大学生社会支持中介人格与人际倦怠的关系

目的检验大学生社会支持对人格与人际倦怠关系的中介作用。方法对被试大学生施测社会支持量表、人际倦怠量表和简式艾森克人格问卷。结果①精神质对主观支持有预测作用(β=-0.324,P<0.001),内外向对社会支持各维度都有预测作用(0.186<β<0.413,P<0.05);②精神质能预测人格解体(β=0.308,P<0.001),内外向能预测情绪耗竭(β=-0.216,P<0.001)和成就感降低(β=-0.540,P<0.001),神经质能预测情绪耗竭(β=0.513,P<0.001)和人格解体(β=0.169,P<0.05);③主观支持部分中介精神质与人格解体的关系,主观支持部分中介内外向与成就感降低的关系。结论社会支持对人格与人际倦怠的关系有中介作用。     

留守儿童的人格特质与心理健康问题:留守类型的调节作用

目的:探讨留守儿童人格特质与心理健康水平的关系,以及留守类型在二者关系间的调节作用,为留守儿童心理健康教育及干预指导提供理论依据.方法:采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、心理健康诊断测验(MHT)对马鞍山市农村中小学800名学生进行问卷调查.结果:①3种不同类型的儿童在内外向(F=9.075,P＜0.001)、神经质(F=36.632,P＜0.001)及精神质(F=4.530,P＜0.05)人格维度、心理健康总得分(F=71.694,P＜0.001)上均有显著差异.②相关分析结果显示,留守儿童内外向人格特质与心理健康呈显著负相关(r=-0.209,P＜0.01),神经质、精神质人格特质与心理健康均呈显著正相关(r=0.680,0.352;P＜0.01).③内外向性人格特质能够显著负向预测心理健康得分(β=-0.158,P＜0.001),神经质人格特质和精神质人格特质能显著正向预测心理健康得分(β=-0.647,-0.345;P＜0.001).④留守类型与神经质人格特质的交互项对留守儿童心理健康水平的预测作用显著(β=0.322,P＜0.01),留守类型与内外向人格特质、精神质人格特质的交互项对留守儿童心理健康水平的预测作用不显著(P＞0.05).结论:留守类型在留守儿童神经质人格特质与心理健康关系之间存在调节效应.     

医学生负性生活事件与人格特质对主观幸福感的影响

目的:探讨负性生活事件与人格特质对医学生主观幸福感的影响,以及人格特质在负性生活事件与主观幸福感间的中介作用。方法:采用方便取样选取江西省某高校460名医学生进行问卷调查,问卷内容包括总体幸福感量表(GWB)、青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)。结果:①医学生主观幸福感水平在性别、是否独生子女、生源地等方面的差异有统计学意义(t=2.824,1.971,F=7.973;P0.05),医学生负性生活事件水平在是否独生子女方面的差异有统计学意义(t=-2.793,P0.05),医学生人格特质在性别、是否独生子女、生源地等方面的差异有统计学意义(t=5.098,-4.996,2.130,-2.898,F=5.840,3.840;P0.05);②线性回归分析显示健康适应(β=-1.572,95%CI:-1.960～-1.183)、人际关系(β=-0.235,95%CI:-0.470～-0.001)和神经质(β=-0.987,95%CI:-1.166～-0.808)能负向预测医学生主观幸福感,内外向能正向预测医学生主观幸福感(β=0.501,95%CI:0.286～0.715);③精神质和神经质在负性生活事件与主观幸福感间起部分中介作用,其中介效应分别占总效应值的5.03%、46.44%。结论:医学生负性生活事件与人格特质对主观幸福感影响显著,负性生活事件既直接影响医学生主观幸福感,又间接通过精神质和神经质对主观幸福感产生影响。     

监狱民警工作倦怠与压力源的关系

目的了解监狱民警的工作倦怠状况以及监狱民警工作倦怠与压力源之间的关系,为预防和干预监狱民警工作倦怠提供现实依据。方法采用职业倦怠问卷通用版和自编压力源问卷,采取整群抽样法抽取243名监狱民警进行问卷调查。结果来自工作方面的压力因素对情绪衰竭与冷嘲热讽有显著的正向预测作用(β=0.687,0.758;P<0.001,P<0.001),对职业效能感有显著的负向预测作用(β=-0.424,P<0.001),来自生活方面的压力因素对情绪衰竭有显著的正向预测作用(β=-0.213,P<0.001),对职业效能感有显著的负向预测作用(β=-0.275,P<0.001)。结论工作压力、生活压力是监狱民警工作倦怠产生的主要影响因素。     

家庭教养方式对网络成瘾的影响及人格的中介效应

目的:探讨家庭教养方式对网络成瘾(IA)的影响及人格的中介效应。方法:用家庭教养方式问卷(FUSQ)、大五人格问卷简版(NEO-FFI-R)和网络成瘾测验(IAT)对118名网络成瘾青少年(网瘾组)和118名正常青少年(对照组)进行评估。结果:(1)网瘾组家庭教养方式各维度得分低于对照组(t=5.56-11.48,P0.001),宜人性、严谨性、外向性和开放性等人格维度得分低于对照组(t=3.57-9.23,P0.001),神经质维度得分高于对照组(t=-9.08,P0.001);(2)家庭教养方式和人格特质与网络成瘾测验总分显著相关(r=0.176-0.554,P0.001),可解释44.3%的变异;其中尊重-羞辱(β=-0.330)、宜人性(β=-0.147)、严谨性(β=-0.212)、神经质(β=0.211)对网络成瘾的影响有统计学意义(P0.001);(3)宜人性、严谨性和神经质在尊重-羞辱教养方式对网瘾影响中的中介效应分别为23.0%、23.2%、28.3%。结论:青少年网络成瘾与家庭教养方式和人格特质显著关联,其中尊重-羞辱、宜人性、严谨性、神经质对网络成瘾有重要影响,宜人性、严谨性和神经质在尊重-羞辱对网络成瘾影响中起部分中介作用。     

