细针脾穿刺门脉CO2数字减影血管造影的实验研究

目的 评价细针脾穿刺门脉CO2数字减影血管造影(CO2-DSA)的安全性和可行性。方法 成年大白兔7只，全麻下剖腹暴露脾尾。4.5号输液针穿刺入脾实质内约1cm深，行CO2-DSA(2ml／s，10ml)，评价门脉造影图像。拔去穿刺针后观察穿刺点出血情况至凝固。然后处死动物，取下脾脏作大体和组织学检查。结果 CO2-DSA均清晰显示门脉主干、肝内3～4级以上分支、脾静脉主干、肠系膜上静脉主干及部分分支，肝内门脉显影约2～3min后消失。1只兔同时见CO2经脾肾静脉交通使左肾静脉和下腔静脉显影。拔除穿刺针后穿刺点可见少量渗血，3～5min后自动停止。所有动物未见穿刺点CO2溢出、包膜下组织撕裂或脾脏血肿形成。镜检脾包膜完整，无包膜下血肿形成。结论细针脾穿刺门脉CO2-DSA是可行、安全和有效的；在正常成年兔中CO2有可能通过脾肾静脉交通使左肾静脉和下腔静脉显影。     

肝节段动脉栓塞治疗原发性肝癌

目的：研究以无水乙醇碘油乳剂作栓塞剂，行肝节段动脉栓塞术治疗原发性肝癌。材料和方法：观察４例无水乙醇碘油乳剂选择性栓塞正常狗肝动脉前后的门脉血流动力学改变。采用同一栓塞剂，行肝节段动脉栓塞术治疗原发性肝癌患者３４例。依肿瘤的类型、血供特点分别采用３种不同的栓塞技术：同轴导管法、直接法或药物辅助法。结果：实验性肝动脉栓塞后，门脉造影表现出局部门脉分支的阻塞性改变。镜下见肝实质内栓塞剂沉积区域的门脉分支内有滴状的无水乙醇碘油乳剂。临床治疗３４例后均无严重并发症出现，随访３～１８个月，２４例非手术患者中有６例出现局部复发，目前尚存活２１例；１０例患者接受二期手术，术后病检４例肿瘤完全坏死，其余６例包括子灶、包膜浸润癌灶均可见明显坏死，均未发现弥漫性肝损害。结论：行肝节段动脉栓塞术，能使肿瘤所在部位达到动门脉双重栓塞，且并发症少，对于病灶局限的原发性肝癌是一种很好的治疗手段。     

遗传性出血性毛细管扩张症1例

患者女,65岁。上腹疼痛4年。2001年无明显诱因出现上腹部疼痛,病程呈持续性钝痛。查体腹部无膨隆,未见静脉曲张,肝未触及。局部可触及震颤,并可闻及明显杂音,肝颈静脉回流征阳性。CT扫描:肝静脉及门静脉各分支在动脉早期即显影,肝静脉,门脉分支显影管径增粗。肝动脉与门静脉肝静脉之间形成瘘道(图1,2)。术中所见:(腹腔动脉造影术)对比剂迅速从肝固有动脉,通过多处动静脉瘘进入门静脉,肝右静脉。并迅速回流入心脏。肠系膜上动脉分支及右肾上腺动脉均门静脉及肝右静脉有多处动静脉瘘。术后诊断:遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症(HHT)。讨论:HHT…     

同轴微导管肝动脉化疗栓塞联合射频消融治疗原发性肝癌

目的 探讨经肝动脉微导管化疗栓塞(TACE)联合射频消融(RFA)术治疗原发性肝癌(HCC)的疗效.方法 回顾分析1000例HCC的DSA表现与术前多层螺旋CT(MSCT)检查结果.其中179例病灶局限于1个肝段,采用微导管超选择插管栓寒.术后4周复查动态增强CT和(或)MR,对40例病灶碘油聚集不良者,进行RFA,术后1个月复查.结果 DSA发现直径3 cm以上肿块670例,3 cm以下病灶202例,子灶400例,动静脉瘘、动门脉瘘482例,异常血供430例,门脉癌栓362例.局限于1个肝段的病灶,微导管栓塞后4周,肿瘤局部控制率为77.6%;控制不良者行RFA后1个月,肿瘤局部控制率为97.5%.结论 DSA对于发现3 cm以下小病灶(含子灶)、肿瘤血供、动静脉瘘、动门脉瘘具有绝对的优势,对HCC的术前评价具有不可替代性的作用.RFA是HCC的有效的治疗方法,是TACE疗效不佳者的理想选择.     

国人肝动脉解剖及变异:160例多层螺旋CT血管造影分析

目的 :探讨国人肝动脉的解剖变异分型及多层螺旋CT血管造影 (MSCTA )显示肝动脉解剖的诊断符合率。方法 :分析 160例国人肝动脉的CT血管造影 ,并与DSA( 2 4例 )或手术 ( 12例 )结果进行对照 ,所有病例均在MX 80 0 0型 4层螺旋CT机上进行。动脉期层厚为 3 .2mm ,重建间隔为 1.6mm ,螺距为 1.2 5 ,延迟时间 2 5s ,对比剂用量以 1.5ml/kg计算。评价 160例CT血管造影中肝动脉的显示分支的级别以及起源部位 ,并根据Michels分型进行分类。结果 :正常肝动脉解剖占 67.5 %,肝动脉解剖变异占 3 2 .5 %。 3 6例有DSA或手术结果者 ,MSCTA显示肝动脉解剖的诊断符合率为97.2 %。结论 :CT血管造影在显示肝动脉解剖及变异方面具有较高的符合率 ,有望应用于介入、手术以及肝移植术前的评价。     

