癫痫大鼠海马NMDA受体亚基NR2A和BDNF mRNA水平的检测

目的 通过锂-匹罗卡品癫痫模型(ithium-pilocarpine seizures rats model of epilepsy,LPS),研究NMDA受体亚基NR2A、BDNF mRNA的表达,探讨NR2A、BDNF在LPS中的作用.方法 建立氯化锂-匹罗卡品大鼠模型,运用原位杂交技术检测致痫后各组不同时间点海马CA1、CA3及DG区NR2A与BDNF mRNA的表达.结果 LPS海马NR2A、BDNF mRNA在各观察时间点及部位模型组与正常对照组比较均有明显上调,且有显著统计学差异(P＜0.05).模型组NR2A mRNA的表达上调7 d达峰值(P＜0.05);而BDNF mRNA表达上调14 d达峰值.VPA干预组NR2A mRNA在大鼠海马不同时间及部位(除1 d的CA3区)的表达较模型组明显下调(P＜0.05);BDNF mRNA在大鼠海马不同时间及部位(除28 d的DG区)的表达较模型组明显下调(P＜0.05).结论 锂-匹罗卡品腹腔注射可诱导大鼠海马NR2A和BDNF mRNA的表达明显上调;NR2A mRNA表达的增强可能是诱导调控BDNF mRNA表达增强的重要机制之一,说明NMDA受体亚基NR2A可能成为抑制癫痫发作的新靶点.     

脑缺氧缺血后新生大鼠海马CA1区NMDAR的表达

目的 :研究新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤 (HIBD)后 ,海马CA1区N甲基D天门冬氨酸受体 (NMDAR)及NMDARmRNA表达的变化。方法 :建立HIBD模型 ,用免疫组化及原位杂交方法 ,检测正常对照 (NORM)组和缺氧缺血 (HI)后不同时间点 ,NMDA受体I型亚单位 (NR1)表达的阳性细胞及NR1mRNA表达的阳性细胞。结果 :HI后 2h时NR1、NR1mR NA的表达稍下降 ,2 4h开始上升 ,72h达高峰 ,与正常对照组相比较有显著意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :正常新生大鼠海马CA1区有NR1及NR1mRNA的表达 ,HI后NR1及NR1mRNA的表达上调     

NR2B反义寡核苷酸对大鼠海马CA1区NR2B mRNA表达的影响

目的：观察NMDA受体2B亚单位（NR2B）反义寡核苷酸（ANR2B）对海马CA1区NR2B mRNA表达的影响,筛选有效的ANR2B,探讨改变NR2B mRNA表达的新方法.方法：正常SD大鼠,海马CA1区立体定位注射ANR2B,灌注取脑,连续冰冻切片,原位杂交组织化学方法染色,光镜下观察NR2B mRNA在ANB2B作用下的表达变化.结果：正常大鼠海马CA1区立体定位注射ANR2B后,注射点及其周围NR2B mRNA原位杂交染色强度明显下降,仅有少量锥体细胞和颗粒细胞散在分布;而在注射NR2B正义寡核苷酸（SNR2B）、生理盐水（NS）及NS插针不注射（NSNO）的海马切片上,海马CA1区的染色特征与注射ANR2B有明显差别,其作用区锥体细胞、颗粒细胞及顶树突的NR2B原位杂交染色强度无明显变化.结论：ANR2B能够降低NR2B mRNA在正常大鼠海马CA1区的基础性高表达.     

慢性复合应激对大鼠学习与记忆及海马NMDA受体亚基NR2A和NR2B表达的影响

为了观察慢性复合应激对大鼠学习与记忆的影响和海马内 NMDA受体亚基 NR2 A、NR2 B表达的变化。本研究将成年雄性 Wistar大鼠分为实验组和对照组 ,实验组动物每天交替暴露于复合应激原环境中达 6周 ,用 Morris水迷宫和 Y迷宫作业测试其空间学习与记忆成绩 ,再采用免疫组织化学和图像处理方法分析海马 CA1 、CA3、齿状回区的 NR2 A和 NR2 B的表达。结果显示 :( 1) Morris水迷宫测试 :慢性复合应激组大鼠寻找平台的潜伏期较对照组明显缩短 ,Y迷宫测试 :慢性复合应激组大鼠学会躲避电击的正确次数较对照组明显增多 ;( 2 )慢性复合应激组海马内 NMDA受体亚基 NR2 B表达水平较对照组明显上调 ,NR2 A表达水平无显著变化。结论 :慢性复合应激可增强学习与记忆能力 ,NMDA受体表达变化可能是影响学习与记忆的机制之一     

