军队离退休干部糖尿病共病抑郁患者行为抑制/激活系统

目的:对军队离退休干部糖尿病(DM)共病抑郁患者行为抑制、行为激活系统的特点进行对照性研究。方法:283例军队离退休干部DM患者,根据老年抑郁量表(GDS)评分,分为共病抑郁组(n=119)、非共病组(n=164);同时进行行为抑制/激活系统量表(BIS/BAS)评定。结果:共病抑郁组BIS评分显著高于非共病组,BAS评分显著低于非共病组,差异均有统计学意义(t=2.339,-3.327;P=0.027,0.002);共病抑郁组患者GDS评分与BAS评分负相关(r=-0.308,P=0.032),与BIS评分的相关性不显著。结论:行为抑制系统功能增强、行为激活系统功能不足,特别是后者,可能与DM患者的抑郁发生有关。     

趋近/回避动机对时间运动视角选择的影响

目的：时间运动视角的心理现实性和影响因素的研究已经比较广泛，但个体选择不同时间运动视角的原因或机制尚不清楚。本研究试图探讨行为趋近/回避动机对时间运动视角选择的影响，以揭示其内在心理机制。方法：分别采用问卷法(研究1)和实验法(研究2)考察了特质BAS/BIS和状态BAS/BIS对时间运动视角选择的影响。结果：特质性BAS分数越高，个体越倾向选择自我动视角(研究1)；状态性BIS分数越高，个体越倾向选择时间动视角(研究2)。结论：特质性BAS和状态性BIS能显著预测个体的时间运动视角选择，行为趋近/回避动机可能是时间运动视角形成的内在心理机制，为具身认知理论提供了新的证据。     

青少年抑郁症与行为抑制/激活系统的关系

目的:探讨青少年抑郁症与行为抑制/激活系统的关系.方法:采用行为抑制/激活系统问卷、Beck抑郁问卷和Zung氏抑郁自评问卷测评27名青少年抑郁症、38名抑郁情绪青少年及健康对照组74名青少年,比较3组青少年在行为抑制/激活系统得分上的差异,并做抑郁与行为抑制/激活系统的相关分析.结果:(1)抑郁症组和抑郁情绪组的行为抑制系统得分均高于无抑郁组[(14.6±2.4),(14.5±1.5)vs.(13.3±1.5);P<0.001],而行为激活系统的奖赏反应和驱力得分均低于无抑郁组[奖赏反应:(11.7 ±1.7)、(12.4±1.7)VS.(12.7±2.0),(10.1±1.8)、(10.3±1.9)VS.(11.2±1.9);P<0.05或0.01];(2)抑郁症组抑郁得分与行为抑制/激活系统呈不同程度的相关(r=-0.26-0.84,P<0.05或0.01).结论:行为激活系统功能降低、行为抑制系统功能增强可能是抑郁症的危险因素.     

强迫症患者的行为抑制系统在强迫信念与强迫症状中的中介作用

目的:探讨强迫症(OCD)患者的行为抑制系统在强迫信念与强迫症状间的中介作用。方法:选取113例符合精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)诊断标准的OCD患者,126例年龄、性别等匹配的正常对照。采用耶鲁-布朗强迫量表(Y-BOCS)测量强迫症状严重度;强迫信念问卷(OBQ-44)测量强迫信念;行为抑制/激活系统(BIS/BAS)量表测量行为抑制/激活水平。结果:OCD组OBQ-44总分高于对照组[(184±47) vs.(153±55),P 0. 01],而BIS/BAS量表的行为抑制系统(BIS)得分低于对照组[8(5,16) vs10(5,20),P 0. 01]。强迫症患者OBQ-44的责任感/威胁评估、完美主义/确定性得分及总分与Y-BOCS总分呈正相关(r=0. 23、0. 21、0. 22,均P 0. 01); BIS/BAS量表的BIS得分与Y-BOCS总分呈负相关(r=-0. 33,P 0. 01)。Bootstrap结果显示行为抑制系统在强迫症患者的强迫信念与强迫症状间起完全中介作用,中介效应大小为0. 02(95%CI:0. 01～0. 03)。结论:OCD患者的行为抑制系统可能在强迫信念与强迫症状间起完全中介作用。     

行为活化治疗老年糖尿病伴发抑郁及其对行为抑制/激活系统的影响

目的:探讨行为活化对老年糖尿病(DM)共病抑郁的疗效,及治疗过程中行为抑制、激活系统的变化情况。方法:老年DM伴抑郁症患者随机分组后,分别接受行为活化治疗(BA组,n=36)和支持性心理治疗(SP组,n=33),疗程6周;于治疗前后评定Beck抑郁问卷(BDI)、行为抑制/激活系统量表(BIS/BAS)。结果:1治疗6周时,BA组、SP组BDI(t=9.319,7.041;均P=0.000)、BIS(t=3.677,3.075;P=0.001,0.004)评分均较治疗前降低,BAS评分均较治疗前增高(t=4.484,2.308;P=0.000,0.028);2治疗6周时,BA组BDI、BAS评分的变化率显著高于SP组(t=3.189,2.167;P=0.029,0.044),而两组BIS评分变化率无显著差异(t=0.948,P=0.346);3BA组、SP组的BDI评分变化率均与BAS评分的变化率负相关(r=-0.415,-0.353;P=0.011,0.043),而与BIS评分变化率的相关性均不显著(r=0.266,0.213;P=0.104,0.230)。结论:BA可改善老年糖尿病患者伴发的抑郁,并可能与其对行为激活系统有较强的作用有关。     

