新生儿重症监护病房细菌感染及耐药性监测

目的 探讨新生儿重症监护病房细菌感染及其对抗生素的耐药情况.方法 对646株培养阳性菌株以VITEK全自动微生物分析仪进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验.结果 646株培养阳性标本中,革兰阴性菌380株,占58.8％,革兰阳性菌254株,占39.3％.革兰阴性杆菌以肺炎克雷白杆菌最常见,其次为大肠埃希菌;革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌最常见.产ESBL阳性菌株73株,包括肺炎克雷白杆菌50株,大肠杆菌23株.常见革兰阴性细菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、头孢唑啉耐药率高,对头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率低.ESBL阳性肺炎克雷白杆菌及大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢菌素类耐药显著高于亚胺培南及哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(P＜0.01).常见革兰阳性细菌对青霉素耐药率高达74.6％～ 91.7％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、红霉素、亚胺培南、苯唑西林、青霉素耐药率均高,达80％ ～ 100％,目前未发现耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺革兰阳性细菌.结论 我院新生儿重症监护病房细菌以肺炎克雷白杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌最常见,对常用抗生素的耐药现象需重视,尤其ESBL阳性细菌及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现象更严重,应尽早根据药敏试验调整抗生素.     

儿童血流感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解我院儿科患者血流感染病原菌的分布及耐药性情况.方法 使用API和VITEK-2系统鉴定细菌,采用纸片扩散法和微量稀释法进行药敏试验,应用WHONET5.6软件分析病原菌的分离率及耐药率.结果 3年来我院儿童血流感染共分离致病菌724株,分离最多的前五位细菌分别为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（235株）、肺炎克雷白菌属（91株）、大肠埃希菌（59株）、粪肠球菌（50株）以及金黄色葡萄球菌（40株）.其中耐甲氧西林的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌分别占凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的78.7％和27.5％,革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素和利奈唑胺高度敏感.73.6％的肺炎克雷白杆菌和67.8％的大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶,除两株肺炎克雷白杆菌外,均对亚胺培南敏感.结论 儿童血流感染以革兰阳性球菌为主,应重视血培养病原菌的耐药监测,根据药敏结果选用敏感抗菌药物.     

新生儿重症监护室血培养233株病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 研究新生儿重症监护室(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU)血培养阳性的脓毒症患儿的病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年7月广东医学院附属医院NICU 1450例新生儿的1450份血培养结果及药敏结果.结果 1450份血培养标本共分离病原菌9种233株,总阳性率为16.1％.其中革兰阳性球菌93株,以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占优势,其次为金黄色葡萄球菌;革兰阴性杆菌103株,以肺炎克雷白杆菌居多,其次为大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌;真菌37株,以念珠菌为主.革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺及替考拉宁敏感性高,对青霉素、苯唑西林及β-内酰胺酶抗生素耐药性达95％以上;革兰阴性杆菌对左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南及美罗培南敏感;真菌以念珠菌为主,对抗真菌药物普遍敏感.结论 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌、大肠埃希菌等是NICU中新生儿脓毒症最常见的几种病原菌,耐药性高,临床医生应根据细菌鉴定及药敏试验选择敏感药物治疗,且真菌感染不可忽视,值得关注.     

小儿急性下呼吸道感染细菌病原构成、变迁及耐药的临床研究

目的 对昆明地区急性下呼吸道感染(acute low respiratory infection,ALRI)患儿进行连续9年监测及临床研究,了解患儿细菌病原菌构成、变迁及对常用抗生素的耐药性.方法 对昆明市儿童医院2002年1月至2010年12月因ALRI住院的患儿痰液培养的致病菌株进行临床分析及研究,对分离菌株进行药敏试验.结果 病原菌构成情况:(1)病原菌总阳性率18.52％ (3006/16 229),其中革兰阴性杆菌占75.35％,革兰阳性球菌占20.23％,真菌占4.42％;病原菌前5位依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌、肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌.(2)监护病房ALRI病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,主要为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌;革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主.普通病房革兰阴性菌中,流感嗜血杆菌取代大肠埃希菌,成为最常见的病原菌,革兰阳性菌以肺炎链球菌为主.病原菌的耐药情况:后4年与前5年比较,病原菌总体耐药情况呈上升趋势,部分达90％左右,并呈多重耐药状态;未发现对亚胺培南及万古霉素耐药的菌株;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷白杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株检出率呈上升趋势.结论 昆明地区9年间小儿ALRI细菌病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,其中大肠埃希菌为首位;不同病房病原构成、变迁均不同;病原菌总体耐药情况呈上升趋势.     

新生儿医院获得性肺炎病原菌分析及防治探讨

目的 探讨新生儿医院获得性肺炎(HAP)的细菌种类、药敏情况及易感因素,指导临床用药.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年7月本院新生儿病房住院的HAP患儿,总结其临床特点、细菌培养及药敏试验结果.结果 94例HAP标本均行痰培养检查,56例阳性,阳性率71.8%,共检出病原菌66株,84.8%为革兰阴性杆菌,以肺炎克雷伯菌为主,其次为不动杆菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌.革兰阳性菌占15.2%,主要为葡萄球菌及链球菌.大多数革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄青霉素、第一二代头孢及多数三代头孢菌素耐药,对亚胺培能、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感.革兰阳性球菌对青霉素、红霉素耐药率高,对万古霉素较敏感.结论 新生儿HAP病原以革兰阴性菌为主,对大部分抗生素耐药,应积极防治.     

