我国居民膳食脂类摄入量的研究

目的:研究我国居民膳食脂肪、胆固醇和脂肪酸摄入量状况,为进行合理的膳食指导提供基础资料。 方法: 在我国北方和南方各选两个区,每个区包括3个省、市或自治区。 在每个省、市、自治区内选出3个具有代表性的调查点。 采用三日称重和记帐法进行膳食调查,记录烹调方法。以调查点为单位计算每个标准人(体重63 kg成年男子) 每日的食物消费量。将食物聚为12类,各类食物均为烹调后制成的混合样品。其中8类样品测定脂肪、脂肪酸含量,4类样品测定胆固醇含量。 计算出各个地区每人每日脂肪、胆固醇、脂肪酸的摄入量。 结果: 北方一区、北方二区、南方一区、南方二区居民每人每日脂肪摄入量分别为70.5 g, 46.5 g, 58.7 g, 71.0 g, 胆固醇摄入量分别为 329.6 mg, 128.5 mg, 400.9mg, 306.0 mg。 膳食脂肪的主要来源是肉类和蔬菜类食物。三个地区胆固醇的主要来源是蛋类食物,南方二区肉类食物提供的膳食胆固醇量与蛋类食物非常接近。四个地区约90%的膳食饱和脂肪酸是棕榈酸和硬脂酸, 90%的单不饱和脂肪酸是油酸。亚油酸是最主要的n-6系列多不饱和脂肪酸,α-亚麻酸是最主要的n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸。 S∶M∶P的比例分别是, 北方一区1∶1.1∶1.1, 北方二区 1∶1.6∶1.3, 南方一区1∶1.6∶1.3, 南方二区 1∶1.5∶1。     

青岛市体检人群日常膳食脂肪摄入调查分析

目的探讨青岛居民日常膳食中脂肪的摄入量,分析膳食脂肪摄入构成。方法在青岛市市立医院2012年健康查体人群中随机抽取189例进行体格检查、病史调查、空腹血生化检查、膳食调查。通过简化的食物频率表进行现场调查问卷,询问每一个调查对象过去一年中各类食物的摄入频率和摄人量。结果青岛居民每日每人粮谷类食物的平均摄入量约200g,薯类食物约26g,畜禽肉及内脏约85g,海产品约73g,其中小黄鱼、海虾和蛤蜊的摄入量较其他海产品高;坚果类和油脂类平均摄入量分别约23g和40g,摄入量较高。脂肪约占摄入总能量的37％,其中比重最高的为油脂类,约占摄入脂肪的43％,其次为坚果类（约11％）,其他分别为畜禽肉类（约5％）,海产品（约1．8％）。饱和脂肪酸（SFA）：单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）：多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的比值为1：1．5：1．49,比例不均衡,其中MUFA、PUFA占总脂肪酸比例较高,而ω-3PUFA摄入量较低,人均每天仅约为0．15g。结论青岛居民膳食中营养素摄入齐全,脂肪摄人偏高,脂肪酸比例失衡,这样的膳食结构不利于预防和控制血脂异常及心血管等疾病。     

中国八省成人膳食脂肪摄入状况及变化趋势分析——中国八省实例研究

目的 :　探讨 1 991～ 1 997年中国成人膳食脂肪摄入量、脂肪食物来源及其组成变化趋势。方法 :　利用“中国居民健康与营养调查”的资料 ,选取 1 991、1 993和 1 997年调查中 1 8～ 6 5岁健康成人作为研究对象 ,以成人膳食脂肪摄入量、脂肪供能比、脂肪食物来源和脂肪酸组成作为评价居民脂肪摄入状况的指标 ,以 SAS软件对数据库资料进行统计分析。结果及结论 :　 1 991～1 997年在城市、郊区和县城三类地区成人脂肪摄入量增加 ,脂肪提供能量在总能量中所占比例提高 ,城市已达到 3 4 .79%。胆固醇摄入量也呈增加趋势 ,城市居民胆固醇平均摄入水平已达到3 6 1 .5 5 mg/d。植物油脂和动物性食物消费量增加已成为城市居民脂肪摄入提高的主要原因。饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸在总能量中所占比例均呈提高趋势 ,其中以单不饱和脂肪酸增长最快。农村居民膳食脂肪摄入状况稳定在较低的摄入水平。     

