瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮在小儿全身麻醉中的临床应用

目的总结瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮在小儿全身麻醉中的应用效果。方法将90例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级患儿随机分为A、B两组,每组各45例。两组均先按0.02mg/kg的剂量静脉注射咪唑安定,并单次静脉推注氯胺酮2mg/kg,之后,A组用氯胺酮95±7.8μg/kg/min静脉注射泵维持,B组用氯胺酮58±3.8μg/kg/min以及瑞芬太尼0.06±0.02μg/kg/min静脉注射泵维持。术中监测患儿血压、心率及SPO2,观察并记录术后苏醒时间。结果A、B两组患儿血压和SPO2均较平稳,B组患儿心率较术前明显减慢(p<0.05),A组患儿心率较术前明显增快(p<0.05);B组患儿术后麻醉苏醒明显快于A组(p<0.05),且术中氯胺酮用量明显少于A组(p<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮用于小儿全身麻醉既能满足手术需要,又减少了各自用药量,缩短了麻醉苏醒时间,减少了并发症,是一种更安全的麻醉用药方式。     

瑞芬太尼与芬太尼在小儿腺样体扁桃体切除术的麻醉观察

目的探讨瑞芬太尼和芬太尼在小儿腺样体扁桃体切除术中的麻醉管理。方法将74例小儿腺样体扁桃体患儿随机分为两组。A组为瑞芬太尼组,B组为芬太尼组。每组37例。麻醉诱导采用静脉注射咪唑安定、丙泊酚、维库溴胺、地塞米松、瑞芬太尼或芬太尼。麻醉维持两组均采用持续静脉泵注丙泊酚,A组持续静脉泵注瑞芬太尼。结果A组血流动力学比B组血流动力平稳。A组比B组苏醒快,拔管时间短。结论瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚静脉麻醉起效快,作用时间短,可控性强,镇痛作用强,恢复迅速,无蓄积作用,是小儿腺样体扁桃体切除术的一种较好麻醉。     

芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉在小儿纤维支气管镜检查中的应用

目的探讨芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉在小儿纤维支气管镜检查中的临床效果及安全性。方法择期行纤维支气管镜检查术的患儿50例,ASAⅠ级或Ⅱ级。随机分为观察组和对照组,每组25例。观察组采用氯胺酮1～2mg／kg,咪达唑仑0．1～0．2mg／kg,芬太尼1～2μg／kg诱导麻醉,术中麻醉维持按异丙酚每小时5～10mg／kg微泵注入。对照组采用氯胺酮1～2mg／kg,咪达唑仑0．1～0．2mg／k诱导麻醉,术中麻醉维持按异丙酚每小时5～10mg／kg微泵注入。记录麻醉诱导前（Te）、麻醉诱导后（T1）、纤维支气管镜检查中（T2）、灌洗活检中（L）、术毕（T4）平均动脉压（MAP）,心率（HR）,血氧饱和度（SpO2）。对比两组患儿血流动力学及SpO2变化。结果两组数据显示在T0、T1时点血流动力学及SpO2变化无统计学意义（P〉0．05）．而T2、T3时点血流动力学及SpO2变化有统计学意义（P□0．01）;观察组纤维支气管镜检查术中血流动力学及SpO2相对平稳,对照组血流动力学及SpO2变化较大。且观察组苏醒期躁动,术后恶心呕吐,支气管痉挛的发生较对照组少。结论芬太尼复合异丙酚静脉麻醉用于小儿纤维支气管镜检查较为安全,并具有血流动力学及SpO2稳定,苏醒平稳等优点。     