认知情绪调节策略和惩罚敏感性在父母心理控制与青少年非自杀性自伤行为间的作用

目的：探讨父母心理控制对青少年非自杀性自伤行为(NSSI)的影响及消极认知情绪调节策略的中介作用和惩罚敏感性的调节作用。方法：采用父母心理控制量表、认知情绪调节问卷、行为抑制和激活系统量表以及青少年自我伤害行为问卷对583名中学生施测。结果：(1)父母心理控制、消极认知情绪调节策略、惩罚敏感性和NSSI四者之间呈两两显著正相关;(2)消极认知情绪调节策略在父母心理控制和NSSI之间的中介作用显著;(3)父母心理控制对消极认知情绪调节策略的影响受到惩罚敏感性的调节,即父母心理控制对消极认知情绪调节策略的预测作用在高惩罚敏感性的被试中更强。结论：消极认知情绪调节策略在父母心理控制对青少年非自杀性自伤行为的影响中起中介作用,且该中介效应受到惩罚敏感性的调节。     

高敏感儿童量表21条目版测评中学生的效度和信度

目的:引进高敏感儿童量表21条目版(HSC-21)并检验其效度和信度。方法:选取中学生1 150人，检验HSC-21的结构效度、效标效度及内部一致性信度，使用中国大五人格问卷(CBF-PI)神经质、开放性、外向性分量表以及行为抑制-激活系统量表(BIS/BAS)的BIS分量表为效标工具。2周后选取其中初中生100人完成重测。结果:验证性因子分析显示HSC-21为三因子双因子模型(χ²/df=2.90,CFI=0.93,TLI=0.91,RMSEA=0.04);HSC-21总分及低感觉阈值得分与CBF-PI神经质、开放性得分及BIS得分均呈正相关(r=0.38、0.15、0.40,均P<0.01)。总量表的Cronbach α系数为0.81,易刺激性、低感觉阈值、审美敏感性3个因子的Cronbach α系数为0.70、0.69、0.77;总量表的重测信度(ICC)为0.70,3个因子的ICC为0.68、0.72、0.66。结论:高敏感儿童量表21条目版(HSC-21)测评中学生群体显示出良好的效度和信度，可以作为环境敏感性水平的测量工具。     

金钱激励延迟任务中抑郁症动机行为损害的计算建模研究

目的：本研究旨在使用金钱激励延迟任务（MID）和计算行为建模方法，探索首发未服药重性抑郁障碍患者（major depressive disorder, MDD）在奖赏和惩罚条件下动机行为的心理机制。方法：55名MDD患者和37名健康对照(healthy controls, HC)进行临床量表评估和金钱激励延迟任务，运用漂移扩散模型对两组被试不同条件下的漂移率进行分析和统计检验。结果：MDD组反应时显著长于HC组。漂移扩散模型分析显示，MDD组在奖赏条件下的加工速度显著低于健康对照组，但在惩罚和中性条件下均无显著差异。结论：本研究创新性地提供了计算建模的实证依据，支持MDD患者在奖赏条件下动机行为学习损害的存在，并提示在不同效价目标下MDD动机行为的损害可能存在分离。计算行为建模的方法探索到了普通行为学难以观察到的细微差异，对临床实践转化具有重要意义。     

认知行为治疗中的行为分析

行为分析 (BehaviorAnalysis)做为一项心理治疗技术 ,被国外心理治疗师广泛应用 ,它通常不独立完成对心理问题的干预 ,而是在认知行为治疗的开始或治疗过程中经常体现到它的存在。有学者把这一概念又称为行为功能分析 (Be haviorFunctionalAnalysis)。 1974年 ,Dwight著书《行为与系统分析 :一项精神健康的整合方法》 ,提出人的各种行为对人躯体和精神的影响[1 ] ,有必要进行行为分析。 1978年 ,Hollin等人在《认知行为治疗的研究与应用》———书中把行为分析理论用到心理治疗过程中[2 ] 。 1999年Julian等人在《行为分析 :心理学的应…     

隔代带养儿童心理行为问题对比分析

既往研究发现散居儿童的心理行为问题较多 ,且检出率与带养人有关[1] 。本文对带养人因素进了专题研究。在沙市崇文街道办事处辖区共有 3-7岁散居儿童 817人中 ,根据主要带养人 ,将愿意配合的家庭分为隔代抚养组 (祖父母或外祖父母带养 )与父母抚养组 (对照组 )各 3 5 0例。在街道居委会家长学校的协助下 ,对两组带养人进行了相同的心理行为健康干预。第一月每周依次讲授儿童心理行为发育特点、儿童行为习惯培养、儿童常见心理行为问题及对策等内容 ,以后每两月开展一次儿童心理行为问题咨询辅导 ,先后进行了 5次 ,共有 686人次参加。两组带…     