NR2B反义寡核苷酸对脑缺血海马CA1区NR2BmRNA表达的影响

为研究NMDA受体2B亚单位(NR2B)反义寡核苷酸(antisense oligonucleotide to NR2B,ANR2B)对短暂性脑缺血后海马CA1区NR2B mRNA表达的影响,分别向成年SD大鼠海马CA1区内立体定位注射ANR2B、NR2B正义寡核苷酸(SNR2B)、无菌生理盐水(NS),或者插针不注射(NSNO),24h后行四动脉阻断前脑缺血手术(缺血15min、再灌注24h),经心冲灌固定取脑,连续冰冻切片,原位杂交组织化学方法染色,光镜下观察各组每侧鼠脑NR2B mRNA的表达变化,并用LEICAQWin进行图像分析。结果显示,单纯缺血组海马各区的NR2B mRNA显色强度明显增加;缺血再灌组、假手术组和正常组海马CA1区内ANR2B注射点及其周围的NR2B mRNA显色明显下降;而在注射SNR2B、NS或NSNO的各组海马切片上,NR2B mRNA显色均无明显变化。结果表明ANR2B可以特异性地在体局部防止缺血后NR2B mRNA的高水平表达。     

NMDA受体亚单位在离体大鼠海马神经干细胞中的表达

为了研究早期离体培养的胎鼠海马神经干细胞(NSCs)中NMDA受体亚单位NR1、NR2A和NR2B的表达,分离、培养、传代孕18～19d胎鼠海马NSCs,对NSCs进行nestin和分化鉴定。通过免疫荧光反应和RT-PCR法检测原代培养、传代1次、传代2次的NSCs中NMDA受体亚单位NR1、NR2A和NR2B的蛋白和mRNA表达。结果显示,从孕18～19d的胎鼠大脑海马分离培养出的NSCs,NMDA受体亚单位NR1、NR2A和NR2B的免疫荧光反应均呈阳性,这三种受体亚单位的mRNA在海马NSCs上均被检测到。上述结果提示,离体培养的胎鼠早期海马NSCs能稳定表达NMDA受体亚单位NR1、NR2A和NR2B。     

离体培养人神经干细胞中NMDA受体亚单位NR2A和NR2B的表达

目的:研究早期离体培养的人胚胎海马神经干细胞(NSCs)中NMDA受体亚单位NR2A和NR2B的表达。方法:取胎龄8～12周人胚脑海马,进行NSCs分离、培养、传代和鉴定。通过免疫细胞化学和RT-PCR等方法检测传代1次和2次的人胚胎海马NSCs中NMDA受体亚单位NR2A和NR2B的蛋白和mRNA表达。结果:自孕8～12周人胚脑海马分离培养的NSCs,NMDA受体亚单位NR2A和NR2B免疫细胞化学反应呈阳性,这两种受体亚单位的mRNA均被检测到。结论:体外培养的早期人胚胎海马NSCs能稳定表达NMDA受体亚单位NR2A和NR2B。     

NMDA受体亚单位在海马脑片和在体发育海马结构中表达变化的比较

目的：对比长期培养大鼠海马脑片与在体生后发育海马结构中N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体亚单位NR1、NR2A和NR2B表达变化的异同,为利用海马脑片研究NMDA受体亚单位在生理和病理状态中的作用提供资料。方法：免疫组织化学染色、海马脑片培养技术及图像分析。结果：NRI、NR2B在海马脑片各区和生后大鼠海马结构各区表达模式相似,均呈“先升、后降”的趋势,但升降幅度不同;NR2A在海马脑片各区是“先升、后降”的趋势,在生后海马结构各区则呈现“先降后升”的模式。NRI、NR2A、NR2B在脑片和在体发育海马的相似期间,在CA1、CA3、PG区表达均无显著性差异。结论：P3w／C2w时NRI和NR2B在海马脑片各区的表达强度,和其在生后大鼠海马结构中的表达较相似。     

