HPV分型检测及其在宫颈病变中的意义

目的:探讨人乳头瘤病毒（human papilloma virus,HPV）21种基因型分型检测及其临床意义。方法:对我院门诊及住院因阴道不适症状就诊的1 636位女性进行HPV基因分型检测,比较不同基因型与临床疾病的特点。结果:本组资料中总的HPV感染率为28.0%（458/1636）,检测出19种基因型,高危型最常见的类型为HPV16、58、52、53,低危型最常见的类型为HPV-81CP（8304）、HPV6;随着宫颈病变程度的升高,其HPV感染率呈趋势性增加;HPV感染有年龄集中趋势,30~49岁组感染比例最高,占51.3%,但各年龄段感染占该年龄段总就诊人数比例无明显差异;HPV感染各民族间分布未见明显差异。结论:HPV亚型感染与宫颈病变的不同程度关系密切,为宫颈癌的筛查、防治提供初步理论依据。     

粤东地区妇女 人乳头瘤病毒感染 情况和亚型分布 及其与宫颈癌的关系

目的：检测粤东地区妇女人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染情况及亚型分布,探讨其与宫颈癌的关系。方法：选取2015年10月-2016年9月粤东地区7家三级医院30 000例行宫颈筛查的妇女作为研究对象。收集所有对象宫颈脱落细胞,采用HybriMax方法对HPV感染情况进行检测。对8 739例宫颈病变患者进行宫颈组织活检与HPV分型。比较分析不同病变类型以及年龄段HPV感染率与亚型分布。结果：脱落细胞检查个体中,HPV阳性者9 000例,感染率为30.00%。在8 739例行宫颈活检的宫颈病变患者中,HPV感染率为58.29%（5 094/8 739）,慢性宫颈炎中HPV感染率为40.00%（1 088/2 720）,CINⅠ中为53.59%（1 396/2 605）,CINⅡ/Ⅲ中为71.61%（1 647/2 300）,宫颈癌中为86.45%（963/1 114）。在各种宫颈病变中,HPV 16、18、33、58、52是最常见的高危亚型,感染率依次是14.02%、6.28%、5.23%、4.46%、3.71%。在宫颈癌患者中,最常见的亚型是HPV 16; ≥ 60岁的人群中HPV感染率最高,达到49.92%。结论：粤东地区HPV感染最常见的亚型为16、18、33、58、52型,宫颈病变程度越重,HPV的感染率越高。在宫颈癌患者中,HPV 16是最为常见的亚型,中老年患者的HPV感染率高于年轻人,单一感染可能更易导致宫颈癌的发生。     

人乳头瘤病毒与宫颈病变的相关性研究

目的探讨宫颈病变与HPVDNA基因型感染的关系。方法导流杂交基因分型技术检测HPVDNA。结果炎症、CINI、CINII、CINIII及宫颈癌中HPV感染率分别为62．24％、67．64％、91．67％、96．87％、96．00％;宫颈病变中6种最常见的HPV基因型为16、18、52、58、33、31。炎症、CINI、CINII、CINIII及宫颈癌患者多重感染率分别为19。0％、35．8％、45．9％、54．9％、60．8％、70．2％。结论随宫颈病变程度加重HPV感染率增加,宫颈病变中6种最常见HPV基因型为16、18、52、58、33、31。多重HPV感染可能促进宫颈癌的发生。     

人乳头瘤病毒感染亚型与宫颈病变的关系

目的探讨HPV感染与宫颈病变发生的关系。方法将病理检查确诊宫颈有病变的187例患者分为3组:慢性炎症组(n=41)、宫颈上皮瘤变(CIN)组(n=62)和宫颈癌组(n=84)。采用人乳头瘤病毒核酸扩增分型技术对患者宫颈脱落细胞样本作HPV基因分型检测,分析HPV感染状况及HPV基因型在各组疾病中的分布。结果 1187例患者中共检出HPV阳性者136例,阳性率为72.72%(136/187),其中高危型HPV感染阳性率为95.58%(130/136)。在被测的21个HPV亚型中最常见的6个类型依次为16型(46.32%、63/136),58型(21.32%、29/136),52型(15.44%、21/136),18型(12.50%、17/136),33型(9.56%、13/136),31型(8.09%、11/136),未检测出44型、43型及6型。2慢性炎症组HPV阳性率为14.63%(6/41);CIN组HPV阳性率为85.48%(53/62)、其中CINⅠ组、CINⅡ组、CINⅢ组中HPV感染率分别为62.50%(10/16)、90.47%(19/21)、96.00%(24/25);宫颈癌组HPV阳性率91.67%(77/84)。CIN及宫颈癌组HPV阳性率均高于炎症组,而CINⅡ~CINⅢ组及宫颈癌组HPV阳性率又明显高于CINⅠ组。3组阳性表达率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3HPV阳性者中单一感染率为67.65(92/136),多重感染率为32.35%(44/136),其中以双重感染为主,占79.55%(35/44)。4HPV感染患者年龄以30~59岁最高,但各年龄段HPV感染检出率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。5慢性炎症组、CIN组和宫颈癌组的16型感染率分别为16.67%(1/6)、47.16%(25/53)、48.05%(37/77)。CIN组和宫颈癌组的16型感染率高于慢性炎症组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 HPV感染与宫颈病变发生、发展密切相关,HPV基因分型诊断对宫颈病变高危人群的筛查、预防、临床诊断、治疗可提供重要的理论依据。     