学龄儿童脂肪摄入量调查分析

以北京某小学9～11岁学龄儿童202名为研究对象进行3日膳食调查。结果表明．平均每人每日摄入总热量6538．8KJ，占供给量标准的76．23％。热量来源：蛋白质占13．3％，脂肪占39．2％，碳水化合物占47.4％。脂肪摄入量68．2g，其中动物性脂肪35.9g．占脂肪总量的53％，摄入不饱和脂肪酸14．3g，饱和脂肪酸18.5g，P／S比值为0.77，胆固醇摄入量为430.3mg。上述结果表明该人群热能摄入量不足，而脂肪供热比偏高．摄入胆固醇量偏高。文中建议改善学龄儿童的膳食．增加主食量，减少动物性脂肪和含胆固醇多的食物摄入量，以利于学龄儿童身体健康。     

2017年成都地区孕妇脂肪和脂肪酸摄入水平及来源的纵向研究

目的 分析成都地区孕妇各孕期脂肪和脂肪酸摄入量、食物来源。方法 利用2017年成都孕妇队列数据，选取成都市某三甲妇幼医疗机构产前门诊建卡的1652名孕6～14周单胎健康孕妇作为研究对象。采用3天24小时膳食回顾法分别于孕早、中、晚期收集食物摄入种类及数量，通过问卷调查收集孕妇二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)补充剂摄入剂量及频率，计算DHA补充剂平均每日摄入量。参照美国农业部国家营养数据库和《中国食物成分表(第6版)》计算孕早、中、晚期脂肪和脂肪酸平均每日摄入量，并分析食物来源。依据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2013版)》评价脂肪和脂肪酸摄入水平。结果 研究对象总脂肪和各类脂肪酸摄入量随孕期增加呈上升趋势。孕早、中、晚期总脂肪平均摄入量中位数分别为64.8、81.2和88.5 g/d,脂肪供能比高于30%E的比例分别为67.7%、77.6%和82.9%。各孕期饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acids, SFA)供能比中位数分别为7.9%E、8.9%E和9.7%E,SFA供能比高于10%E的比例分别为20.9%、31.9%和44.7%...     

我国居民不饱和脂肪酸的膳食摄入与构成分析

目的 分析中国居民不饱和脂肪酸摄入量及膳食摄入来源。方法 采用气相色谱法测定膳食样品中脂肪酸含量,并结合各类膳食的消费量获取不同地区各类脂肪酸的实际摄入量。结果 中国居民单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）平均摄入量为29.25g/d(12.53%E,供能百分比)，主要来自于肉类（35.5%）和蔬菜类（32.0%），来自于其他食品类别的比例小于10%。多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）平均摄入量为22.48 g/d(9.72%E)，主要来自于蔬菜类（33.8%）、肉类（20.8%）、谷类（17.7%）和豆类（13.0%）。n-6PUFA平均摄入量为19.78 g/d(8.59%E)，其主要膳食来源与PUFA相似。n-3PUFA平均摄入量为2.70 g/d(1.19%E)，主要来自于蔬菜类（38.9%），肉类（15.9%）、豆类（12.7%）和谷类（12.1%）。二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）膳食平均摄入量为0.067 g/d(0.03%E)，主要来自于水产类（75.4%）和蛋类（19.8%）。结论 中国居民的不饱和脂肪酸摄入量充足，满足需求。其中，PUFA和n-3PUFA膳食摄入量符合...     

武警某部队膳食结构分析

目的了解武警某部队食物膳食结构和营养状况。方法选择武警某部队4个中队进行调查,膳食调查采用连续3 d称重法。结果(1)食物结构调查显示,各中队谷类摄入量均未达到军标;蔬菜摄入量除D中队达标外,其他均未能达标;鱼类摄入量A中队和C中队未能达标;肉类摄入量均高于军标。每人每日蛋白质摄入量为147.72~213.46 g,脂肪摄入量为132.58~243.65 g,略高于军标;植物性脂肪占33.68%~58.70%,除D中队达标外,其他中队均未能达标。(2)受调查的4个中队每人每日能量摄入量为14.06~22.29 MJ,在能量来源分布中,脂肪和蛋白质分别占33%~41%和16%~18%,高于军标;碳水化合物占43%~49%,低于军标;各中队纤维素摄入量为5.32~9.90 g,均明显达不到推荐适宜摄入量。(3)B中队和C中队钙、VB2和VC摄入量未能达标;VB1摄入量为1.89~2.91 g,4个中队均未能达标。结论该部队食物结构欠合理,肉类摄入偏高。建议合理调整膳食结构,适量增加谷类和蔬菜的摄入。     

吃油不要太单一

不同食用油中脂肪酸含量对膳食平衡有着重要影响。中国营养学会在《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》中推荐：中国居民成人膳食脂肪摄入量应占总能量的20％～30％,其中饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸的总摄入比例应接近,三种脂肪酸比例约在1：1：1左右。     