多层螺旋CT血管成像在肝脏肿瘤的临床应用

目的：通过多层螺旋CT（MSCT）肝脏三期扫描,研究肝脏血管成像在肝脏肿瘤的诊断与治疗中的作用。材料和方法：75例怀疑或者已知肝脏肿瘤的患者行MSCT肝脏三期扫描,男性46例,女性29例,平均年龄56岁,年龄范围24～77岁。其中肝细胞癌45例,血管瘤15例,腺瘤3例,肝转移癌12例,病理确诊51例（68%）,其余24例（32%）经临床随访与治疗和实验室检查确诊。通过病人肘静脉以3ml/s速度注射90～120ml含碘对比剂,在注射对比剂后25s、50s、90s开始扫描,获得相应动脉期、门静脉期、平衡期图像。所有数据采用1mm薄层重组,0.5mm薄层间距,然后传输到工作站进行VR、MIP图像重组。结果：通过多层螺旋CT三期扫描血管成像和图像后处理,MSCT图像可清晰显示肿块和部分肿块的供血动脉和引流静脉。在肝动脉期,42例肝细胞癌病例清楚显示肿瘤血管及其供血动脉,其中20例DSA对照检查,MSCT图像分析结果与DSA相一致;9例动静脉瘘形成;门静脉期,16例显示门静脉癌栓,门静脉闭塞5例。在肝动脉期,14例肝血管瘤清楚显示肝动脉及其分支供血,与DSA所见一致,门静脉期均见其引流静脉及其小分支。3例腺瘤在肝动脉期明显强化,均见其供血动脉。10例肝脏转移癌在肝动脉期见肿块边缘有细小供血动脉。结论：MSCT血管成像作为一种无创、简便的检查方法,利用VR和MIP相结合的成像方法可提供更详细的肝脏肿瘤的血管信息,尤其在显示肿瘤、供血动脉、引流静脉、肿瘤侵犯血管方面,为肝脏肿瘤的诊断与治疗提供了帮助。     

肝海绵状血管瘤CO2—DSA与常规DSA的比较研究

目的：评价二氧化碳数字减影血管造影（CO2－DSA）在肝海绵状血管瘤（CHL）中的诊断价值。材料和方法：对7例CHL患者行CO2－DSA，其影像表现与常规DSA相比较。结果：7例CHL患者均获得有明显诊断价值的CO2－DSA图像，与常规DSA相比仅1个近右隔顶的小病灶未被显示。CO2－DSA显示瘤体大小、形态及边缘情况较碘剂DSA好，同样可显示出“早出晚归”这一特征性表现。7例CHL－CO2－DSA均在瘤体附近出现门脉分支的显影（7／7），而常规DSA仅有1例显示（1／7）。结论：CO2－DSA可对CHL作出准确诊断，CHL患者CO2－DSA中显示门脉，提示门脉为CHL的主要引流静脉。     

二氧化碳造影在移植肾动脉狭窄诊断和球囊扩张术中的应用

目的：评价用二氧化碳（CO2）作为对比剂行移植肾动脉狭窄诊断和成形术的可行性和有效性。资料与方法：对9例怀疑移植肾动脉狭窄者行CO2数字减影血管造影（CO2－DSA），并对狭窄病变在重叠透视定位下行球囊扩张。其中3例在扩张前后同时行非离子型碘对比剂造影。结果：CO2－DSA均清晰显示吻合口后移植肾动脉50％以上的狭窄，均一次性扩张成功。3例中CO2－DSA与碘对比剂造影结果相符。无血清肌酐显著上升和严重并发症。结论：为避免对比剂可能导致的肾毒性，CO2作为对比剂行移植肾动脉狭窄诊断和球囊扩张术后DSA是可行、有效的。     

经肝动脉留置导管持续灌注榄香稀治疗存在肝动静脉或肝动脉门脉瘘的肝癌

目的 探讨榄香稀持续灌注治疗存在肝动静脉或肝动脉门脉瘘的肝癌的疗效.方法 62例存在肝动静脉或肝动脉门脉瘘的肝癌患者给予榄香稀经肝动脉留置导管持续灌注治疗.术后定期复查ALT、AST、T-BIL、WBC、AFP等指标以评价肝功能及肿瘤变化,同时还行肝脏CT或MRI及经肝动脉造影观察肿瘤体积、数目的变化及瘘口封堵情况.结果 35例(56%)患者肝动脉造影显示原有的瘘口基本闭塞,同时AFP的数值亦有所降低;17例(27%)患者肿瘤体积明显缩小(＞50%).12例(19%)患者生存期超过24个月,其余50例(81%)患者生存期为7～15个月.结论 经肝动脉留置导管持续灌注榄香稀治疗存在肝动静脉或肝动脉门脉瘘的肝癌是一种既有效封堵瘘口又最大程度灭活肿瘤的治疗方法.     

MSCT血管成像与DSA对肝动脉成像的对比研究

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像(MSCTA)与数字减影血管造影(DSA)在肝动脉成像质量有无差异.方法 对32例肝恶性肿瘤患者,先后行肝动脉MSCTA和DSA检查,两者间隔时间不超过1周,对比分析MSCTA与DSA对肝动脉的解剖类型、肝动脉各级分支显示能力.结果 与DSA相比,MSCTA对肝动脉解剖类型诊断符合率达96.9%例(31/32),正常型肝动脉为71.9%(23/32),变异型肝动脉28.1% (9/32);MSCTA与DSA在肝固有动脉、一级肝动脉的显示能力上无明显差别,在二级、三级肝动脉的显示能力上有统计学差异,DSA优于MSCTA(Wilcoxon法,P<0.0125),在四级以下肝动脉的显示上,MSCTA的显示率为0,远远不如DSA.结论 尽管MSCTA和DSA在显示二级以下肝动脉分支上存在差异,但仍不失为一种有效的方法.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.