CD105+滑膜间充质干细胞成软骨能力

目的 分选CD105+滑膜间充质干细胞(SMSCs),观察其增殖和向软骨细胞分化的能力.方法 酶消化滑膜组织分离SMSCs,流式细胞仪分选CD105+ SMSCs;第3、7天采用WST-1测定SMSCs的增殖能力;软骨诱导21 d进行免疫组织化学染色,检测蛋白聚糖和Ⅱ型胶原.结果 酶消化获取的SMSCs为星形或梭形,分选后SMSCs形态无明显变化.免疫荧光显示分选组CD105+细胞较未分选组明显增多.WST-1增殖检测提示两组细胞吸光度值3 d(0.376±0.012、0.329±0.012)、7 d(0.581±0.009、0.524±0.007)比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).成软骨诱导培养21 d后,分选组甲苯胺蓝和Ⅱ型胶原染色均较未分选组多且深,说明CD105+ SMSCs合成更多软骨细胞外基质.结论 CD105+ SMSCs具有较强的增殖和成软骨能力,CD105+ SMSCs可成为软骨组织工程良好的种子细胞.     

Petaloid recombinant peptide enhances in vitro cartilage formation by synovial mesenchymal stem cells

In vitro chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) mimics in vivo chondrogenesis of MSCs. However, the size of the cartilage pellets that can be attained in vitro is limited by current methods; therefore, some modifications are required to obtain larger pellets. Petaloid pieces of recombinant peptide (petaloid RCP) have the advantage of creating spaces between cells in culture. The RCP used here is based on the alpha‐1 sequence of human collagen type I and contains 12 Arg‐Gly‐Asp motifs. We examined the effect and mechanisms of adding petaloid RCP on the in vitro chondrogenesis of human synovial MSCs by culturing 125k cells with or without 0.125 mg petaloid RCP in chondrogenic medium for 21 days. The cartilage pellets were sequentially analyzed by weight, sulfated glycosaminoglycan content, DNA retention, and histology. Petaloid RCP significantly increased the weight of the cartilage pellets: The petaloid RCP group weighed 7.7 ± 1.2 mg (n = 108), whereas the control group weighed 5.3 ± 1.6 mg. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan and DNA contents were significantly higher in the petaloid RCP group than in the control group. Light and transmission electron microscopy images showed that the petaloid RCP formed the framework of the pellet at day 1, the framework was broken by production of cartilage matrix by the synovial MSCs at day 7, and the cartilage pellet grew larger, with diffuse petaloid RCP remaining, at day 21. Therefore, petaloid RCP formed a framework for the pellet, maintained a higher cell number, and promoted in vitro cartilage formation of synovial MSCs. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1350–1357, 2019.     

不同组织来源间充质干细胞体外成骨分化能力的比较研究

目的比较成人脂肪间充质干细胞(ASCs)、脐带间充质干细胞(UC-MSCs)和成人骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)的成骨能力,选择优势干细胞种类作为应用于骨组织工程治疗骨缺损的种子细胞。方法采用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM/Ham’s F-12培养液培养3种MSCs。取3种MSCs的P3代,通过CCK8方法检测其增殖能力;通过流式细胞仪进行鉴定;通过碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和茜素红染色检测骨分化蛋白ALP的分泌和矿化钙结节的沉积,并对钙结节进行定量分析;通过实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)方法检测骨再生相关基因的表达。结果 3种P3代MSCs在3~5d之间增殖均处于对数生长期;流式鉴定3种细胞的表面标志物阳性率:CD44、CD90和CD105均高于97%,阴性率:CD14、CD34和CD45均低于1%;ALP染色结果显示3种MSCs成骨诱导9d时,细胞内均表达ALP,茜素红染色结果显示成骨诱导18d时,均呈现较好的矿化能力,BMSCs和UC-MSCs成骨诱导后形成的钙结节无显著性差异;RT-q PCR结果显示3种MSCs成骨诱导组相比较于对照组,成骨再生相关基因Osterix、ALP、I型胶原(COL1)和骨钙素(OCN)均显著性高表达;3种MSCs成骨诱导9d时,UC-MSCs实验组的COLI基因表达显著性高于BMSCs,成骨诱导18d时,ASCs实验组的Osterix基因表达显著性高于BMSCs。结论 ASCs和UC-MSCs具有一定的成骨矿化能力,有望成为骨组织工程治疗骨缺损的种子细胞。     

Effect of cell number on mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in a canine disc degeneration model

Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) inhibits the progression of disc degeneration in animal models. We know of no study to determine the optimal number of cells to transplant into the degenerated intervertebral disc (IVD). To determine the optimal donor cell number for maximum benefit, we conducted an in vivo study using a canine disc degeneration model. Autologous MSCs were transplanted into degenerative discs at 10⁵, 10⁶, or 10⁷ cells per disc. The MSC‐transplanted discs were evaluated for 12 weeks using plain radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and gross and microscopic evaluation. Preservation of the disc height, annular structure was seen in MSC‐transplantation groups compared to the operated control group with no MSC transplantation. Result of the number of remaining transplanted MSCs, the survival rate of NP cells, and apoptosis of NP cells in transplanted discs showed both structural microenvironment and abundant extracellular matrix maintained in 10⁶ MSCs transplanted disc, while less viable cells were detected in 10⁵ MSCs transplanted and more apoptotic cells in 10⁷ MSCs transplanted discs. The results of this study demonstrate that the number of cells transplanted affects the regenerative capability of MSC transplants in experimentally induced degenerating canine discs. It is suggested that maintenance of extracellular matrix by its production from transplanted cells and/or resident cells is important for checking the progression of structural disruption that leads to disc degeneration. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1267–1275, 2010     

A comparative analysis of human mesenchymal stem cell response to hypoxia in vitro: Implications to translational strategies

Purpose

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are particularly valuable for structural tissue replacement. We compared the response to hypoxia among human MSCs derived from four different clinically relevant sources as an adjunct to translational developments.

Methods

Immunophenotypically indistinguishable human MSC lineages derived from bone marrow (bmMSCs), adipose tissue (adMSCs), amniotic fluid (afMSCs), and umbilical cord blood (cbMSCs) were submitted to either room air or 1% O₂, under otherwise standard culture conditions. Cell expansion and quantitative RT-PCR data were obtained at different time points. Statistical analysis was by two-way mixed model and the F-test (P < 0.05).

Results

The effect of hypoxia on expansion kinetics was dependent on cell source. Only prenatal sources of MSCs – afMSCs (P = 0.002) and cbMSCs (P < 0.001) – proliferated significantly faster under hypoxia than normoxia. Increased HIF1-alpha expression correlated consistently with increased cell expansion only among afMSCs. There were no significant variabilities in Survivin, Oct-4, and VEGF expressions.

Conclusions

Mesenchymal stem cell tolerance to hypoxia in vitro varies with cell source. Prenatal cells, particularly those derived from amniotic fluid, are more robust than their postnatal counterparts. HIF1-alpha may play a role in the amniotic fluid-derived cells’ enhanced response. These findings should inform the choice of mesenchymal stem cells for prospective regenerative strategies.     

Donor variation and loss of multipotency during in vitro expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue engineering.

The use of multipotent human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for tissue engineering has been a subject of extensive research. The donor variation in growth, differentiation and in vivo bone forming ability of hMSCs is a bottleneck for standardization of therapeutic protocols. In this study, we isolated and characterized hMSCs from 19 independent donors, aged between 27 and 85 years, and investigated the extent of heterogeneity of the cells and the extent to which hMSCs can be expanded without loosing multipotency. Dexamethasone-induced ALP expression varied between 1.2- and 3.7-fold, but no correlation was found with age, gender, or source of isolation. The cells from donors with a higher percentage of ALP-positive cells in control and dexamethasone-induced groups showed more calcium deposition than cells with lower percentage of ALP positive cells. Despite the variability in osteogenic gene expression among the donors tested, ALP, Collagen type 1, osteocalcin, and S100A4 showed similar trends during the course of osteogenic differentiation. In vitro expansion studies showed that hMSCs can be effectively expanded up to four passages (approximately 10-12 population doublings from a P0 culture) while retaining their multipotency. Our in vivo studies suggest a correlation between in vitro ALP expression and in vivo bone formation. In conclusion, irrespective of age, gender, and source of isolation, cells from all donors showed osteogenic potential. The variability in ALP expression appears to be a result of sampling method and cellular heterogeneity among the donor population.     