181例患儿深部痰培养细菌分布与耐药性分析

目的 了解我院儿童肺部感染病原菌分布及耐药性,指导早期经验性抗生素应用.方法 统计分析了2005年1月至2007年12月我院儿科181例住院患儿深部痰细菌培养结果.结果 符合条件的痰标本共分离细菌269株,其中革兰阴性菌占69.14%(186株),主要是大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌,其对β内酰胺类抗生素有较高的耐药性,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希杆菌和肺炎克雷白杆菌的耐药性尤为突出,但对含β内酰胺酶抑制剂的头孢菌素和亚胺培南仍较敏感.革兰阳性菌占30.86%(83株),粪肠球菌、表皮葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌占革兰阳性球菌的前三位,除对万古霉素仍敏感外,金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢菌素以及氨基苷类抗生素的耐药率很高.结论 儿童深部痰培养分离菌株以革兰阴性菌为主,其耐药性较强,特别是产ESBLs的菌株对β内酰胺类抗生素的耐药性尤为突出.革兰阳性菌以葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌为主,其耐药率均较高.     

PICU分离细菌耐药性分析

目的调查我院PICU临床感染病原菌的分布及耐药情况,指导临床合理用药。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2011年12月我院PICU分离出的病原菌及耐药性。结果有349例患儿共分离出471株病原菌,标本来源为痰、血、导管、尿及脑脊液等,其中分离革兰阴性杆菌285株（60．5％）,革兰阳性球菌168株（35．7％）,真菌18株（3．8％）。主要病原菌为：鲍曼不动杆菌88株（18．7％）、肺炎克雷白杆菌70株（14．9％）、铜绿假单胞菌51株（10．8％）、肺炎链球菌45株（9．6％）以及大肠埃希菌43株（9．1％）。超广谱β内酰胺酶阳性肺炎克雷白杆菌和大肠杆菌的比例分别为65．7％（46／70）及37．2％（16／43）,对绝大多数头孢类抗生素耐药率〉85．0％,非发酵菌的多重耐药情况严重,鲍曼不动杆菌对绝大多数头孢类抗生素耐药率〉70．0％,其中多重耐药菌株78株（88．7％）,泛耐药株58株（66．0％）。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（7株）及耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（16株）分别占金黄色葡萄球菌及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的31．8％和53．3％,对万古霉素全部敏感。结论PICU中病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,耐药情况较严重,因此加强病原菌分布及耐药性监测十分重要,以指导临床抗感染治疗,防止滥用抗生素。     

NICU血培养和痰培养病原菌构成及变迁的比较

目的分析我院NICU新生儿血培养和痰培养病原菌的构成和变迁，为临床治疗提供帮助。方法对NICU2000至2006年6098份痰和血液标本培养结果进行回顾性分析。按时间分为3个阶段：早期（2000年1月至2004年12月）、中期（2005年1至12月）和后期（2006年1至12月）。结果（1）3个时期痰培养检出菌均以革兰阴性（G^-）杆菌为主，血培养检出菌以革兰阳性（G^＋）球菌为主，血培养和痰培养检出病原菌的构成差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）。（2）3个时期血培养检出的G^＋球菌中均以葡萄球菌为主，表皮葡萄球菌逐渐减少，凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌逐渐增多，其他G^＋球菌的检出率变化不明显；（3）3个时期痰培养检出的G^-杆菌以大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷白菌、肠杆菌为主。结论近7年我院NICU血培养检出菌以G^＋球菌为主，痰培养检出菌以G^-杆菌为主。     

儿童呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原菌分析

目的 探讨儿童呼吸机相关性肺炎（ＶＡＰ）的主要病原菌,指导临床治疗和预防。方法 ３４例ＶＡＰ患儿作气道分泌物细菌或霉菌培养,同时作细菌药敏试验。结果 分离出病原菌１０６株,其中Ｇ－杆菌７２株（６７．９％）,依次为不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌、肠杆菌属、嗜麦芽假单胞菌、大肠埃希氏菌等;Ｇ＋球菌６株（５．７％）,分别为甲型链球菌、金葡菌;真菌２８株（２６．４％ ）。对第三代头孢菌素、氨基糖甙类抗药性肠杆菌属为８０％ ,不动杆菌５０％ ;嗜麦芽假单胞菌对亚胺培南的抗药性为８８．９％;Ｇ＋球菌对青霉素耐药占８３．３％,对万古霉素１００％敏感。结论 ＶＡＰ的病原菌以Ｇ－杆菌为主,真菌感染也不容忽视。根据药敏合理选用抗生素,避免滥用抗生素,尤其是第三代头孢菌素。     

1 606例新生儿败血症病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的研究败血症新生儿的病原菌分布及其耐药情况。方法回顾性分析2002年至2012年间收入新生儿重症监护病房的新生儿血培养及其药敏分析结果。结果共28 120份新生儿血培养标本中培养阳性1 606份(5.7%),共培养出病原菌1 665株;其中革兰阳性菌1 336株,以表皮葡萄球菌(902株)及溶血性葡萄球菌(206株)为主;革兰阴性菌235株,以肺炎克雷伯杆菌(108株)及大肠埃希菌(73株)为主。逐年比较,不同菌株的检出率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2012年175株病原菌的药敏结果显示,革兰阳性菌对利奈唑胺、替加环素和万古霉素的敏感率高,对青霉素耐药性达90%以上;革兰阴性菌对阿米卡星及亚胺培南敏感性高,对氨苄西林的耐药性较高。结论表皮葡萄球菌、溶血性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌及大肠埃希菌是新生儿败血症的主要病原菌,且普遍对青霉素耐药。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.