NMDA受体NR1亚单位与GABA_A受体在精神分裂症小鼠海马齿状回颗粒细胞层的表达

目的:明确NMDA受体NR1亚单位、GABAA受体与精神分裂症(SP)小鼠海马齿状回颗粒细胞层新生颗粒细胞的共存模式;阐明NR1、GABAA受体在SP小鼠海马中的表达。方法:实验组小鼠腹腔注射MK-801(每日0.6 mg/kg),对照组注射等量的生理盐水,连续注射14 d后对两组动物分别进行BrdU标记,断头并进行如下处理:(1)免疫荧光染色,观察海马DG区中NR1和GABAA的表达以及与BrdU标记的新生颗粒细胞的共存模式;(2)利用RT-PCR技术,检测海马GABAA及NR1 mRNA表达水平的改变。结果:(1)停药后实验组与对照组比较,海马神经细胞的增殖率下降了23.1%(P0.05),GABAA、NR1两种神经细胞增殖数无差异性改变(P0.05);(2)实验组小鼠海马GABAAmRNA的表达量较对照组显著下降(P0.05),而NR1 mRNA的表达量较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论:(1)小鼠精神分裂症后可引起海马齿状回神经细胞增殖的降低;(2)小鼠精神分裂症后,在mRNA水平上,海马GABAA的表达降低,NR1的表达升高。     

音乐对大鼠海马NMDA受体表达的作用

目的：研究音乐刺激对大鼠海马组织NMDA受体及其受体蛋白mRNA表达的影响。方法：用免疫组织化学和PCR技术，定量检测了NMDA受体蛋白和编码该受体的mRNA表达。结果：音乐刺激后，NMDA受体蛋白及其mRNA表达，在持续音乐刺激组分别高出对照组40％和58％，生后音乐组高出33％和42％，而胎期音乐组与对照组相比不显著(4％和6％)。结论：音乐刺激能显著增强大鼠海马组织NMDA受体和mRNA表达，而且其增强效应具有音乐刺激时间依赖性，且生后的作用较为明显。     

Spatiotemporal changes of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit levels in rats with pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures

The aim of this study was to examine the expression profiles of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits in rats during seizure development and kindled process induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Using quantitative Western blotting, the levels of NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits were measured in the cortex and hippocampus of rats at different times after PTZ injection. In the early seizure developmental process, both NR1 and NR2A were markedly increased in the cortex, and NR1 was significantly increased in the hippocampus. On the other hand, in the kindled process both NR1 and NR2A decreased in the cortex and hippocampus. However, the NR2B subunit had no appreciable change in both the seizure developmental and kindled process. Therefore, these results showed that expression of NMDA receptors undergoes subunit- and region-related changes in the developmental and kindled seizure of rats induced by PTZ.     

Methamphetamine induces alterations on hippocampal NMDA and AMPA receptor subunit levels and impairs spatial working memory

Methamphetamine (METH) is a powerful psychostimulant that increases glutamate (Glu) levels in the mammalian brain and it is currently known that hippocampi are particularly susceptible to METH. Moreover, it is well established that the overactivation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and AMPA ionotropic Glu receptors causes excitotoxicity. In the present study, we investigated the effect of acute (30 mg/kg) versus escalating dose (ED) administration of METH on NMDA receptor 1, NMDA receptor 2 and glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) subunit expression in the hippocampus and on memory. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were injected s.c. during six consecutive days with saline (control and acute groups) or with a growing dose of METH (10, 15, 15, 20, 20, 25 mg/kg/day; ED group). On the 7th day, both METH groups were injected with a 'bolus' of 30 mg/kg METH whereas controls received saline. Western blot analysis showed an increase of GluR2 and NR2A expression levels and no alterations on NR1 subunit in the acute group. On the other hand, in the ED group, GluR2 and NR2A expression levels were unaltered and there was a decrease on NR1 levels. Moreover, we did not observe neurodegeneration with both administration paradigms, as assessed by Fluoro-Jade C staining, but we did observe a strong astrogliosis in the acute administration group by using both immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The impact of METH on working memory was evaluated using the Y maze test and revealed significant mnemonic deficit in the rats acutely treated with the drug. Overall, our results suggest a protection mechanism under conditions of METH administration by decreasing permeability and/or functionality of NMDA and AMPA receptors, which has implications on memory. So, the participation of the glutamatergic system should be considered as an important pharmacological target to design new strategies to prevent or diminish the harmful effect of drug consumption.     