瑞芬太尼和芬太尼用于小儿腺样体扁桃体手术的临床研究

目的比较瑞芬太尼和芬太尼用于小儿腺样体刮除、扁桃体摘除术的麻醉效果、苏醒时间、苏醒质量。方法选择80例行小儿腺样体刮除、扁桃体摘除术的小儿,随机分为瑞芬太尼组（R组,n=40）和芬太尼组（F组,n=40）,麻醉诱导给咪唑安定0．05mg／kg,万可松0．1mg／kg,R组用瑞芬太尼1μg／kg,F组用芬太尼3μg／kg。气管插管后控制呼吸。术中维持R组持续输注瑞芬太尼0．1μg·kg·min^-1,F组不再追加芬太尼,两组均吸入异氟醚辅助麻醉。监测不同时点（插管前、后,手术开始后5min、30min）的MAP和HR。记录停止吸入麻醉药至拔管的时间,苏醒后是否再入睡及麻醉效果（以患儿术中MAP、HR监测值和同一术者的评价综合评分）。结果两组病人插管前、插管后、手术开始后5min的MAP和HR无显著差异,R组手术开始后30min的HR低于F组（P〈0．05）,苏醒时间短于F组（P〈0．05）,苏醒后再入睡率低于F组（P〈0．05）,麻醉满意度高于F组（P〈0．05）。结论瑞芬太尼用于小儿腺样体刮除、腺扁摘除术,能保证稳定的血流动力学状态,苏醒快速,效果满意。     

头皮神经阻滞联合瑞芬太尼靶控输注在小儿开颅手术麻醉中的应用

目的探讨头皮神经阻滞技术联合瑞芬太尼靶控输注在小儿神经外科麻醉中的应用。方法选择30例择期行颅内占位手术的患儿,按随机数字表法分为罗哌卡因神经阻滞组(B组)和对照组(C组),每组15例。常规麻醉诱导行气管插管后,B组于诱导后以0.25%罗哌卡因阻滞耳颞神经、眶上神经、滑车上神经和枕大神经、枕小神经,C组不进行神经阻滞。用丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼靶控输注维持麻醉。记录不同时间点的心率、平均动脉压、脑电双频指数(BIS),以及丙泊酚与瑞芬太尼使用总量、拔管时间,术后4、8、24、48 h疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS),术后麻醉并发症。结果两组患者术中血流动力学均稳定,B组瑞芬太尼总量[(3.52±1.75)μg/(kg·h)]与C组[(6.54±1.23)μg/(kg·h)比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。两组拔管时间[C组(10.01±8.47)min vs B组(8.35±7.17)min]、丙泊酚使用总量[C组(3.28±1.05)mg/(kg·h)vs B组(3.61±1.29)mg/(kg·h)]及术后并发症的发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后4 h和8 h VAS评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论头皮神经阻滞技术联合瑞芬太尼靶控输注可减少小儿颅脑手术中瑞芬太尼用量,术后镇痛效果良好。     

七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼麻醉在小儿气管镜检术中的应用观察

目的观察七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼用于小儿气管镜检术的麻醉效果;并通过与目前常用麻醉方法的比较,探讨更合适的麻醉方法。方法选择40例需行气管镜检术的患儿,年龄2～5岁,随机分为七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼麻醉组（S组）、氯胺酮、丙泊酚复合小剂量维库溴铵麻醉组（K组）。术中持续监测并记录患儿SpO2、HR、BP及ECG,并观察记录手术时间、苏醒时间、术中喉痉挛和术后恶心、呕吐的发生情况。结果s组麻醉后心率、血压下降,与麻醉前相比,有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。s组麻醉后心率、血压与K组相比较低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组苏醒时间比较,S组较K组短,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两种麻醉方法,都有满意的肌松效果,声门显露充分,无呛咳、屏气现象。结论七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼麻醉用于小儿气管镜检术,可为手术操作提供满意的肌松条件,声门显露充分,患儿元呛咳、屏气现象,可避免置镜困难,减少声门、气道水肿及损伤,消除气管置镜引起的剧烈心血管反应;停药后可迅速苏醒,术后并发症少。     

瑞芬太尼对小儿等离子刀扁桃体腺样体切除术应激反应的影响

目的 观察瑞芬太尼麻醉对小儿等离子刀扁桃体、腺样体切除术中血流动力学和血皮质醇（Cos）的影响.方法 选择60例ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级拟行扁桃体、腺样体切除术的患儿,随机分为实验组（瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚）和对照组（芬太尼复合异丙酚）,每组各30例.分别于麻醉前5 min（T1）、气管插管前（T2）、气管插管时（T3）、腺样体切除时（T4）以及手术结束时（T5）自静脉采血.采用放射免疫法测定血浆Cos水平,记录两组收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）及心率（HR）的变化,观察呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间及术后不良反应的发生情况.结果 麻醉期问实验组血流动力学明显较对照组稳定;对照组气管插管后各时点Cos高于实验组（P＜0.01）,实验组各时点Cos无明显改变（P＞0.05）.实验组术后呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间明显早于对照组（P＜0.01）,不良反应的发生率明显低于对照组（P＜0.01）.结论 与芬太尼相比,瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉可有效降低应激引起的内分泌反应,血流动力学更稳定.术后苏醒快,不良反应发生率低,用于小儿等离子刀扁桃体、腺样体切除手术具有明显的优越性.     