年轻女性宫颈人乳头瘤病毒感染亚型与宫颈病变的调查

目的：探讨年轻女性（年龄25~35岁）人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染亚型与宫颈病变的特点。方法采集1273例患者宫颈上皮细胞标本,采用PCR-反向点杂交法对其进行21种HPV分型的检测。结果1273例年轻女性患者,HPV阳性有130例,检出率为10.2%;单一型感染为115例,包括高危型感染105例,感染率为91.3%,低危型感染10例,感染率为8.7%;最常见高危型是HPV16,共35例,其次为HPV58,共17例;HPV16感染导致宫颈高级别上皮内瘤变10例,低级别上皮内瘤变11例;高危HPV阳性患者,宫颈活检证实为鳞状细胞癌的病例2例,均是HPV16感染。结论年轻女性HPV阳性检出率较高,以单一型感染和高危型感染为主,高危型HPV感染与宫颈高级别上皮内瘤变和宫颈癌的发生密切相关,其中HPV16亚型是导致年轻女性宫颈癌的主要原因。     

成都市9142例女性HPV感染状况、亚型分布及与宫颈病变的关系分析

目的：分析成都市9142例女性人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus, HPV)感染状况、基因亚型分布特征及与宫颈病变的关系,为预防HPV感染及宫颈病变和宫颈癌的防治提供参考。方法：收集2015年1月-2019年12月我院妇科9142例女性就诊者的宫颈分泌物,采用PCR荧光探针法进行HPV基因分型检测,分析HPV感染率、基因亚型分布及年龄分布特征,并比较不同HPV基因亚型与宫颈鳞状上皮内病变的关系。结果：HPV感染率为20.91%,单一HPV感染有1502例(78.23%);多重感染占21.77%。23种HPV基因亚型均有检出,检出率最高的前5位HPV亚型依次为HPV52、16、53、58、51,均为高危亚型。各年龄组感染率呈“V”形分布, HPV 感染率的年龄分布之间,差异有统计学意义(χ2=86.038,P<0.001)。在单一感染患者中,≥55岁组感染率最高(24.00%),其次为25~29岁组(17.51%);在多重感染患者中,<25岁组染率最高(14.71%),其次为≥55岁组(10.50%)。高危亚型的HPV感染者发生宫颈鳞状上皮内病变的比例明显高于低危亚型HPV感染者[45.92%(759/1653) vs 26.25%(68/259); χ2=35.267, P<0.001]。结论：成都市女性HPV感染率较高,年龄分布以<25岁组和≥55岁组感染率最高,感染率排在前5位的基因亚型依次为HPV52、16、53、58、51,均为高危亚型,高危亚型HPV感染患者发生宫颈鳞状上皮内病变的风险较低危亚型更高。     

1081例患者宫颈HR-HPV感染情况分析

目的:了解一年内昆山市中医医院妇科就诊的患者宫颈各级病变中高危型人乳头瘤病毒（HR-HPV）感染情况及昆山地区妇女未来接种HPV疫苗的类型。方法:回顾性分析2015年7月至2016年7月昆山市中医医院妇科门诊接受宫颈癌三阶梯筛查中具有宫颈活检病理检查结果且HR-HPV阳性的1 081例患者。结果:宫颈炎症的患者共927例,以HPV52亚型最普遍;低级别宫颈鳞状上皮内病变共66例,HPV51、HPV52两种亚型常见。高级别宫颈鳞状上皮内病变及宫颈癌共88例,以HPV16亚型最常见。据宫颈组织病理学,单一HPV感染与多重HPV感染在宫颈各级病变中差异无统计学意义。结论:HPV52亚型是昆山地区生育期女性宫颈HPV感染最常见的类型。宫颈病变级别与HPV感染类型数目无关,即多重HPV同时感染不加重宫颈病变的进展。     