西安市北郊入托幼儿膳食营养状况

了解西安市北郊入托幼儿膳食营养摄入状况,为探讨学龄前儿童营养适宜摄入量提供依据.方法 采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,选取西安市北郊3所公立幼儿园共计836名入托幼儿作为研究对象,采用记账法和24h回顾法相结合进行膳食调查,并根据食物成分表计算幼儿每人每日各类营养素和能量摄人情况,依据中国营养学会2000年修订的《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》标准(DRIs)进行评价.同期测量幼儿身高和体重,并对其营养状况进行评价.结果 4岁组男童每日钙、锌摄入量未达到适宜摄人量,4,5岁组女童钙、锌摄入量未达到适宜摄入量;入托儿童膳食结构中肉类、蛋类和豆类摄入量较低,肉类、豆类食物摄入量仅占2.7%和0.9%.儿童日常膳食中脂肪供能比例偏低;836名入托幼儿营养不足检出率为2.4%,营养过剩检出率为10.9%.结论 入托幼儿膳食结构有待完善,应加强家园营养教育,提高入托幼儿膳食营养水平.     

贵阳市某幼儿园学龄前儿童膳食营养状况

目的了解学龄前儿童膳食摄入能量和营养素情况,为幼儿营养教育和营养干预提供基础资料。方法采用5 d称重法记录学龄前儿童园内膳食,发放记录表给儿童监护人记录园外膳食。使用食物成分表计算平均每人每日能量及营养素的摄入量,与DR Is进行比较。结果学龄前儿童膳食中豆类、蔬菜和蛋类摄入不足,谷类、水果、肉鱼水产类和乳类摄取充足。平均钙、锌摄入均不足,分别达到DR Is的62.96%和64.50%。脂肪提供的能量占总能量百分比偏低,仅为28.13%。蛋白质提供的能量占总能量的百分比偏高,为15.86%。铁主要来源于植物性食品,血红素铁仅占31.06%。能量主要来源于植物性食品。钙磷比值严重倒置。结论学龄前儿童钙、锌摄入不足,血红素铁所占比例较低。需要增加蛋类、豆类及蔬菜的摄入量,适当选择动物性食品等含血红素铁高的食物。     

Does Food Intake of Australian Toddlers 12–24 Months Align with Recommendations: Findings from the Australian Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (OzFITS) 2021

(1) Background: Food-based dietary guidelines promote population health and well-being through dietary patterns that reduce chronic disease risk while providing adequate energy and nutrients. In Australia, recommended dietary patterns based on servings per day from the five food groups—fruits, vegetables, cereals and grains, meats and alternatives, and dairy—have been developed for toddlers 1–2 years of age. However, no study has assessed the intake of the five food groups in this age group nationally. (2) Aim: To compare daily servings and the percentage of energy from the five food groups and discretionary foods in toddlers 1–2 years old to the Australian Dietary Guidelines. (3) Methods: Dietary intake was assessed using a one-day food record for 475 toddlers. (4) Results: Apart from fruit and dairy, servings of the five food groups were below the recommendations. Two-thirds of toddlers did not consume enough vegetables, and only 10% consumed the recommended number of servings for cereals and grains. On average, toddlers consumed only half the recommended servings of meat and alternatives. Nearly all toddlers (89%) consumed discretionary foods, which accounted for ~12% of total energy. Forty-five percent of toddlers received breastmilk. On average, breastfed toddlers consumed fewer servings from the five food groups than non-breastfed toddlers. Dairy contributed 20% of daily energy in all toddlers; however, this food group accounted for 13% in breastfed and 32% in non-breastfed toddlers on the day of the food record. (4) Conclusions: Compared to the recommendations, alignment with the servings of the five food group foods was not achieved by most toddlers, except for fruit and dairy. Discretionary foods may have displaced nutritious family foods. Consistent with Australian Infant Feeding Guidelines, many toddlers in this study continued to receive breastmilk but the recommended dietary patterns do not include breastmilk. Dietary modeling, including breastmilk as the primary milk source, is urgently needed, along with practical advice on incorporating breastmilk in a toddler’s diet while optimizing food consumption.     

A new simplified dietary history method for measuring intake of energy and macronutrients.