3D细胞培养和类器官在骨髓源性间充质干细胞成骨分化中的研究进展

类器官（organoids）来源于自体的组织及干细胞,是通过体外3D培养后形成的细胞团块,这种团块具有原始组织及器官的三维结构,并保留了相对应的功能和遗传特征。由于其具有模拟特定机体器官的发育和疾病发生发展的潜能,这一模型在多种药物的筛选和分子机制研究中拥有更多的优势。近年来,已有实验表明骨髓源性间充质干细胞（BMSCs）通过3D培养及成骨分化可以形成骨的类器官,并可以植入机体发挥特定的作用。这种骨类器官模型的构建,不仅可以为骨质疏松等相关疾病研究提供更多方法,还在骨组织移植及修复等组织工程学中发挥重要作用。本文就BMSCs成骨分化的类器官相关3D模型研究进展作一综述,为BMSCs成骨分化的类器官的基础和临床研究提供更多理论依据和思路。     

骨髓间充质细胞与速固化磷酸钙支架共培养的实验研究

[目的]观察人骨髓间充质干细胞在速固化磷酸钙骨水泥支架中的增殖和生长情况。[方法]将速固化壳聚糖-磷酸钙骨水泥支架材料预先成形。采用全骨髓法分离人骨髓间充质细胞并在体外对细胞进行培养和扩增。72h首次换液,细胞融合80%传代,取第3代细胞用于实验。将细胞与磷酸钙骨水泥支架复合培养,分别利用四甲基偶氮唑蓝MTT法及扫描电镜等检测细胞在材料中的增殖和生长情况。[结果]用酶标仪检测OD值提示共培养后,支架内的细胞数量逐渐增加。扫描电镜结果显示支架材料内部为多孔结构,孔内见有细胞生长,细胞表面可见分泌颗粒。[结论]速固化壳聚糖-磷酸钙骨水泥对人骨髓间充质干细胞有较好的细胞相容性,细胞可在材料内黏附和增殖,是理想的骨组织工程支架材料。     

Induction of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis following short‐term suspension culture

The objective of this study was to evaluate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis following incubation in chondrogenic suspension cultures from which single cells were obtained. MSCs were maintained in suspension over a nonadherent surface for 3 days, dissociated into a suspension, and then evaluated for chondrogenesis in agarose in the presence or absence of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). In a second experiment, MSCs from suspension culture were returned to monolayer expansion for 2 days prior to testing for chondrogenesis. In both cases, undifferentiated MSCs were evaluated as controls. Suspension culture alone did not stimulate chondrogenesis. Suspension followed by expansion stimulated a four‐ to ninefold increase in extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in TGFβ‐free cultures, a finding that was attributed to an increase in viable MSCs that secreted a proteoglycan‐rich ECM. Gene expression of aggrecan and type II collagen increased with suspension culture, but decreased with postsuspension expansion. Therefore, stimulation of ECM synthesis without additional TGFβ exposure could not be attributed to an enhancement of chondrogenesis with monolayer culture. ECM synthesis of suspension/expansion‐conditioned MSCs without additional TGFβ exposure was less than samples maintained in TGFβ throughout the differentiation culture. Based on these findings, a better understanding of factors associated with early‐stage chondrogenesis and MSC differentiation to a highly active phenotype may lead to improved methods for stimulating chondrogenesis during short‐term culture. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:26–32, 2011     

Nonadherent cell population of human marrow culture is a complementary source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

To obtain enough quantity of osteogenic cells is a challenge for successful cell therapy in bone defect treatment, and cell numbers were usually achieved by culturing bone marrow cells in a relatively long duration. This study reports a simple and cost-effective method to enhance the number of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by collecting and replating the nonadherent cell population of marrow MSCs culture. Bone marrow MSCs were isolated from 11 patients, cultured at a density of 1 x 10(5)/cm(2) to 1 x 10(6)/cm(2) in flasks. For the first three times of media change, the floating cells were centrifuged and replated in separate flasks. The total number of cells in both the primary and replating flasks were counted at day 21. Cell proliferation rate, potentials for osteogenic, chondrognenic, and adipogenic differentiation were examined in both cell types in vitro. In vivo osteogenic potentials of the cells were also tested in mice implantation model. The results showed that MSCs derived from nonadherent cell population of marrow cell cultures have similar cell proliferation and differentiation potentials as the originally attached MSCs in vitro. When implanted with hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA-TCP) materials subcutaneously in serve combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice, newly formed bony tissues were found in both cell type groups with osteocalcin expression. We have obtained 36.6% (20.70%-44.97%) more MSCs in the same culture period when the nonadherent cell populations were collected. The findings confirmed that the nonadherent cell population in the bone marrow culture is a complementary source of MSCs, collecting these cells is a simple and cost-effective way to increase MSCs numbers and reduce the time required for culturing MSCs for clinical applications.     