广元及周边地区宫颈疾病妇女人乳头状瘤病毒感染现状分析

目的分析广元地区宫颈疾病妇女人乳头状瘤病毒（HPV）感染的现状。方法选取2012年10月11日至2013年6月17日间门诊及住院就诊的1260名患宫颈疾病患者。采集患者的宫颈脱落细胞标本,应用导流杂交基因分型技术（HybriMax）对其进行HPV检测和基因分型。分析广元地区宫颈疾病感染HPV的概率、高危型HPV（HR-HPV）的感染率,以及比邻地区HPV亚型的分布现状。结果宫颈疾病HPV感染率为36.6%,重叠感染率为13.4%,高危型（HR-HPV）感染率为47.5%,低危型（LR-HPV）感染率为27.9%,HR-HPV感染率高于LR-HPV感染率。排在前5位的感染型为HPV-58、52、16、53、33;人群HPV年龄段总感染率在≤24岁组出现高峰,而后又在35～39岁组出现高峰,45～49岁组出现低谷,≥60岁出现升高,≥60岁组HPV感染率最高。宫颈炎症患者感染HPV类型谱以高危型HPV-16、58及低危型HPV 11为主,宫颈不典型增生患者感染HPV类型谱以高危型HPV-16、52、58为主,宫颈癌患者HPV类型谱以高危型HPV-16为主。结论广元地地宫颈疾病妇女人乳头状瘤病毒（HPV）感染现状为高感染率和高重叠感染率,HPV的亚型不同,且不同地区HPV亚型的分布也不同。     

重庆市627例宫颈癌患者人乳头瘤病毒感染状况分析

目的：分析来自重庆市的宫颈癌患者的人乳头瘤病毒（human papilloma virus, HPV）感染状况及基因亚型分布,为宫颈癌的区域性防治提供参考。方法：对我院 2021 年 7 月至 12 月确诊的 627 例重庆籍宫颈癌患者进行 HPV 基因分型检测,并对检测结果进行统计分析。结果：宫颈癌患者的 HPV 感染率为 92.34%。以单一感染为主（71.61%）,二重感染次之（15.47%）。宫颈鳞癌的 HPV 总体感染率、二重感染率、多重感染率均明显高于宫颈腺癌,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。总体检出率最高的前 5 位 HPV 亚型全部为高危人乳头瘤病毒,分别为：HPV16、18、58、52、33,感染率分别为 54.07%、7.66%、6.70%、4.47%、3.83%。不同年龄组宫颈癌患者 HPV 感染率之间,差异无统计学意义（χ2 = 1.705,P = 0.790）。HPV16 亚型作为优势亚型在不同年龄组宫颈癌患者中的感染率均为第 1 位,HPV52 亚型在 21 ~ 29 岁年龄组感染率较高,HPV58 亚型在 40 ~ 59 岁年龄组感染率较高,HPV18 亚型癌 30 ~ 39 岁和≥ 60 岁年龄组的感染率较高。结论：重庆地区宫颈癌患者 HPV 感染以单一感染为主,二重感染次之;感染率最高的前 5 位 HPV 亚型分别为：HPV16、18、58、52、33,全部为 HPV 高危亚型,且 HPV16亚型的感染率远远高于其他亚型。     

宫颈高级别病变与HPV感染型别分析

目的探讨HPV在宫颈高级别病变中的感染率及感染型别。方法采用导流杂交法分别检测CINII～Ⅲ30例和宫颈癌患者160例HPV基因型别,比较HPV感染与宫颈病变的关系。结果CINⅡ～III和宫颈癌患者HPV感染率均为90％,且以单型别感染为主,分别为70．37％（19／27）、81．94％（118／144）;在CIN II～Ⅲ中HPV58型、52型感染居多,宫颈癌则以HPV16型、18型感染最常见;无论宫颈鳞癌还是宫颈腺癌,以HPV16型检出率最高。结论HPV16型、18型是宫颈癌的主要致病型,不同病理类型并无HPV型别上的差异;宫颈上皮高级别内瘤变则以HPV58型、52型感染为主;对HPV58型、52型感染者应重视随访。     

High-Risk and Low-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma at Mazandaran, Northern Iran

