（Total mesorectal excision，TME）的临床应用价值。方法我院自2004年8月～2007年5月。应用超声刀在腹腔镜下对33例直肠癌患者实施TME术。结果33例患者手术顺利，无中转开腹，手术时间115～320min，平均155min；术中出血10～100ml，平均50ml；术后1～2d恢复胃肠功能并下床活动。住院时间5—14d，平均8d。术中及术后无并发症发生。术后随访1月至3年，无复发。结论应用超声刀行腹腔镜TME术，保肛率高，创伤小，出血少，烟雾少。术后恢复快，是一极具应用前景的微创外科新技术。     

Robotic versus laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: a meta-analysis

Background

Robotic surgery has been used successfully in many branches of surgery; but there is little evidence in the literature on its use in rectal cancer (RC). We conducted this meta-analysis that included randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized controlled trials of robotic total mesorectal excision (RTME) versus laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (LTME) to evaluate whether the safety and efficacy of RTME in patients with RC are equivalent to those of LTME.

Materials and methods

Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Ovid, and Web of Science databases were searched. Studies clearly documenting a comparison of RTME with LTME for RC were selected. Operative and recovery outcomes, early postoperative morbidity, and oncological parameters were evaluated.

Results

Eight studies were identified that included 1229 patients in total, 554 (45.08%) in the RTME and 675 (54.92%) in the LTME. Meta-analysis suggested that the conversion rate to open surgery in RTME was significantly lower than in LTME (P = 0.0004). There were no significant differences in operation time, estimated blood loss, recovery outcome, postoperative morbidity and mortality, length of hospital stay, and the oncological accuracy of resection and local recurrence between the two groups. The positive rate of circumferential resection margins (P = 0.04) and the incidence of erectile dysfunction (P = 0.002) were lower in RTME compared with LTME.

Conclusions

RTME for RC is safe and feasible, and the short- and medium-term oncological and functional outcomes are equivalent or preferable to LTME. It may be an alternative treatment for RC. More multicenter randomized controlled trials investigating the long-term oncological and functional outcomes are required to determine the advantages of RTME over LTME in RC.     

腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除术治疗中、低位直肠癌的临床安全性对比研究

目的：探讨腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除治疗中、低位直肠癌手术的安全性。方法：回顾性对比分析我院2002年12月～2005年12月开腹直肠癌全系膜切除的病例（开腹组52例），以及2003年1月～2006年6月腹腔镜直肠癌全系膜切除的病例（腹腔镜组49例）。结果：腹腔镜组与开腹组一般资料差异无显著性。与开腹组比较，腹腔镜组术中出血量少[直肠癌前切除术（160±106）ml（n=37）vs（298±186）ml（n=36），t=-3．908，P=0．000；腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术（180±153）ml（n=10）vs（356±170）ml（n=14），t=-2．604，P=0．016]。腹腔镜组肠道功能恢复时间早于开腹手术组[（2．4±1．8）dVS（3．6±1．5）d，t=-3．648，P=0．000]。腹腔镜组总并发症的发生率低于开腹组[14．3％（7／49）g844．2％（23／52），x^2=10．834，P=0．001]。两组清扫淋巴结的数目无差异（12．7±6．5VS13．6±7．0，t=-0．668，P=0．505），下切缘均为阴性。腹腔镜组45例（91．8％）随访2～42个月，开腹组47例（90．4％）随访6～42个月，局部复发率分别4．4％（2／45）、4．3％（2／47）。结论：腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除治疗中、低位直肠癌安全、可行。     

全直肠系膜切除术治疗直肠癌95例临床分析

目的探讨全直肠系膜切除术（total mesorectal excision,TME）治疗直肠癌的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2006年1月,对95例中低位直肠癌患者行TME术治疗的临床资料,其中54例行Dixon术,8例行Parks术,33例行Miles术。结果全组病例无手术死亡。术后吻合口漏3例,吻合口狭窄2例,吻合口出血2例。在获得随访1～6年的91个病例中,性功能障碍21．9％（20／91）,局部复发7．7％（7／91）,其中吻合口复发1．1％（1／91）。结论直肠癌术中TME可明显降低直肠癌术后局部复发率,减少性功能障碍发生。     

腹腔镜直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术中无瘤技术的探讨

目的:探讨腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)的无瘤技术。方法:基于肿瘤根治性切除的概念、TME的原则及开腹手术的无瘤操作常规,评价腹腔镜TME手术全过程,总结应遵循的无瘤技术常规。结果:腹腔镜TME的无瘤技术包括:(1)防止穿刺孔漏气;(2)尽早吸尽腹水;(3)封闭浆膜面;(4)绑扎肠管;(5)优先处理肠系膜下血管并高位结扎;(6)沿正确平面锐性解剖;(7)非触碰技术;(8)充分游离直肠末段;(9)先冲洗肛管直肠后横断直肠;(10)保护标本取出口;(11)盆腔冲洗;(12)经套管释放气体。结论:腹腔镜TME同样应坚守肿瘤学原则,采用严格的无瘤操作技术,以保证肿瘤学的安全性。腹腔镜TME无瘤技术除与开腹TME原则相符外,还特别强调防止气腹烟囱效应和标本取出口的保护。