企业员工人格特质与工作倦怠的关系

目的:探讨企业员工人格特质与工作倦怠的关系。方法:选用Maslach工作倦怠量表通用版(MBIGS)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)对217名企业员工工作倦怠和人格特质进行测查,并根据MBI-GS得分将研究对象分为倦怠组和非倦怠组。结果:1倦怠组的EPQ精神质分和神经质分显著高于非倦怠组(P0.01),内外向分则显著低于非倦怠组(P0.01);2精神质分与情感耗竭(r=0.158,P0.05)、玩世不恭(r=0.257,P0.01)的因子分有显著正相关关系;内外向分与情感耗竭(r=0.22,P0.01)、玩世不恭(r=0.30,P0.01)及成就感降低(r=0.37,P0.01)的因子分呈显著负相关关系;神经质分与情感耗竭(r=0.50,P0.01)、玩世不恭(r=0.34,P0.01)及成就感降低(r=0.16,P0.05)的因子分呈显著正相关关系;3内外向和神经质是情感耗竭的有效预测因子;精神质、内外向以及神经质均是玩世不恭的有效预测因子;成就感降低由内外向决定。结论:工作倦怠人群的人格特质表现为高神经质、高精神质、低内外向;人格特质是工作倦怠的重要预测因素之一。     

ICU护士工作倦怠水平及其个性特征的关系

目的了解护士工作倦怠现状以及与人格特征的关系。方法采用Maslach倦怠量表,艾森克个性特征问卷成人版,对唐山市2所综合医院ICU 76名护士进行问卷调查。结果 1护士在情感耗竭、去人格化得分均数比提供的美国常模高,个人成就感水平比美国常模低;2情感耗竭与精神质呈正相关(r=0.324,P<0.05),与内外向呈负相关(r=0.439,P<0.01),与神经质呈正相关(r=0.460,P<0.01);去人格化与精神质呈正相关(r=0.324,P<0.05),与内外向呈明显负相关(r=-0.348,P<0.05),与神经质呈正相关(r=0.372,P<0.05);个人成就感与精神质呈负相关(r=-0.267,P<0.05),与内外向无相关,与神经质呈负相关(r=-0.294,P<0.05)。结论护士工作倦怠水平较高;且受个性特征的影响,神经质和精神质水平越高,越容易出现工作倦怠。     

沉思在高中生神经质人格与抑郁症状关系中的中介效应

目的:了解沉思及沉思亚型在高中生神经质人格与抑郁症状关系中的中介效应。方法:采用方便取样,从长沙市某两所学校抽取高一至高三学生1043人,用流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)、大五人格问卷-神经质分量表(FFI-N)与反应方式问卷(RRS)进行调查。结果:高中生的抑郁症状与神经质人格、沉思及沉思亚型均呈显著正相关(均P<0.001),抑郁组的神经质人格、沉思及沉思亚型(强迫性冥思和反思)得分均显著高于非抑郁组(均P<0.001)。层级回归发现,沉思、强迫性冥思和反思在神经质人格与抑郁症状的关系中的中介效应分别占总效应的31.16%、19.1%和4.7%。结论:沉思、强迫性冥思和反思是高中生神经质人格和抑郁症状关系中的部分中介因素,强迫性冥思比反思具有更显著的中介效应。     

高职院校教师工作压力、组织公平感与工作倦怠的关系

目的研究湖南省高职院校教师工作压力、组织公平感与工作倦怠的关系。方法采用工作倦怠问卷、教师工作压力问卷、组织公平感量表对湖南省各地市12所高职院校的在岗教师进行调查。结果高职院校教师的工作压力和工作倦怠间存在显著正相关(r=0.430,P<0.01);高职院校教师的组织公平感各维度和工作倦怠各维度呈显著负相关(P<0.01);组织公平感是工作压力和工作倦怠之间的中介变量(β引入前=0.463,β引入后=0.176,P<0.01;F工作倦怠(1,309)=36.85,P<0.001)。结论高职院校教师的工作压力越大,工作倦怠程度就越严重,组织公平感可较好地缓解因工作压力带来的工作倦怠感。     

大学生情绪智力与自我妨碍的关系:以人格特质为中介

目的:了解大学生情绪智力、人格特质与自我妨碍的关系;方法:采用自我妨碍量表、大学生情绪智力问卷、大五人格问卷对1094名大学生进行问卷调查;结果:①大学生自我妨碍与情绪智力显著负相关(P<0.001).人格特质在情绪智力与自我妨碍间有完全中介作用,情绪智力通过神经质、外倾性、宜人性、责任心间接影响自我妨碍;②大学生自我妨碍与神经质人格显著正相关(P<0.001),与宜人性、责任心、外倾性、开放性显著负相关(P<0.001);神经质对自我妨碍的影响力最强(β=0.416).结论:人格特质在情绪智力与大学生自我妨碍的关系中有中介作用:不同的人格特质对自我妨碍的影响不同.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.