Cancers are the second most common cause of non-accidental deaths in Iran, following cardiovascular deaths. Mazandaran, near the Caspian Littoral at north of Iran have identified as a several-high incidence area for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) in the world. Several associated risk factors, such as dietary and cultural habits, infectious agents, nutritional deficiencies, too much use of tobacco and alcohol and infection to certain DNA tumor viruses (HPVs), including environmental and genetic factors are attributed to this disease. To explore this issue, we analyzed HPV DNA prevalence and HPV types together in relation to tumor sites a high-incidence population. Archived tissue blocks from 46, 69 and 62 upper, middle and lower third of esophagus, respectively from ESCC patients were evaluated for the presence of HPV DNA by PCR using the degenerate HPV L1 consensus primer pairs MY09/MY11. The positive specimens were evaluated by Real-time PCR to determine HPV genotypes. From the 49 HPV positive cases, of ESCC patients, 5 (23.1 %), 11 (55 %) and 9 (56.3 %) of upper, middle and lower third of ESCC specimens, respectively were positive by at least one high and one low-risk HPV genotypes. In general, HPV45 and HPV11 were the most common high- risk and low-risk HPV genotypes in HPV L1 positive cases, respectively, followed by HPV6, HPV52 and HPV39. Therefore, the high prevalence of HPV DNA in different anatomical sites of ESCC patients from the Mazandaran region in North of Iran provides more evidence for a role of HPV in this cancer.     

High Risk Human Papilloma Virus Genotypes in Kurdistan Region in Patients with Vaginal Discharge

Background: The human papilloma virus (HPV) is considered as the major risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. This virus is of different genotypes and generally can be classified into high and low risk types. Objective: To determine the rate of high risk HPV genotypes in women with vaginal discharge and lower abdominal pain in Kurdistan region, Iraq. Materials and Methods: Cervical swabs were taken from 104 women. DNA was extracted and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to determine the presence of high risk genotypes. Results: It was found that 13/104 (12.5%) of the samples were positive for high risk HPV genotypes. Amongst those who were positive, 4/13 (30.7%) were typed as genotype 16 and 7/13 (53.8%) showed mixed genotyping. On the other hand, genotypes 53 and 56 were found in only one sample each. Conclusions: High risk HPV genotypes are not uncommon and further community based study is needed to determine the prevalence of HPV and its genotypes and plan for prevention of infection.     

Human Papillomavirus Genotyping among Different Cervical Smears in Duhok/Iraq

Background/Objective: Cervical cancer ranks the second among the most common gynecologic cancers. This studywas established to determine the distribution of cervical HPV genotypes among different Pap readings in Duhok/Iraq.Methods: Between January and September-2016, HPV-DNA was tested in 64 women. Genotyping was carried out bythe hybridization reverse blot technique. Cervical smears were taken, performed by ThinPrep technique and stained byPap stain. Results: Twenty six (40.6%) cases were positive for HPV, 12 (46.2%) in normal and 14 (53.8%) in abnormalPap smears. 39 (19 high-risk and 16 low-risk) genotypes were identified. The high risk group comprised 6 HPV16, 4HPV18, 2 HPV66, 2 HPV52, 2 HPV39, 1 HPV56, 1 HPV31 and 1 HPV45. The 16 low risk strains encompassed 4HPV6 strains, 4 HPV71, 2 HPV54 and 2 HPV83, HPV11, HPV61 HPV84, and HPV62. Mixed infections were describedin 4 women (6.25%), limited to the NILM, ASC-US and LSIL smears. They included variable admixtures of 7 highrisk genotypes, HPV39 (both copies), HPV66 (both copies), HPV52, HPV31, HPV45 and 6 low risk strains: HPV83,HPV6, HPV11, HPV54, HPV62 and HPV71. Conclusions: The higher frequency of HR-HPV than the LR-HPV withidentification of 4 mixed cases indicates that our women are at risk of developing cervical cancer. Detection of HR-HPVin NILM and ASC-US smears with restriction of some strains to these 2 categories highlights the great value of HPVgenotyping as a surrogate test to pick up unscreened women at risk of developing cervical malignancy particularlywhen a proper screening program is absent.     