短暂性前脑缺血后大鼠海马各区NMDA受体亚单位1 mRNA的表达变化

目的观察短暂性前脑缺血后大鼠海马各区N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体(NR)1 mRNA的表达变化。方法采用大鼠前脑缺血15min再灌注0．5h～7d动物模型和原位杂交、图像分析等技术。结果缺血后，海马CA1区NR1 mRNA的表达呈明显上升趋势，至24h达高峰；然后表达开始回落，至缺血后7d降至低谷。在CA3区，NR1 mRNA的表达变化与CA1区类似，但变化幅度明显减小。在齿状回，缺血后0．5h～72h，NR1 mRNA的表达未见显著性变化；缺血后7d，表达亦显著降低。结论短暂性前脑缺血后，大鼠海马各区RN1mRNA的表达变化不同，这种不同可能与海马的选择性易损现象和迟发性细胞死亡有关。     

Long-term effects of neonatal seizures on subsequent N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-1 and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor A-alpha 1 receptor expression in hippocampus of the Wistar rat

To evaluate the pathophysiological mechanism of subsequent reduced seizure threshold following neonatal seizures, single or recurrent prolonged seizures were induced to neonatal rats by the inhalant flurothyl. The expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1 (NR1) and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor A-alpha 1 (GABA-A-alpha 1) immunoreactivity in hippocampus were examined by Western blotting analysis at the day 7 (P7) and day 75 (P75) after the last seizure. Whereas there were no significant changes in single seizure group and recurrent seizure group of P75, NR1 expression enhanced significantly in P7 rats of recurrent seizure group. Meanwhile, polypeptide levels of GABA-A-alpha 1 receptor subunit decreased significantly in both single and recurrent seizure-treated P7 and P75 rats. Our results suggest that recurrent or single prolonged seizures during the neonatal period may have long-term effects on the balance between excitatory NMDA system and inhibitory GABA system in hippocampus of rats.     

The effect of ganglioside GQ1b on the NMDA receptor signaling pathway in H19-7 cells and rat hippocampus

Gangliosides, sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids, are related to various synaptic functions in the rat brain. Previously, we investigated the behavioral effects of the ganglioside GQ1b on learning and memory using the Y-maze and Morris water maze test. GQ1b-treated rats showed highly increased memory performance on the Y-maze and the Morris water maze test. In this study, we determined the role of GQ1b on the activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor signaling pathway in H19-7 rat hippocampal cells and the hippocampus of rats. After 12 h of treatment with GQ1b, the expression levels of NMDA receptor subunit 2A and 2B were increased in H19-7 cells and the hippocampus of rats. In addition, treatment of GQ1b increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2B that may enhance NMDA receptor synaptic activation and enhancement of NMDA receptors. Also, following GQ1b treatment, the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and protein kinase A, a cAMP activated protein kinase (PKA) increased in H19-7 cells and the hippocampus of rats. These increases resulted in an increase in the phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). These results suggest that GQ1b might facilitate the activation of the NMDA receptor signaling pathway in the hippocampus of rats, an effect which is dependent on ERK1/2, PKA and CREB phosphorylation. Also, these data support our previous result that GQ1b improves the learning and memory of rats.     