Grafted muscle-derived stem cells promote the therapeutic efficiency of epimysium conduits in mice with peripheral nerve gap injury

Our research aimed to build allogeneic artificial conduits with epimysium and muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) from the skeletal muscle of mice. We applied the conduit to repair peripheral nerve defects and estimated the effectiveness of the repair process. In the research, we prepared epimysium conduits with lumens to bridge repair a 5-mm-long sciatic nerve defect from C57 wild-type mice and then transplanted green fluorescent protein (GFP)-MDSCs and Matrigel suspensions into the conduit. Histological and functional assessments were performed 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. The tissue-engineered conduit from muscle effectively repaired the nerve defect, while the group with GFP-MDSCs showed improved histological examinations and functional assessments, and the newborn nerves highly expressed GFP. As the results suggested, autologous epimysium conduits represent a reliable method to repair peripheral nerve defects, and the addition of MDSCs promote the effectiveness of differentiating into multiple lineages. Our research simultaneously demonstrated the myogenic, neurogenic, and angiogenic potential of MDSCs in vivo for the first time.     

间充质干细胞在藻酸盐微球溶液中增殖和分化的实验研究

[目的]探讨藻酸盐微球作为缓释材料在骨组织工程中对种子细胞的增殖和分化的影响。[方法]制成不同浓度的藻酸盐微球溶液，将间充质干细胞接种于其中，观察其生长和增殖情况；置换成骨诱导培养基后，通过检测细胞内碱性磷酸酶的量以及细胞外钙基质分泌来评价间充质干细胞的分化情况。[结果]不同浓度的藻酸盐微球溶液对间充质干细胞的增殖影响不同，随着浓度的增高间充质干细胞的增殖越受抑制，浓度达到10g／L时不适合细胞生长；在成骨诱导培养基中，藻酸盐可以促进细胞内碱性磷酸酶合成量的增加，并表现剂量依赖性，即藻酸盐浓度越高效应越明显，生长在藻酸盐溶液中的间充质干细胞分化为成骨细胞并分泌细胞外钙基质。[结论]一定剂量的藻酸盐微球溶液对间充质干细胞的增殖影响很小，且可促进细胞内成骨活性分子的合成，适于作为骨组织工程的缓释材料。     

Limitations of using aggrecan and type X collagen as markers of chondrogenesis in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.

The study was initially designed to differentiate human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into chondrocyte-like cells, for use in tissue engineering. We cultured MSCs in defined chondrogenic medium as pellet cultures supplemented with transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 or -beta3 and dexamethazone, as they are commonly used to promote in vitro chondrogenesis. Markers of chondrogenesis used were type II collagen and aggrecan, with type X collagen being used as a marker of late-stage chondrocyte hypertrophy (associated with endochondral ossification). Our results show that aggrecan is constitutively expressed by MSCs and that type X collagen is expressed as an early event. Furthermore, we found that type X collagen was expressed before type II collagen in some cases. This is surprising because it is understood that stem cells have to be differentiated into chondrocytes before they can become hypertrophic. Thus, caution must be exercised when using aggrecan and type X collagen as markers for chondrogenesis and chondrocyte hypertrophy, respectively, in association with stem cell differentiation from this source.     

体外诱导BMSCs向软骨分化的方法研究进展

目的全面了解目前体外诱导BMSCs向软骨分化的方法,为软骨组织工程研究提供参考。方法广泛查阅近年来有关软骨组织工程中诱导BMSCs向软骨分化的文献,并进行综合分析。结果目前BMSCs诱导成软骨方法主要是添加外源性生长因子,其中TGF-β家族被公认为最重要的诱导和调节因子。其他重要的诱导方法包括添加多种化学因子、物理因素、转基因技术和微环境诱导等方法,但这些方法仍存在诱导效率低、诱导效果不稳定的问题。结论诱导方法的进展促进了BMSCs在软骨组织工程中的应用,建立更高效、简便、安全的诱导方法仍是软骨组织工程领域重要研究课题之一。     

兔胎盘来源间充质干细胞修复兔桡骨骨缺损的实验研究

目的 探讨兔胎盘来源间充质干细胞(PMSCs)构建的组织工程化骨修复兔桡骨节段性骨缺损的能力.方法 取24只大耳白兔,于兔双侧桡骨中下段制造1.5cm的节段性骨缺损,左侧骨缺损用PMSCs构建的组织工程化骨桥接(实验组),右侧用骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)构建的组织工程化骨桥接(对照组).实验动物双侧于术后2、4、8、...     