Anal and perianal squamous carcinomas and high‐grade intraepithelial lesions exclusively associated with “low‐risk” HPV genotypes 6 and 11

Anal squamous cell carcinomas are predominantly associated with high‐risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), particularly HPV 16, similar to cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancers. Although the presence of “low‐risk” HPVs, in particular genotypes 6 and 11, have occasionally been reported in various HPV‐related anogenital cancers, the overall distribution of these genotypes in the anal canal and perianal tissue may differ to that in the cervix. In addition, although the majority of anal and perianal cancers are associated with HPV, some are not; hence, confirmation of direct association of the virus within a lesion is important. Using laser capture microdissection, anal and perianal invasive carcinomas and high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) in biopsies previously associated with HPV 6 or 11 alone were isolated from tissue sections and HPV genotype tested. Of seven cases tested, four invasive carcinomas were positive for HPV 6 only, one invasive carcinoma was negative for HPV and two HSILs were positive for HPV 11 only. All samples were confirmed as HPV 16/18 negative using two different DNA targets (E6 and L1). From these results, we confirm that HPV 6 and 11 can occasionally be associated with high‐grade lesion and anal cancer.     

Association between high-risk HPV types, HLA DRB1* and DQB1* alleles and cervical cancer in British women

Cervical scrapes from 116 British women referred with cervical cancer were tested for the presence of high oncogenic risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes (HPV(hr)). Ninety-four per cent of the scrapes had one or more of these virus types and 66% were HPV16-positive. HPV18 was more frequent in adenocarcinoma. No evidence was found for an increased cancer risk associated with the HPV16 E6 350G variant. The HLA DRB1* and DQB1* alleles in these women and in 155 women with normal cytology and negative for HPV(hr) DNA were compared. DQB1*0301 alone (2P = 0.02) and in combination with DRB1*0401 (2P = 0.02) was found to be associated with cervical cancer. This was more marked in cancers positive for HPV types other than HPV16. In contrast, DRB1*1501 alone and in combination with DQB1*0602 was not significantly elevated in cancers overall, but did show some excess in HPV16-positive cancers (2P = 0.05), associated with HPV16-positive cervical cancers. Taking all cancers together, a marginally significant protective effect was found for DQB1*0501 (2P = 0.03) but no protective effect could be seen for DRB1*1301.     

Analysis of the Prevalence and Quantification of viral load of different human papillomavirus types in Turkish women population

Background: Persistent infection with high-risk (HR) Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) genotypes has been shown to play a significant role in the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and CC (cervical cancer). The present study aimed to determine the distribution and quantification of viral load of HPV genotypes in numerous genital samples obtained from women undergoing routine gynaecological care in different regions of Turkey. Methods:HPV typing was done by HPV QUANT-21 Quantitative RT-PCR Kit®, which is intended for the specific identification and quantification of low-risk (HPV 6, 11, 44) and high-risk (HPV 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73, 82) from female subjects in Turkey. Results: From the total of 5975 samples, 2777 were positive for at least one HPV genotype, with an overall frequency of 46.4%. 1695 patients were positive for only one or more LR-HPV genotypes (61%) and 812 patients were positive for one or more HR-HPV genotypes (29%). The frequency of LR-HPV genotypes was 31.4%, while the frequency of HR-HPV genotypes was 118.8%. Our tecnology had a positive advantage to calculate the concentration of each genotypes. Although genotype 52 ranked fifth in frequency, it showed the highest mean concentration, with a value of 5.38 log (copies/sample). Conclusion:The presence and genotype of viruses before HPV vaccination have also gained importance. The data obtained would provide guidance for prevention strategies, mainly of vaccination. We decided to add a new estimate to the effectiveness of currently available HPV vaccines and the development of screening programs to prevent and decrease the incidence of CC in Turkey. Further studies would be planned to measure and define the high infection level that can lead to the development of cervical neoplasia. Using this tecnology could give us a clinical desicion to degree the cytological changes.     

A genetic variant within MDM4 3′UTR miRNA binding site is associated with HPV16‐positive tumors and survival of oropharyngeal cancer