NR1、NR2A与PSD-95在生后大鼠海马发育中的表达

目的:探讨N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体亚单位1(N-methy1-D-aspartate receptor subunit1,NR1)、N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体亚单位2A(N-methy1-D-aspartate receptor subunit2A,NR2A)与突触后密度蛋白-95(Postsynapticdensity protein 95,PSD-95)在Wistar大鼠海马生后发育过程中的表达。方法:应用免疫荧光染色方法检测NR1、NR2A与PSD-95在生后不同时期大鼠海马CA1、CA3区和齿状回(DG)中的表达情况。结果:NR1于生后各期海马CA1、CA3区和DG的表达均增强,P14~P21达高峰期后减弱。NR2A于生后在海马CA1和CA3区的表达略有减弱,P4后增强至高峰期P14,然后轻微减弱,在DG中NR2A的表达生后略有减弱,P4后在增强的趋势中于P7、P14和P28后均有不同程度的减弱,高峰期在P28。PSD-95于生后各期海马CA1、CA3区和DG的表达均增强,P21~P28达高峰期后轻微减弱。结论:NR1、NR2A和PSD-95在CA1、CA3区和DG中的表达具有特异的时空分布模式,此模式可能与其在生后发育中发挥的不同生理功能相关。     

Sex-related differences in NMDA-evoked rat masseter muscle afferent discharge result from estrogen-mediated modulation of peripheral NMDA receptor activity

In the present study, the hypothesis that sex-related differences in glutamate-evoked rat masseter muscle afferent discharge may result from estrogen-related modulation of peripheral N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity and/or expression was tested by examining afferent fiber discharge in response to masseter injection of NMDA and the expression of NR2A/B subunits by masseter ganglion neurons in male and female rats. The results showed that injection of NMDA into the masseter muscle evoked discharges in putative mechanonociceptive afferent fibers and increased blood pressure that was concentration-dependent, however, a systemic action of NMDA appeared responsible for increased blood pressure. NMDA-evoked afferent discharge was significantly greater in female than in male rats, was positively correlated with plasma estrogen levels in females and was significantly greater in ovariectomized female rats treated with a high dose (5 mug/day) compared with a low dose (0.5 mug/day) of estrogen. Pre-treatment of high dose estrogen-treated-ovariectomized female rats with the Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2 did not affect NMDA-evoked afferent discharge. NMDA-evoked afferent discharge was attenuated by the antagonists ketamine and ifenprodil, which is selective for NR2B containing NMDA receptors. Fewer masseter ganglion neurons expressed the NR2A (16%) subunit as compared with the NR2B subunit (38%), which was expressed at higher frequencies in intact female (46%) and high dose estrogen-treated ovariectomized female (60%) rats than in male (31%) rats. Taken together, these results suggest that sex-related differences in NMDA-evoked masseter afferent discharge are due, at least in part, to an estrogen-mediated increase in expression of peripheral NMDA receptors by masseter ganglion neurons in female rats.     

The effects of aging on N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunits in the synaptic membrane and relationships to long-term spatial memory

There are declines in the protein expression of the NR2B (mouse ε2) and NR1 (mouse ζ1) subunits of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus during aging in C57BL/6 mice. This study was designed to determine if there is a greater effect of aging on subunit expression and a stronger relationship between long-term spatial memory and subunit expression within the synaptic membrane than in the cell as a whole. Male, C57BL/6JNIA mice (4, 11 and 26 months old) were tested for long-term spatial memory in the Morris water maze. Frontal cortex, including prefrontal regions, and hippocampus were homogenized and fractionated into light and synaptosomal membrane fractions. Western blots were used to analyze protein expression of NR2B and NR1 subunits of the NMDA receptor. Old mice performed significantly worse than other ages in the spatial task. In the frontal cortex, the protein levels of the NR2B subunit showed a greater decline with aging in the synaptic membrane fraction than in the whole homogenate, while in the hippocampus a similar age-related decline was observed in both fractions. There were no significant effects of aging on the expression of the NR1 subunit. Within the middle-aged mouse group, higher expression of both NR2B and NR1 subunits in the synaptic membrane of the hippocampus was associated with better memory. In the aged mice, however, higher expression of both subunits was associated with poorer memory. These results indicate that aging could be altering the localization of the NR2B subunit to the synaptic membrane within the frontal cortex. The correlational results suggest that NMDA receptor functions, receptor subunit composition, and/or the environment in which the receptor interacted in the hippocampus were not the same in the old animals as in younger mice and this may have contributed to memory declines during aging.