Development of the behavioral inhibition system/behavioral approach system scales

The purpose of present studies was to create brief self-report scales to assess individual differences in the sensitivity of two neurological self-regulatory systems; one is the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) which bears on aversive motivation, and the other is the behavioral approach system (BAS) which bears on appetitive motivation. Scale development was reported in study 1, and convergent and discriminant validation using alternative measures of similar constructs was reported in study 2. In study 3, positive and negative affect was manipulated in a controlled setting. Results were consistent with the hypothesis that participants with higher BIS sensitivity would show heightened emotional reactivity to negative mood induction, whereas higher BAS sensitivity would show heightened reactivity to positive mood induction. Furthermore, results indicated that higher BAS sensitivity not only inhibited negative affect in response to negative mood induction but also facilitated recovery from negative mood states. These results suggested that abnormal sensitivity of either system may be a vulnerability factor of psychopathology, when specific situational cues are present.     

Specificity of behavioral regulation

A critical review of some relevant data concerning water deprivation induced drinking, water and food deprivation induced drinking, food associated ad lib drinking, salt arousal of drinking, peripheral modulation of deprivation induced drinking and a discussion of the similarities to adjunctive drinking are presented. The specificity of the physiological basis of drinking is questioned and the role of environmental stimuli and orogastric stimulation in the elicitation and maintenance of licking is emphasized. Some unique properties of a lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic-brainstem motor control system are described and suggested as a possible mechanism for adjunctive behavior. The generality and significance of schedule induced polydipsia as a function of this system was demonstrated.     

Neuropharmacogenetics and behavioral genetics

Genetic studies of neurotransmitter processes to date differ from most behavioral genetic studies in that the former have rarely considered individual variability, have tended to look only for single-gene effects, and generally have overlooked or ignored environmental influences. After examining these differences, we suggest that a rapprochement between the two fields will yield synergistic benefits in studies of the genetics of neuropharmacological processes as they affect behavior.The preparation of this paper was supported in part by NIAAA National Alcohol Research Center Grant AA-03527. R.P. is the recipient of Research Scientist Development Award AA-00041.     

Partitioning of behavioral arousal

Rats given continuous access to running wheels exhibited depressed stabilimeter and rearing activity in novel environments. Whereas starvation increased running wheel activity, it depressed stabilimeter activity markedly and increased rearing slightly, but not significantly. Relative to animals fed ad lib, starved rats exhibited an absence of intersession habituation of stabilimeter responses and diminished intrasession habituation of rearing responses. Whereas running wheel behavior was correlated with percent body weight loss, stabilimeter and rearing responses were not. These data accentuate the heterogeneity of so-called behavioral arousal.     

Cognitive behavioral and behavioral interventions help young children cope during a voiding cystourethrogram

OBJECTIVE: To reduce young children's distress and increase coping behavior among children undergoing a voiding cystourethrogram (VCU). METHODS: Three- to seven-year-old children were stratified based on prior VCU experience and randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 20) or a standard care (n = 20) condition. The intervention included provision of information, coping skills training, and parent coaching. We hypothesized that the intervention would reduce children's distress as assessed by child report, parent and technician ratings, and behavioral observations. RESULTS: Children in the intervention displayed fewer distress behaviors and greater coping behaviors and were rated as more cooperative than children receiving standard care. Children's fear and pain ratings did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS: A cognitive-behavioral treatment package effectively reduced children's distress, increased coping, and increased cooperation during voiding cystourethrogram procedures. This type of an intervention should be integrated into routine pediatric radiological procedures.     

Sex differences in behavioral despair: relationships between behavioral despair and open field activity

Many studies have reported sex differences in the rates of depression in humans. Due to experimental problems, the nature of these sexual differences is still unknown. In the present study, we quantify the sex differences in depression using two animal models. Both the Porsolt et al. test and the Hilakivi and Hilakivi forced swimming test have shown that the duration of immobility is higher in the male than in the female. Sexual differences in the animal models of depression are probably unrelated to general activity differences because there is no significant correlation between activity in both tests. However, the correlation between the two models of depression used reached statistical significance. Finally, the immobility levels in the Porsolt test were similar in the different stages of the estrous cycle.     

Cognitive assessment in behavioral medicine

This article suggests conceptual and procedural limits on a strict operant approach to assessment in behavioral medicine. Several areas of concern to physicians and psychologists are discussed, highlighting the potential role of cognitive assessment methods. These areas include: pain, placebo, and expectancy effects, coping strategies, compliance/noncompliance with medical recommendations, self-regulatory disorders, and the broad domains of prediction and prevention. It is concluded that methods of gauging potentially important perceptual, evaluational, motivational, or stylistic mediators of health, illness, and response to medical treatment should be validated and included among the tools of the clinical assessor in behavioral medicine.