In this dietary history method, which preserves the characteristic features of the full dietary history, the principle of simplification is to group several food items into common codes. This enables us to complete both an interview and all nutrient calculations within 35-45 min. In this study we investigated whether the method could replace a 4-day food record for assessing individual intakes of energy and macronutrients. Dietary data were collected from 75 individuals (57 males and 18 females). Protein intake was validated by comparison with 24 h urinary nitrogen excretion (33 subjects), and energy intake was compared to weight maintenance energy intake from a later controlled diet study (19 subjects). When average intakes according to the two methods were compared, dietary history intakes were slightly higher than food record results (0-13%) except for alcohol. Comparison with urinary nitrogen excretion and energy intake data indicate that this is due to an overestimation by the dietary history method, rather than an underestimation by the food record. For individuals most of the correlations between the two methods were in the range 0.5-0.7, but alcohol correlation was down to 0.2. About 75% (53-93%) of the individuals at the extremes of the intake distribution were classified similarly by both methods. Although the ability of the dietary history to predict the individual food record results was unreliable the two methods agreed better when classifying individuals relative to certain cut-off points (sensitivity and specificity values of 0.7-0.9, relative to the food records).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

浙江省城乡居民膳食纤维摄入情况调查

目的 了解浙江省城乡及不同地域居民的膳食纤维摄入现状、食物来源等情况.方法 采用连续3 d24 h回顾法和称重法对9 798名≥2岁居民进行个人食物摄入量调查及调味品消费量调查.结果 浙江省每日人均膳食纤维摄入量为10.12 g,城市和农村分别为11.23、9.00g,总体上呈现男性＞女性,城市＞农村;18岁以前摄入量随年龄的增加而上升,老年组略有下降;平原、山区、海岛每日人均摄入量分别为10.58、9.64、8.94g,且中、青年组均呈现平原＞山区＞海岛的分布趋势(P＜0.05);膳食纤维主要食物来源为蔬菜、谷类、干豆、菌藻和调味品,总摄入量分别为36 624.31、27 616.97、15 024.92、8 835.47、8 175.03g,分别占33.89%、25.56%、13.90%、8.18%、7.57%.结论 浙江省城乡居民膳食纤维摄入量普遍不足,农村和海岛地区更为缺乏,膳食纤维的摄入量有待提高.     

河南省小学生膳食中铝暴露水平评估

  目的   结合河南省食品中铝含量数据和儿童食物消费量数据,以评估小学生人群膳食铝暴露水平,为相关健康教育和干预措施的制定提供参考。  方法   选择可能添加含铝添加剂的9种食品,建立河南省9种食品的铝含量数据库和小学生消费量数据库,通过Crystal ball 11.1.2.4软件Monte Carlo模拟计算得到小学生膳食铝暴露量概率分布,并做暴露量敏感性分析。  结果   各类食品中铝含量最高的为油条油饼,平均为150.89 mg/kg。日均每公斤体重消费量较高的食物为馒头,平均为0.15 g。河南省小学生膳食每周每公斤体重铝暴露量平均为1.99 mg,占暂定每周允许摄入量(provisional tolerable weekly intake,PTWI)的99.7%;每周每公斤体重暴露量P₉₅值为6.16 mg;13.22%的小学生膳食铝暴露量超过每周耐受摄入量(PTWI)。各类食品中,油条油饼的平均每周每公斤体重铝暴露量最高,为1.19 mg,对小学生膳食铝平均暴露水平影响相对突出的变量是油饼油条铝含量。  结论   河南省小学生人群膳食铝平均暴露水平已非常接近食品添加剂专家委员会(JECFA)制定的PTWI,高消费量人群的膳食铝暴露量已超过PTWI,应采取措施降低小学生人群的膳食铝暴露风险。     

Review on dietary methods for epidemiologic studies

Different dietary methods have been used for epidemiologic studies on nutrition, diet and disease. Methods so far reported are classified into dietary record method (including weighing method), recall method, Burke's method, frequency method, and semiquantitative frequency method. The recall method and frequency method are considered to be unsuitable when the average intake of nutrients and foods of individuals is to be assessed. It is difficult for a person to recall food intake over several days, and the 24-hour recall method is unable to evaluate the average intake. Quantitative assessment of intake is hardly possible in the frequency method. Dietary evaluation in case-control studies has limitations in terms of difficulties in retrospective dietary assessment and the change in dietary habit over a long period of time. Current epidemiologic knowledge on diet and disease stimulates cohort studies using the 7-day dietary record or semiquantitive frequency method.     