等效小剂量瑞芬太尼和芬太尼对经口气管插管小儿血流动力学反应的比较

目的比较等效小剂量瑞芬太尼和芬太尼对经口气管插管小儿血流动力学反应的影响。方法选择择期行全身麻醉下整形外科手术的患儿100例,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级,随机平均分为2组:瑞芬太尼组(R组)和芬太尼组(F组),在丙泊酚麻醉诱导中采用盲法应用瑞芬太尼2μg/kg或芬太尼2μg/kg。采用直接喉镜经口气管插管。监测麻醉诱导前(基础值)、气管插管前即刻、气管插管即刻和气管插管1、2、3、4、5min时的血压(BP)和心率(HR),计算各观察时间点BP和HR相对于基础值的变化率,并计算二重指数(RPP)。结果2组BP和HR的基础值及气管插管时间均无显著性差异。与基础值比较,虽然气管插管导致F组的BP、HR、RPP及其观察期最大值显著增高,但R组气管插管时BP、HR、RPP及其观察期最大值均较基础值显著降低。观察期时间点的BP、HR、RPP及其最大值二组比较均有显著性差异,观察期时间点的收缩压(SBP)和HR变化率及观察期其最大变化率2组比较亦有显著性差异。观察期SBP和HR增加>基础值30%的发生率在F组显著高于R组;但观察期SBP和HR降低>基础值30%的发生率在R组显著高于F组。结论在小儿应用异丙酚静脉麻醉诱导时,联合应用等效小剂量瑞芬太尼较芬太尼更能有效抑制经口气管插管的血流动力学反应。芬太尼2μg/kg不足以完全抑制小儿经口气管插管的血流动力学反应。虽然瑞芬太尼2μg/kg能够完全消除小儿经口气管插管的血流动力学反应,但可导致更多不良的心血管功能抑制。     

骶管阻滞复合瑞芬太尼静脉输注在小儿麻醉中的应用

目的 探讨骶管阻滞复合瑞芬太尼静脉输注用于小儿麻醉的临床效果和安全性.方法 60例择期行泌尿外科手术的小儿随机分成2组,骶管阻滞复合瑞芬太尼组(A组)和氯胺酮组(B组),两组各30例.A组应用骶管阻滞复合瑞芬太尼静脉输注麻醉,B组应用氯胺酮静脉输注全身麻醉.于麻醉诱导前、麻醉后5 min、切皮时、术中15 min、术毕记录其平均动脉压、心率、呼吸频率、血氧饱和度,并比较两组苏醒时间及术后早期恢复情况.结果 A组术中呼吸循环状态较B组稳定.A组麻醉苏醒时间为(11.25±4.45)min,B组为(52.80±8.64)min,A组明显短于B组(P＜0.01).B组术后早期恢复情况较A组差.结论 骶管阻滞复合瑞芬太尼静脉输注用于小儿泌尿外科手术,可保证呼吸、循环稳定,是一种较为理想的麻醉方法.     

控制性降压麻醉在动脉导管未闭术中的应用

目的探讨硝普钠(SNP)复合芬太尼或瑞芬太尼在动脉导管未闭(PDA)手术中行控制性降压麻醉的有效性和安全性。方法先天性PDA患儿60例用SNP复合芬太尼(A组)或瑞芬太尼(B组)麻醉,监测不同时间血流动力学变化和并发症。结果B组心率稳定,降压迅速,SNP用量少,血流动力学变化和苏醒恢复状况均优于A组。结论瑞芬太尼持续麻醉能强化SNP的降压效果,减少并发症发生。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.