As mouse double minute 4 (MDM4) and HPV16 E6 oncoproteins play important roles in inhibition of p53 activity, a functional polymorphism (rs4245739) in the 3′ untranslated regions of MDM4 targeted by microRNA‐191 may alter its expression level or functional efficiency, thus affecting tumor status and survival in human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx (SCCOP). A total of 564 incident SCCOP patients with definitive radiotherapy were included for determination of tumor HPV16 status and genotypes of the polymorphism. Univariate and multivariable Cox models were performed to assess the associations between the polymorphism and outcomes. We found that MDM4 rs4245739 had statistically significant associations with tumor HPV‐positivity and survival of SCCOP patients. Patients with AC/CC variant genotypes of MDM4 rs4245739 were approximately 3‐fold more likely to be HPV16‐positive tumors among SCCOP patients compared with common homozygous AA genotype (adjusted odds ratio = 3.2, 95% confidence interval = 1.9‐5.5). Moreover, patients with MDM4 rs4245739 AC/CC variant genotypes had significantly better overall, disease‐specific, and disease‐free survival compared with those with the corresponding common homozygous AA genotype (all log‐rank = P < .05); and these genotypes were significantly associated with an approximately three to four times reduced risk of overall death, death owing to disease, and recurrence after multivariable adjustment. Finally, the significant effects of MDM4 rs4245739 polymorphism on survival were found among HPV16‐positive SCCOP patients only after the stratified analyses by tumor HPV status. We concluded that MDM4 rs4245739 polymorphism is significantly associated with tumor HPV status and survival of SCCOP, especially in HPV16‐positive SCCOP patients treated with definitive radiotherapy; nevertheless, prospective larger studies are warranted.     

High risk HPV types in southern Iranian patients with cervical cancer

This study was undertaken to assess the rate of HPV infection in cervical carcinoma among southern Iranian patients. 101 archival cervical carcinoma tissue samples of a 10 year period were studied for the presence of HPV DNA in southern Iran by a polymerase chain reaction method. In addition, the presence of high risk HPV-16 and HPV-18 genotypes was investigated. In total, 88 (87.1%) of the samples were HPV DNA positive, of which 83 were squamous cell carcinomas and 5 were adenocarcinomas. HPV-16 genotype was detected in 26.7% of HPV positive cervical carcinomas; however, none of the samples were positive for the existence of HPV-18 genotype. Collectively, these results suggest that HPV-16 and HPV-18 are not the frequent high risk HPV types in our patients and circulating HPV types in southern Iranian population are different from many other populations.     

Epidemiology of HPV genotypes in Uganda and the role of the current preventive vaccines: A systematic review

Background

Limited data are available on the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in the general population and in invasive cervical cancer (ICC) in Uganda. Yet, with the advent of preventive HPV vaccines that target HPV 16 and 18 responsible for causing about 70% of ICC cases in the world, such information is crucial to predict how vaccination and HPV-based screening will influence prevention of ICC.

Methods

To review the distribution of HPV infection and prevalent genotypes, electronic databases (e.g. PubMed/MEDLINE and HINARI) were searched for peer reviewed English articles on HPV infection up to November 30, 2010. Eligible studies were selected according to the following criteria: DNA-confirmed cervical or male genital HPV prevalence and genotypes, HPV incidence estimates and HPV seroprevalence among participants.

Results

Twenty studies were included in the review. Among HIV negative adult women, the prevalence of HR-HPV infections ranged from 10.2% -40.0% compared to 37.0% -100.0% among HIV positive women. Among HIV positive young women aged below 25 years, the prevalence of HR-HPV genotypes ranged from 41.6% -75.0% compared to 23.7% -67.1% among HIV negative women. Multiple infections with non vaccine HR-HPV genotypes were frequent in both HIV positive and HIV negative women. The main risk factors for prevalent HPV infections were age, lifetime number of sexual partners and HIV infection. Incident infections with HR-HPV genotypes were more frequent among adult HIV positive than HIV negative women estimated at 17.3 and 7.0 per 100 person-years, respectively. Similarly, incident HR-HPV among young women aged below 25 years were more frequent among HIV positive (40.0 per 100 person-years) than HIV negative women (20.3 per 100 person-years) women. The main risk factor for incident infection was HIV infection. HPV 16 and 18 were the most common genotypes in ICC with HPV 16/18 contributing up to 73.5% of cases with single infections. Among uncircumcised adult HIV positive males, HR-HPV prevalence ranged from 55.3% -76.6% compared to 38.6% -47.6% in HIV negative males. Incident and multiple HR-HPV infections were frequent in HIV positive males. Being uncircumcised was the main risk factor for both prevalent and incident HPV infection.

Conclusion

Infections with HR-HPV genotypes were very common particularly among HIV positive individuals and young women irrespective of HIV status. Given the high prevalence of HIV infection, HPV-associated conditions represent a major public health burden in Uganda. However, although the most common HPV genotypes in ICC cases in Uganda were those targeted by current preventive vaccines, there were a large number of individuals infected with other HR-HPV genotypes. Technology allowing, these other HR-HPV types should be considered in the development of the next generation of vaccines.