中国居民膳食能量、蛋白质、脂肪的来源构成及变化

目的:分析中国居民膳食能量、蛋白质、脂肪结构现状及变化趋势。方法:利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据进行分析。膳食调查采用连续3d24h回顾法,调味品消费量采用“称重法”。样本:全国31个省132个县23470户,其中城市7687户,农村15783户,调查人数为68962人。结果:我国居民每标准人日能量摄入9.42MJ(2250.5kcal)。20年来呈下降趋势。蛋白质与脂肪提供能量比例分别为11.8%与29.6%,大城市的脂肪供能比达到了38.4%。从能量的食物来源看,谷类占总能量的57.9%,动物性食物占12.6%,纯热能食物为17.3%。蛋白质摄入量为65.9g,粮谷类占52%,豆及豆制品占7.5%,动物性食物占25.1%,其它食物占15.3%。膳食脂肪摄入为76.3g,39.2%来源于动物性食物。结论:由于我国处于经济转型期,居民的膳食特点是能量摄入量下降;谷类供能比下降;蛋白质摄入量下降;脂肪摄入量,特别是动物性食物提供的脂肪上升。脂肪提供的能量增加。     

CD-ROM nutrient analysis database assists self-monitoring behavior of active duty Air Force personnel receiving nutrition counseling for weight loss

This study observed the effect of using a computerized vs manual method of self-monitoring among Air Force personnel receiving nutrition counseling for weight loss. Subjects who enrolled during the first 2 weeks of the 4-week recruitment period completed food records for 6 weeks using a CD-ROM nutrient database (intervention group) whereas those who enrolled during the last 2 weeks used a food record booklet (comparison group). Of the 42 subjects (n = 23 intervention group and n = 19 comparison group), only 113 intervention and 11 comparison group subjects (57% of study enrollees) submitted at least 1 food record during the study and were included in the analysis, which included review of pre- and poststudy questionnaires, food records, and focus group data. There were no significant differences between the number of days per week documented or average number of items recorded daily. All 9 intervention as compared to 2 comparison group subjects who completed a poststudy questionnaire searched for lower-energy and lower-fat items and reported changing their dietary intake as a result. All intervention group subjects who participated in a focus group (n=6) had favorable comments about using the CD-ROM for monitoring and changing eating habits, indicating that it is a beneficial self-monitoring tool. Participants enjoyed the immediate dietary feedback, and computerized food records may be easier to interpret by nutrition counselors. A number of computerized nutrient databases are available to assist patients and consumers in managing nutritional concerns.     

Dietary lead intake of preschool children.

A nationwide, seven-day food consumption survey of 371 preschool children between the ages of birth and five years indicated that a direct linear relationship existed between age and increased dietary lead intake from foods consumed. Daily dietary lead intake averaged 62 micrograms and ranged from 15 micrograms to 234 micrograms. The various levels of lead intake were attributed to frequency of consumption of food items, quantity of food consumed, and the lead content of particular food items. To account for variation in the quantity of food consumed by the various children, average lead intake per 500 kilocalories consumed and per 500 g of food consumed was calculated. When these standardization procedures were followed, an equalization in the average daily dietary lead intake values was observed among the various aged children.     

Eight-year trends in food, energy and macronutrient intake in a sample of elderly German subjects

Time trends in the food and the corresponding energy and macronutrient intake between 1994 and 2002 are investigated as part of the longitudinal study on nutrition and health status in an ageing population in Giessen, Germany (GISELA study). The dietary intake is assessed via a 3 d estimated dietary record especially developed and validated for this study. A total of 2135 records from 532 subjects, aged 60 years and over, are analysed separately according to sex and age groups (born 1904-1928 and born 1929-1942). Results show that the food, energy and macronutrient intake of the GISELA subjects stayed fairly stable over the study period. However, some significant changes in the consumption pattern are observed, predominantly in the women and the younger age groups, which correspond to the national trends in Germany. Most obvious changes observed among the GISELA subjects are the increased intake of water (between +21.05 and +41.61 ml/d per year) and vegetables (between +2.94 and +3.38 g/d per year) and a reduced consumption of coffee and tea (between -10.65 and -15.99 ml/d per year) as well as of meat (between -1.79 and -2.56 g/d per year). The healthier food choices and the ability to change food habits could be related to the relatively high health-awareness of the GISELA subjects compared to the federal average of equivalent age groups.     

A two-year dietary survey of middle-aged women: repeated dietary records as a measure of usual intake

A two-year survey of the dietary consumption and supplement use patterns of adult women was conducted at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Participants were asked to record their diet on two randomly selected days per month over a two-year period. Each subject filled out an average of 19 records a year, for an overall 71% return rate. Because of the sampling design, it was possible to estimate each woman's "usual" or average daily dietary and total intake (diet plus supplements) of 15 nutrients. Many women were consuming usual amounts of energy, calcium, iron, magnesium, vitamin B-6, and, especially, zinc and total folate that were 30% to 50% below recommended levels. It was also found that the women generally took vitamin/mineral supplements for nutrients already adequately supplied in the diet. Low nutrient intakes may have been due, in part, to underreporting of food intakes.