传代种植密度对人间充质干细胞增殖及成骨分化的影响

目的 :研究人间充质干细胞 (mesenchymalstemcells ,MSCs)传代培养时 ,细胞种植密度对MSCs增殖及成骨诱导分化影响。方法 :将第 2代MSCs以 8× 10 3 /cm2 、 3× 10 3/cm2 、 8× 10 2 /cm2 密度接种 ,分析其生长曲线 ,并扩增培养 18d ,记录细胞扩增数量 ,再分析扩增后细胞的生长曲线和成骨诱导能力。结果 :人骨髓MSCs阴性表达ALP、CD3 4;在 8× 10 3/cm2 种植密度下 ,细胞倍增时间 40h ,18d后细胞数量扩增 (5 1± 13 )倍 ;在 3× 10 3 /cm2 种植密度下 ,细胞扩增 (2 8± 6)倍 ;在 8× 10 2 /cm2 种植密度下 ,细胞总数仅增加 (5± 3 )倍。在低密度下获得的细胞增殖能力强于高密度组 ,两组细胞均具有成骨诱导能力。结论 :种植密度对MSCs增殖有明显影响 ,快速扩增MSCs作为骨组织工程种子细胞 ,宜选择 8× 10 3 /cm2 种植密度。     

人脂肪间充质干细胞向表皮细胞表型转化的研究

目的:探索人脂肪间充质干细胞(adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells,ADSCs)向表皮细胞表型转化的方法。方法:以手术中剩余的人皮下脂肪组织为材料来源,利用胶原酶消化法分离ADSCs,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标记CD29、CD90、CD105的表达,成脂诱导后油红O染色鉴定。实验组利用第四军医大学西京医院烧伤与皮肤外科实验室已成功构建的pc DNA3.1(+)/SP+EGF质粒经脂质体介导转染的Ha Cat细胞,与ADSCs在Transwell小室中共培养,对照组为ADSCs加入10%FBS培养基,14天后Realtime-PCR检测两组ADSCs中CK19、integrin-β的m RNA表达量。结果:实验组ADSCs中CK19、integrin-β的m RNA表达量较对照组明显升高,且差别有统计学意义。结论:转染EGF的Ha Cat细胞可诱导ADSCs向表皮细胞表型分化,从而为其成为组织工程理想的种子细胞提供了进一步的支持。     

Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells on periodontal ligament fibroblasts in vitro

Abstract:  Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent cells with unlimited proliferation potential and differentiation capacity to all types of somatic cells. Periodontal tissue engineering based on in vitro expanded cells holds the promise to overcome the limitations associated with contemporary regenerative techniques. The aim of this study was to investigate the differentiation patterns of hESCs under the influence of periodontal ligament cells in vitro. hESCs (HUES-9) were expanded and characterized for their pluripotency. Then they were transfected with green fluorescent protein-carrying plasmid, and cocultured with human periodontal ligament fibroblastic cells for 21 days. Two experimental groups were established with different medium constituents. Specimens were fixed at days 7, 14, and 21 and were analyzed morphologically under inverted light microscope, and by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against collagen types I and III, fibronectin, fibroblast surface protein, vimentin, and pancytokeratin. Our results demonstrate different patterns of cell differentiation between groups, with about one-fifth of cells in colonies acquiring characteristics similar to periodontal ligament fibroblastic progenitors while others proceed toward distinctive lineages. This indicates the feasibility to direct the differentiation of hESCs toward the periodontal ligament fibroblastic progenitors to some extent. These findings support the notion that hESCs may become a cell source with unlimited supply for periodontal tissue engineering applications.     

Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells in a canine disc degeneration model

Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is effective in decelerating disc degeneration in small animals; much remains unknown about this new therapy in larger animals or humans. Fas‐ligand (FasL), which is only found in tissues with isolated immune privilege, is expressed in IVDs, particularly in the nucleus pulposus (NP). Maintaining the FasL level is important for IVD function. This study evaluated whether MSC transplantation has an effect on the suppression of disc degeneration and preservation of immune privilege in a canine model of disc degeneration. Mature beagles were separated into a normal control group (NC), a MSC group, and the disc degeneration (nucleotomy‐only) group. In the MSC group, 4 weeks after nucleotomy, MSCs were transplanted into the degeneration‐induced discs. The animals were followed for 12 weeks after the initial operation. Subsequently, radiological, histological, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and RT‐PCR analyses were performed. MSC transplantation effectively led to the regeneration of degenerated discs. FACS and RT‐PCR analyses of MSCs before transplantation demonstrated that the MSCs expressed FasL at the genetic level, not at the protein level. GFP‐positive MSCs detected in the NP region 8 weeks after transplantation expressed FasL protein. The results of this study suggest that MSC transplantation may contribute to the maintenance of IVD immune privilege by the differentiation of transplanted MSCs into cells expressing FasL. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:589–600, 2008